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Amygdala Neurons Differentially Encode Motivation and Reinforcement
Open accessAbstract
Lesion studies demonstrate that the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) is important for assigning motivational significance to sensory stimuli, but little is known about how this information is encoded. We used in vivo electrophysiology procedures to investigate how the amygdala encodes motivating and reinforcing properties of cues that induce reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior. Two groups of rats were trained to respond to a sucrose reward. The “paired” group was trained with a reward-predictive cue, whereas the “unpaired” group was trained with a randomly presented cue. Both groups underwent identical extinction and reinstatement procedures during which the reward was withheld. The proportion of neurons that were phasically cue responsive during reinstatement was significantly higher in the paired group (46 of 100) than in the unpaired group (8 of 112). Cues that induce reward-seeking behavior can do so by acting as incentives or reinforcers. Distinct populations of neurons responded to the cue in trials in which the cue acted as an incentive, triggering a motivated reward-seeking state, or as a reinforcer, supporting continued instrumental responding. The incentive motivation-encoding population of neurons (34 of 46 cue-responsive neurons; 74%) extinguished in temporal agreement with a decrease in the rate of instrumental responding. The conditioned reinforcement-encoding population of neurons (12 of 46 cue-responsive neurons; 26%) maintained their response for the duration of cue-reinforced instrumental responding. These data demonstrate that separate populations of cue-responsive neurons in the BLA encode the motivating or reinforcing properties of a cue previously associated with a reward.
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“In this way, cues predicting threat are themselves recognized as threatening60 and, likewise, those predicting reward themselves become rewarding61,62.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [61]
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Cites
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From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala
Janak, P. H., & Tye, K. M. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14188 · Cited by 2,011
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Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety
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Self-citationOptogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models
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Self-citationDistinct extended amygdala circuits for divergent motivational states
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BackgroundHuman Pavlovian–Instrumental Transfer
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“This is what would be expected if the amygdala reports information about the pavlovian motivational significance of the CSs (Tye and Janak, 2007) but is upstream of the processes actually controlling moment-bymoment choices of whether or not to grip; indeed, just such an organization is suggested…”
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“BLA neurons are also important for reward-based learning and memory (Beyeler et al., 2016; Gore et al., 2015; Namburi et al., 2015; Tye and Janak, 2007; Tye et al., 2008).”
Amygdala Volume Associated With Alcohol Abuse Relapse and Craving
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“Studies in rodents have shown that the basolateral amygdala is critical to learning representations linking stimuli to the incentive values of outcomes (4, 34).”
BackgroundAmygdala ensembles encode behavioral states
Gründemann, J., Bitterman, Y., Lu, T., Krabbe, S., Grewe, B. F., Schnitzer, M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav8736 · Cited by 234
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Self-citationState-specific gating of salient cues by midbrain dopaminergic input to basal amygdala
Lutas, A., Kucukdereli, H., Alturkistani, O., Carty, C., Sugden, A. U., Fernando, K., Diaz, V. E., Flores-Maldonado, V., & Andermann, M. L. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0506-0 · Cited by 165
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Basolateral amygdala to orbitofrontal cortex projections enable cue-triggered reward expectations
Lichtenberg, N. T., Pennington, Z. T., Holley, S. M., Greenfield, V. Y., Cepeda, C., Levine, M. S., & Wassum, K. M. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0486-17.2017 · Cited by 171
“That BLA¡OFC projections are vital for cue-triggered reward expectations is consistent with evidence that reward cues activate BLA neurons (Paton et al., 2006; Tye and Janak, 2007; Ambroggi et al., 2008; Sangha et al., 2013; Beyeler et al., 2016) and that the OFC specializes in stimulus– outcome representations (Ostlu…”
Orsini, C. A., Moorman, D. E., Young, J. W., Setlow, B., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 153
“, 2013) and during response execution and inhibition (Tye and Janak, 2007; Tye et al., 2010).”
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“BLA pyramidal neurons play a critical role in the processing of emotional information by assigning value to sensory cues and transmitting this signal onto efferent structures to regulate behavioral output in an adaptive manner (Tye and Janak, 2007; Namburi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundManipulating a “Cocaine Engram” in Mice
Hsiang, H.-L. (., Epp, J. R., van den Oever, M. C., Yan, C., Rashid, A. J., Insel, N., Ye, L., Niibori, Y., Deisseroth, K., Frankland, P. W., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3327-14.2014 · Cited by 131
Distinct Subtypes of Basolateral Amygdala Taste Neurons Reflect Palatability and Reward
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“…respond to the presentation of rewarding stimuli with phasic bursts of action potentials that strongly resemble those produced by SD neurons in response to tastes (Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1996; Pratt and Mizumori, 1998; Schultz, 2001; Paton et al., 2006; Roesch et al., 2007; Tye and Janak, 2007).”
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The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
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“The basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex is critical for assigning motivational significant to discrete stimuli (Ito et al. 2006; Tye and Janak 2007; Tye et al. 2008), whereas the hippocampus is well-recognized for its role in contextual (Maren and Holt 2000) and spatial processing (Ito et al.”
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“The amygdala and hippocampus potently influence learning and memory (Robbins et al, 2008), responses to motivationally important cues (Tracy et al, 2001; Tye and Janak, 2007), and the development and expression of habit-like behaviors (Lingawi and Balleine, 2012).”
Methylphenidate facilitates learning-induced amygdala plasticity
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“and is important for the acquisition and retrieval of stimulus-outcome memorie”
BackgroundSelf-citationReward Magnitude Coding in Primate Amygdala Neurons
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“…reward seeking (Cador et al., 1989; Baxter and Murray, 2002; Carelli et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; McLaughlin and Floresco, 2007; Tye and Janak, 2007; Tye et al., 2008), we hypothesized that BLA neurons encode the change in outcome expectation that underlies the extinction of…”
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“2003) as well as in response to cues associated with natural rewards such as sucrose (Tye and Janak 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAmygdala-cortical collaboration in reward learning and decision making
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The Different Facets of Anhedonia and Their Associations with Different Psychopathologies
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“Animal models of reward processing have demonstrated that there are separable neural pathways associated with CPA and APA [ 2 , 8 ].”
BackgroundMillan, E. Z., Kim, H. A., & Janak, P. H. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.044 · Cited by 78
“Worth considering is the possibility that the effects of photoactivation may be mediated, at least in part, through facilitation of extinction learning, particularly given the role of the BLA in encoding reward-related cues and extinction of appetitive behavior (Tye and Janak, 2007; Tye et al., 2010).”
Self-citationNucleus accumbens feedforward inhibition circuit promotes cocaine self-administration
Yu, J. J., Yan, Y., Li, K.-L., Wang, Y., Huang, Y. H., Urban, N. N., Nestler, E. J., Schlüter, O. M., & Dong, Y. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707822114 · Cited by 74
“Specifically, exposure to rewardconditioned cues activates a portion of BLA and NAc neurons sequentially (34, 35), while preventing activation of cocainesensitive NAcSh MSNs after withdrawal from cocaine selfadministration attenuates cue-induced cocaine reinstatement (36).”
BackgroundAghajani, M., Klapwijk, E. T., van der Wee, N. J., Veer, I. M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Boon, A. E., van Beelen, P., Popma, A., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Colins, O. F. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.017 · Cited by 70
“…of CU traits, which includes excessive deployment of cognitive resources towards positive and motivationally salient stimuli (Frick and Viding, 2009; Sadeh and Verona, 2008), and is consistent with the role of BLA in motivational salience processing (Dwyer and Killcross, 2006; Tye and Janak, 2007).”
ResultA Central Amygdala-Substantia Innominata Neural Circuitry Encodes Aversive Reinforcement Signals
Cui, Y., Lv, G., Jin, S., Peng, J., Yuan, J., He, X., Gong, H., Xu, F., Xu, T., & Li, H. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.062 · Cited by 65
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Differential encoding of place value between the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus
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“In support of such a conjecture, neural activity in the VTA and amygdala changes in accordance with the motivational level.(81) Considering the extensive interconnections of iHP with VTA and amygdala,(43,44) the dramatic changes in motivational significance well known to be detected in VTA and amygdala may be directly…”
Millan, E. Z., Reese, R. M., Grossman, C. D., Chaudhri, N., & Janak, P. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.102 · Cited by 60
“…behavior in appetitive tasks can correspond with distinct neuronal activity depending on whether port-entries were made during or outside of a reward cue (Lansink et al, 2012; Tye and Janak, 2007), suggesting that cue-triggered and ITI port-entries may be qualitatively distinct behaviors.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA bidirectional corticoamygdala circuit for the encoding and retrieval of detailed reward memories
Sias, A. C., Morse, A. K., Wang, S. C., Greenfield, V. Y., Goodpaster, C. M., Wrenn, T. M., Wikenheiser, A. M., Holley, S. M., Cepeda, C., Levine, M. S., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.68617 · Cited by 62
Valence encoding in the amygdala influences motivated behavior
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A neuronal mechanism for motivational control of behavior
Courtin, J., Bitterman, Y., Müller, S., Hinz, J., Hagihara, K. M., Müller, C. R., & Lüthi, A. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg7277 · Cited by 55
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“…et al. 2008), it also supports other functions related to associative learning, such as signaling attention to salient cues, uncertainty about outcome probability, and intensity of stimuli (Morrison et al. 2011; Saddoris et al. 2005; Tye and Janak 2007; Tye et al. 2010; Belova et al. 2007).”
BackgroundJones, J. L., Day, J. J., Wheeler, R. A., & Carelli, R. M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.073 · Cited by 58
“Importantly, electrophysiological studies have revealed that BLA neurons are responsive to reward-predictive cues (Tye et al.,, Carelli et al., 2003, Saddoris et al., 2005, Paton et al., 2006, Tye and Janak, 2007, Ambroggi et al., 2008).”
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The Potent Effect of Environmental Context on Relapse to Alcohol- Seeking After Extinction
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Self-citationBissonette, G. B., Gentry, R. N., Padmala, S., Pessoa, L., & Roesch, M. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00024 · Cited by 49
GABA Cells in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Promote Cataplexy
Snow, M. B., Fraigne, J. J., Thibault‐Messier, G., Chuen, V. L., Thomasian, A., Horner, R. L., & Peever, J. H. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4070-15.2017 · Cited by 47
“For EEG recordings, we implanted stainless steel screws (P0090CE125; J.I. Morris) bilaterally into the frontal and parietal bones (1.5 mm anterior and 1.5 mm lateral to bregma; 2 mm posterior and 2.75 mm lateral to bregma).”
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“…the remainder of the communication sounds in our stimulus set may reflect their participation in a diverse set of efferent pathways, which may include appetitive behavior and anticipation of reward (Paton et al. 2006; Schoenbaum et al. 1999; Sugase-Miyamoto and Richmond 2005; Tye and Janak 2007).”
BackgroundAghajani, M., Colins, O. F., Klapwijk, E. T., Veer, I. M., Andershed, H., Popma, A., van der Wee, N. J., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23292 · Cited by 44
“, 2011; Sadeh and Verona, 2008; Sellbom and Verona, 2007], and is consistent with the role of BLA in processing motivational salience [Dwyer and Killcross, 2006; Tye and Janak, 2007].”
BackgroundHernandez, C. M., Vetere, L. M., Orsini, C. A., McQuail, J. A., Maurer, A. P., Burke, S. N., Setlow, B., & Bizon, J. L. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.025 · Cited by 34
“…al., 2009; Floresco et al., 2008b; Ghods-Sharifi et al., 2009; Hosking et al., 2014; Ishikawa et al., 2008; Jimura et al., 2013; McClure et al., 2004; Samanez-Larkin et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2016; Stalnaker et al., 2009; Tye and Janak, 2007; Wassum and Izquierdo, 2015; Winstanley et al., 2004).”
Servonnet, A., Hernández, G., Hage, C. E., Rompré, P.-P., & Samaha, A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2196-19.2020 · Cited by 43
“First, how does increased BLA-mediated neuronal activity during CS presentation influence respectively, CS-evoked conditioned behaviors and the instrumental pursuit of CS? BLA neurons fire in response to CS presentations during appetitive conditioning (Tye and Janak, 2007; Ambroggi et al., 2008; Tye et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAction Potential Waveform Variability Limits Multi-Unit Separation in Freely Behaving Rats
Stratton, P. G., Cheung, A., Wiles, J., Kiyatkin, E. A., Sah, P., & Windels, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038482 · Cited by 41
“For lower density brain regions, unit sorting is often done using a combination of template matching and autocorrelation of spike times recorded using twisted electrode bundles [8–10].”
MethodPolston, J. E., Rubbinaccio, H. Y., Morra, J. T., Sell, E. M., & Glick, S. D. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.024 · Cited by 36
“This neuronal activation supplies cognitive systems with information regarding the motivational and reinforcing qualities of an associated cue that help determine, plan, and execute the appropriate behavioral response (Tye and Janak, 2007).”
Lesions of the rat basolateral amygdala reduce the behavioral response to ultrasonic vocalizations
Schönfeld, L.-M., Zech, M.-P., Schäble, S., Wöhr, M., & Kalenscher, T. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112274 · Cited by 34
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Dynamic Cortico-hippocampal Networks Underlying Memory and Cognition: The PMAT Framework
Inhoff, M. C., & Ranganath, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_18 · Cited by 41
“…in the AT network. deactivation in rodents has been shown to decrease reward-seeking behaviors in response to a cue (Ishikawa, Ambroggi, Nicola, & Fields, 2008) and the activity of neurons in the amygdala to a cue stimulus has been linked to motivated, rewardseeking behaviors (Tye & Janak, 2007).”
BackgroundHaney, R. Z., Calu, D. J., Takahashi, Y. K., Hughes, B. W., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0054-10.2010 · Cited by 29
“This dissociation is notable because single-unit activity and blood oxygenation level-dependent response in both OFC and ABL represent information about expected outcomes (Schoenbaum et al., 1998; Tremblay and Schultz, 1999; O’Doherty et al., 2002; Gottfried et al., 2003; Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, 2006; Paton et al.,…”
BackgroundDas, R., Freeman, T. P., & Kamboj, S. K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.018 · Cited by 29
Keefer, S. E., Gyawali, U., & Calu, D. J. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113306 · Cited by 27
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“…the BLA respond to Pavlovian cues and to discriminative stimuli that signal the availability of an action to produce reward (Paton et al., 2006; Tye and Janak, 2007; Ambroggi et al., 2008; Morrison and Salzman, 2009; Shabel and Janak, 2009; Sangha et al., 2013), but whether or how they encode…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdachi, S.-I., Yuki, E. N. D. O., Mizushige, T., Tsuzuki, S., Matsumura, S., Inoue, K., & Fushiki, T. (2013) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.130234 · Cited by 26
Rau, A. R., Ariwodola, O. J., & Weiner, J. L. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv017 · Cited by 24
“BLA pyramidal neurons fire a burst of action potentials in response to stimuli with strong emotional valence (Nishijo et al., 1988; Tye and Janak, 2007; Motanis et al., 2014).”
BackgroundParker, K. E., McCall, J. G., & Will, M. J. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.08.008 · Cited by 26
“…a role for BLA neurons in mediating opiate reward processes include its role in altering sensory properties (Fontanini et al., 2009), learned reward associations (Schoenbaum et al., 1998; Tye and Janak, 2007) and taste reactivity and consumption behaviors (Berridge, 1996; Will et al., 2009).”
Dannenhoffer, C. A., Robertson, M. M., Macht, V. A., Mooney, S. M., Boettiger, C. A., & Robinson, D. L. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.004 · Cited by 28
Memory coding in plastic neuronal subpopulations within the amygdala
Nomura, H., Nonaka, A., HitoraーImamura, N., Hashikawa, K., & Matsuki, N. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.022 · Cited by 22
“Relatively unstable ensemble activity related to the same context in the NS and IS mice suggests that arousal, state, and/or unknown factors that change between sessions also affect amygdala activity (Pelletier et al., 2005; Tye and Janak, 2007).”
Hayton, S. J., Olmstead, M. C., & Dumont, É. C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023885 · Cited by 21
“Neurons in the BLA respond to cues that have been paired with rewards [41,42] and lesions to this region attenuate cue-induced responding [43].”
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Contribution of Emotional and Motivational Neurocircuitry to Cue-Signaled Active Avoidance Learning
Ilango, A., Shumake, J., Wetzel, W., & Ohl, F. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00372 · Cited by 23
“, 2008) that respond to cues predicting either appetitive or aversive outcomes (Paton et al., 2006; Tye and Janak, 2007).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of two different types of extinction learning in the amygdala central nucleus
Iordanova, M. D., Deroche, M. L. D., Esber, G. R., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12330 · Cited by 20
“For example, cell firing in both OFC and ABL tends to track learning, increasing when cues are paired with reward and decreasing when they are unre-warded 16–21 .”
Similar Neural Activity during Fear and Disgust in the Rat Basolateral Amygdala
Shabel, S. J., Schairer, W. W., Donahue, R. J., Powell, V. E., & Janak, P. H. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027797 · Cited by 18
“decision-making [8,35–40].”
Self-citationPrediction errors and valence: From single units to multidimensional encoding in the amygdala
Brockett, A. T., Vázquez, D., & Roesch, M. R. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113176 · Cited by 14
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“stress the role of learning and demonstrate that the amygdala is a critical brain structure involved in fearful and appetitive responses to conditional stimuli, including their extinction and reinstatement”
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Cue- versus reward-encoding basolateral amygdala projections to nucleus accumbens
He, Y., Huang, Y. H., Schlüter, O. M., & Dong, Y. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89766 · Cited by 12
“In behaving animals, BLA neurons tend to be activated in a population-specific manner in response to US versus CS as well as stimuli with different valences, suggesting the functional and populational heterogeneity of BLA neurons ( O’Neill et al., 2018 ; Paton et al., 2006 ; Tye and Janak, 2007 ).”
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A Context-Dependent Switch From Sensing to Feeling in the Primate Amygdala
Martin, A. B., Cardenas, M. A., Andersen, R. K., Bowman, A. I., Hillier, E. A., Bensmaı̈a, S. J., Fuglevand, A. J., & Gothard, K. M. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112056 · Cited by 14
“66,67 Furthermore, neurons in the amygdala, as well as dopaminergic neurons, have been shown to respond to fully predictable rewards.”
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Memory consolidation drives the enhancement of remote cocaine memory via prefrontal circuit
Liu, X., Lu, T., Chen, X., Huang, S., Zheng, W., Zhang, W., Meng, S., Yan, W., Shi, L., Bao, Y., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02364-w · Cited by 11
Brain-behaviour correlates of habitual motivation in chronic back pain
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Modulation of Emotion Perception via Amygdala Stimulation in Humans
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“Arousal refers to the psychological state of wakeful attention and is important for detection of salience, or the relative importance and novelty of stimuli (LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Uddin, 2017).”
BackgroundBasolateral amygdala dopamine transmits emotional salience
Brickner, M. A., Szot, W. E., Wolff, A. R., Thomas, M. J., & Saunders, B. T. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-74226-2 · Cited by 9
“We next conducted extinction of cue discrimination ( Fig”
Domain-specific neural substrates underlie the framing effect
Sun, S., Hu, J., & Yu, R. (2022) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100119 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Context on Choice and Value
Martino, B. D. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381431-9.00005-x · Cited by 8
How schizophrenia and depression disrupt reward circuitry
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Orbitofrontal Cortex Mediates Sustained Basolateral Amygdala Encoding of Cued Reward-Seeking States
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Stimulus-dependent dopamine dynamics from locus coeruleus axons
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The Contribution of the Amygdala to Reward-Related Learning and Extinction
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Grasso‐Cladera, A., Madrid-Carvajal, J., Walter, S., & Peter König, B. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020103 · Cited by 3
Altered asymmetry of amygdala volume mediates food addiction and weight gain
Xu, T., Liu, J.-J., Liu, Z., Qi, X.-G., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Ban, X.-Y., Li, Q., Han, X.-D., Zheng, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00073 · Cited by 3
“Distinct populations of cue-responsive neurons in the amygdala encode the motivational and reinforcing properties of cues previously associated with rewards (Tye & Janak, 2007).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tye, K. M., & Janak, P. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Janak, Patricia H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-04-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3937-3945
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6672525
- OpenAlex
- W2076741191
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- basolateral amygdala, motivation, reinforcement, incentive motivation, conditioned reinforcement, reinstatement, extinction, reward-seeking behavior, sucrose reward, instrumental responding, neural coding
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Amygdala, Animals, Male, Motivation, Neurons, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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