The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India
Abstract
In this work of impressive scholarship, Sheldon Pollock explores the remarkable rise and fall of Sanskrit, India's ancient language, as a vehicle of poetry and polity. He traces the two great moments of its transformation: the first around the beginning of the Common Era, when Sanskrit, long a sacred language, was reinvented as a code for literary and political expression, the start of an amazing career that saw Sanskrit literary culture spread from Afghanistan to Java. The second moment occurred around the beginning of the second millennium, when local speech forms challenged and eventually replaced Sanskrit in both the literary and political arenas. Drawing striking parallels, chronologically as well as structurally, with the rise of Latin literature and the Roman empire, and with the new vernacular literatures and nation-states of late-medieval Europe, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men asks whether these very different histories challenge current theories of culture and power and suggest new possibilities for practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“praśasti inscriptions contemporary with and subsequent to Kālidāsa's time are nonetheless often closely conversant with the poetic forms of the Raghuvaṃśa (or vice versa, see Pollock 2006: 240-44;Singh 2011: 178-80), including of course variants on the eropolitical compound with its logic of the instrumentality of subjugated feminine objects to the wielding of royal power.”
From The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature (2023) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006: 240-44
In the citing paper
“Meanwhile even praśasti, so clearly tied to the priorities and tools of courtly kāvya, is nonetheless ignored by theoreticians (Pollock 2006: 135), which again should make clear that the compound motif cannot be reduced to or fully accounted for by referring to rasa aesthetics alone.”
From The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature (2023) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006: 135
In the citing paper
“'Making it nice' ( ala ṃ k ṛ -) was the slogan of an aesthetic sensibility that traversed linguistic, political, and religious boundaries-a sensibility that lies at the base of what Sheldon Pollock called, for this reason, the Sanskrit cosmopolis.”
From Making It Nice: Kāvya in the Second Century (2019) · cites this paper as Pollock (2006)
In the citing paper
“Unlike in Southeast Asia where the ruling elites used Sanskrit extensively (Ali 2011; Pollock 2006), it would have been diffi cult to institute similar use of the Indic language in China.”
From The Spread of Buddhism to China: A Re-examination of the Buddhist Interactions between Ancient India and China (2012) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 878
Pifer, M. (2024) · Armeniaca · doi:10.30687/arm/2974-6051/2024/01/004 · Cited by 1
Vélez, K., Prange, S. R., & Clossey, L. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118305492.ch23 · Cited by 1
Building beyond the Temple: Sacred Centers and Living Communities in Medieval Central India
Sears, T. I. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444396355.ch6 · Cited by 1
Duara, P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118525395.ch25 · Cited by 1
Bridge Essay: Vernacularization and World Literature: The Language of Women in the World of God
Eisner, M. G. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0055 · Cited by 1
A Book of Kings as the King of Books: TheShahnamehof Ferdowsi
Lewis, F. D. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0103 · Cited by 1
Śiva’s Saints: The Origins of Devotion in Kannada according to Harihara’s Ragaḷegaḷu
Simmons, C. (2020) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2020.1826863 · Cited by 1
South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania
Trivedi, H., Aveling, H., & Yamada, T. S. (2022) · Literature · doi:10.1002/9781119775737.ch14 · Cited by 1
Bastide, L. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7d12398az1495z4e5az8ec0z53979bdfe737 · Cited by 1
Austin, C. R. (2023) · Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies · doi:10.1017/s0041977x23000174
Hewage, B. (2026) · Global Intellectual History · doi:10.1080/23801883.2026.2640104
History and Primordium in Ancient Indian Historical Writing
Fitzgerald, J. L. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118412541.ch3
Historical Consciousness and Historical Traditions in Early North India
Thapar, R. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118412541.ch4
Dialogical and radical transcendence
Duara, P. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139998222.006
Where the Black Antelope Roam: Dharma and Human Geography in India
Minkowski, C. Z. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444315653.ch2
Neelis, J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118412541.ch6
Multilingual Aphasia: An Unresolved Puzzle in the Linguistic Mosaic of India
Sebastian, D. (2014) · Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders · doi:10.1044/gics4.1.30
Lieberman, V. B. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816000.002
Gonçalves, J. C. B. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.8.2009.tde-03022010-141335
'Religion', Religious Identity and the Frustrations of Modernity
Raman, S. (2012) · Religions of South Asia · doi:10.1558/rosa.v4i2.213
Responsive Receptions: The Question of Translation Beyond the Accursed Zone
Rao, D. V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1698-8_8
Ribeiro, F. R. (2015) · Modern Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0026749x14000699
Varieties of European Experience, I
Lieberman, V. B. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816000.003
Response by Trivedi to “Betraying Empire: Translation and the Ideology of Conquest”
Trivedi, H. (2014) · Translation Studies · doi:10.1080/14781700.2014.968307
Lieberman, V. B. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816000.008
Littérature, histoire et religion dans l’empire moghol : à propos de trois ouvrages récents
Matringe, D. (2015) · Archives de sciences sociales des religions · doi:10.4000/assr.27229
Sherman, T. C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316154953.007
The heroic vision of an elite regional epic
Talbot, C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316339893.005
Christendom's regional systems
Rubin, M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667480.017
Wittrock, B. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667480.009
Bath, J., & Schofield, S. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cco9781139152242.013
Glossary of technical terms used by bibliographers and historians of the book
Howsam, L. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cco9781139152242.019
On Facilitating Reading Habits and Related ActivitiesPreprint
Shanto, S., & Baksi, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2832065
Ausrichtungen der literaturwissenschaftlichen Komparatistik
Zymner, R., Freund, S., Kocher, U., Welge, J., Schmitz‐Emans, M., Solte-Gresser, C., Gymnich, M., Donat, S., Гвозден, В., Sexl, M., et al. (2013) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05307-7_2
Pickett, J. (2017) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2017.1314931
Overarching consonant alternations
Oranskaia, T. (2017) · Hamburg studies on linguistic diversity · doi:10.1075/hsld.6.09ora
Chhetry, A. T. (2015) · Society and Culture in South Asia · doi:10.1177/2393861715579813
La “modernidad” de la imaginación en Jagannātha Paṇḍitarāja
Figueroa, O. (2017) · Journal de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.18682/jcs.v0i9.632
Making Identity Out of Language: Beyond Bengal
Sengupta, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6844-7_3
Reconstructing Weber's Indian Rationalism: A Comparative Analysis
Kalberg, S. (2017) · Max Weber Studies · doi:10.1353/max.2017.a808620
Progress, Comparison, and the Nature of Literary History
Lurie, D. B. (2018) · Comparative Studies of South Asia Africa and the Middle East · doi:10.1215/1089201x-4390087
Brown, R. L. (2018) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0021911818000773
The Transcultural Transformation of a Field
Gagnier, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98419-3_1
The Early Years: Forging the Imaginary
Saith, A. (2019) · Palgrave studies in the history of economic thought · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12422-9_1
Tracing the Local: The Translator-Travellee in French Accounts of India
Banerjee, S. (2019) · Tusaaji A Translation Review · doi:10.25071/1925-5624.40354
Język w kulturach Indii: od ubóstwienia do fi lozofowania, od cywilizowania do uniezależniania
Nowakowska, M. (2008) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323514688.pp.17-28
The Worldliness of Graphic Narrative
Salmi, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108613354.013
The Novel and Consciousness of Labour
Lazarus, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108613354.012
Bilingual discourse and Cross-Cultural Fertilization: Sanskrit and Tamil in Medieval India
Dubyanskiy, A. (2019) · Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics · doi:10.1515/jsall-2019-2005
Bridge Essay: The Ethical Turn
Clossey, L. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0002
Introduction to World Literature Third Millennium bce to 600 ce
Denecke, W. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0001
Rādhātantram: Rādhā as Guru in the Service of the Great Goddess
Manring, R. J. (2019) · International Journal of Hindu Studies · doi:10.1007/s11407-019-09264-1
Pauwels, H. (2020) · South Asian History and Culture · doi:10.1080/19472498.2020.1719318
Egypt and Yemen: The Jewish andKārimīNetworks
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341219.013
East Asia: From Villages to States (c. 5000–1027 bce )
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.009
Fisher, M. H. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316276044.006
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.014
The British Raj, “Mahatma” Gandhi, and Other Anti-Colonial Movements (1857–1947)
Fisher, M. H. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316276044.008
East Africa: Dawn of the Swahili Culture
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341219.006
Graffiti de Sigiriya (Sri Lanka) (Les)
Meyer, E. P. (2020) · Presses de l’Inalco eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pressesinalco.24943
Peacock, A. C. S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108582124.003
The English East India Company and Cultural Cosmopolitanism in Late Mughal Bengal
Chatterjee, K. (2015) · Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.editionsehess.23207
Cosmopolitan Particularism. Mahamati Pran-nath’s dawa in the Laldas Bitak
Rathee, V. (2015) · Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.editionsehess.23157
The Set-Up of the Colonial Knowledge on Sindh
Boivin, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41991-2_2
Conclusion: What Is Vernacular in the Sufi Paradigm?
Boivin, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41991-2_12
From court to court: Religious polities and the modern south Asian public
Hatcher, B. A. (2020) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.12367
East Africa: The Emergence of a Pre-Swahili Culture on the Azanian Coast
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.019
Were there World-Systems during the Bronze Age?
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.011
India: The Birth of a New Core
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.015
Southeast Asia, an Interface between Two Oceans
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.016
The Formation of Islamic Anatolia
Peacock, A. C. S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108582124.002
The Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100 bce ), an Area Unified around the Eastern Mediterranean
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.008
Gravier, M. (2020) · Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques · doi:10.1515/asia-2020-0037
The Winding Ways of Poetry: Ratnaśrījñāna on Daṇḍin’s mārgas
Wojtczak, L. (2020) · Cracow Indological Studies · doi:10.12797/cis.22.2020.02.01
Sweet, sweet language: Prakrit and Maṇipravāḷam in premodern Kerala
Goren-Arzony, S. (2021) · The Indian Economic & Social History Review · doi:10.1177/0019464620980905
The Meaning of the Word ārya in Two Gupta-Period Inscriptions
Dezső, C. (2020) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110674088-010
Retelling the History of Manipur through the Narratives of the Puyas History
Yumnam, R. (2020) · Journal of history and social sciences · doi:10.46422/jhss.v11i2.114
Strathern, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108753371.010
Religion as the Fabric of the State
Strathern, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108753371.004
Fisher, M. H. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316276044.007
The Emergence of Intermediary Spaces
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.010
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.004
The New Spaces of the Middle Bronze Age in Asia and Egypt (c. 2000–1750 bce )
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.007
Early Bronze Age II (c.2700–1950 bce )
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.006
McClish, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108641586.006
The Beginnings of the Iron Age
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.013
Arabia: Maritime Cultures and the Rise of the Caravan Trade
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.018
Dreams of State: Conversion as the Making of Kings and Subjects
Strathern, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108753371.008
The Conversion of Kings under the Conditions of Immanentism: Constantine to Cakobau
Strathern, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108753371.007
The Economy of Ritual Efficacy and the Empirical Reception of Christianity
Strathern, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108753371.006
Tam, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108776400.006
Tam, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108776400.002
The Austronesian Expansion and the First Malagasy Cultures
Beaujard, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108341004.020
From the Wandering Poets to the Stateless Novelists
Ahmadzadeh, H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623711.028
The Political Economy of Kurdistan
Yadirgi, V. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623711.007 · Cited by 1
Society: Network versus Hierarchy
Manning, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108784528.007
Metadata
- Authors
- Pollock, S.
- Corresponding author
- Pollock, Sheldon
- Venue
- University of California Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of California Press
- Published
- 2006-05-23
- OpenAlex
- W4255323775
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 42.68
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of California Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Comparative and World Literature
- Keywords
- Sanskrit, Sanskrit literature, vernacularization, language and power, Sanskrit poetry, Latin literature, Roman Empire, vernacular literature, nation-state, culture and power
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review