The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India
Abstract
In this work of impressive scholarship, Sheldon Pollock explores the remarkable rise and fall of Sanskrit, India's ancient language, as a vehicle of poetry and polity. He traces the two great moments of its transformation: the first around the beginning of the Common Era, when Sanskrit, long a sacred language, was reinvented as a code for literary and political expression, the start of an amazing career that saw Sanskrit literary culture spread from Afghanistan to Java. The second moment occurred around the beginning of the second millennium, when local speech forms challenged and eventually replaced Sanskrit in both the literary and political arenas. Drawing striking parallels, chronologically as well as structurally, with the rise of Latin literature and the Roman empire, and with the new vernacular literatures and nation-states of late-medieval Europe, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men asks whether these very different histories challenge current theories of culture and power and suggest new possibilities for practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“praśasti inscriptions contemporary with and subsequent to Kālidāsa's time are nonetheless often closely conversant with the poetic forms of the Raghuvaṃśa (or vice versa, see Pollock 2006: 240-44;Singh 2011: 178-80), including of course variants on the eropolitical compound with its logic of the instrumentality of subjugated feminine objects to the wielding of royal power.”
From The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature (2023) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006: 240-44
In the citing paper
“Meanwhile even praśasti, so clearly tied to the priorities and tools of courtly kāvya, is nonetheless ignored by theoreticians (Pollock 2006: 135), which again should make clear that the compound motif cannot be reduced to or fully accounted for by referring to rasa aesthetics alone.”
From The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature (2023) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006: 135
In the citing paper
“'Making it nice' ( ala ṃ k ṛ -) was the slogan of an aesthetic sensibility that traversed linguistic, political, and religious boundaries-a sensibility that lies at the base of what Sheldon Pollock called, for this reason, the Sanskrit cosmopolis.”
From Making It Nice: Kāvya in the Second Century (2019) · cites this paper as Pollock (2006)
In the citing paper
“Unlike in Southeast Asia where the ruling elites used Sanskrit extensively (Ali 2011; Pollock 2006), it would have been diffi cult to institute similar use of the Indic language in China.”
From The Spread of Buddhism to China: A Re-examination of the Buddhist Interactions between Ancient India and China (2012) · cites this paper as Pollock 2006
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 878
Smith, S. G. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108580441.011
Toward a Vernacular Globalectics: “Minor” Illustrations from South India
Muneer, A. K. (2022) · South Asian Review · doi:10.1080/02759527.2022.2151771
Feels Like Our Language: Vernacular Poetics in Premodern Kerala
Goren-Arzony, S. (2022) · Journal of South Asian Intellectual History · doi:10.1163/25425552-12340032
Keune, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197574836.002.0003
Keune, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197574836.002.0007
Notes on Transliteration and References
Keune, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197574836.002.0006
Keune, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197574836.002.0009
Keune, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197574836.002.0008
Towards a global history of education in the Himalaya: the case of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh
Wallenius, T. J. (2023) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2023.2165476
Girard, A. (2022) · École française de Rome eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.efr.46693
Bronner, Y. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197642924.003.0001
Modernity and Kesari’s Ambivalences
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0011
Raveendran, P. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.001.0001
The Bilingual Everyday in Bhasha Literature
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0013
Bhasha Writing as World Literature
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0008
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0019
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0003
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0001
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0018
Raveendran, P. P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.002.0005
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.002.0007
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0017
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0010
Modernity and Indian Literature
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0002
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0007
Modernity and Literary Historiography
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0014
Print Capitalism and Modernity
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0004
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0022
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0021
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0016
Region and Nation in Bhasha Poetry
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0012
The Literary Process and the Social Imaginary
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0005
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.002.0003
Raveendran, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871558.003.0020
Sanskrit titles of two Pagan kings in Pali and Sanskrit inscriptions
Zaitsev, I. A. (2023) · Исторический журнал научные исследования · doi:10.7256/2454-0609.2023.2.39842
Persja i Persowie w literaturze sanskryckiej
Mejor, M. (2022) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323587521.pp.209-225
Rethinking the Early Sufi Romance: The Case of Cāndāyan
Pauwels, H. (2023) · International Journal of Hindu Studies · doi:10.1007/s11407-023-09340-7
Visual Citizenship in Cambodia
Young, S. (2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-003
Photography, Citizenship, and Accusatory Memory in the Greek Crisis
Kalantzis, K. (2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-004 · Cited by 1
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-008
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-009
Citizenship, Contingency, and Futurity
Pinney, C. (2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-007
“We Are Moving with Technology”
Binaisa, N. (2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-006
Selejan, I. L. (2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478024590-005
Simmons, C. (2023) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.12476
Violent Modernity: Brawls in the Waiting Room of History
Bartelson, J. (2023) · Global Intellectual History · doi:10.1080/23801883.2023.2269485
Aslanian, S. D. (2023) · Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies · doi:10.3138/diaspora.23.2.2023.08.10
King, R. (2023) · Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1215/15982661-10773078
Yi Ok 李鈺 and His Iŏn 俚諺 (Folk Vernacular)
Oh, Y. K. (2023) · Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1215/15982661-10773098
Shankar, S., & Venkat, V. (2023) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9778-4.ch014
Gutiérrez, A. (2024) · Global Food History · doi:10.1080/20549547.2024.2347180
Chapter 34. The conquest of literacy
Verbaal, W. (2024) · A comparative history of literatures in European languages · doi:10.1075/chlel.34.34ver
Chapter 30. Ecologies of medieval Latin poetics
Cornelius, I. (2024) · A comparative history of literatures in European languages · doi:10.1075/chlel.34.30cor
Unveiling Abhijῆānaśākuntala: Exploring Kingship, Love, and Asceticism
Sharma, G. (2024) · Journal of Dharma Studies · doi:10.1007/s42240-024-00177-w
Book review: Francesca Orsini, East of Delhi: Multilingual Literary Culture and World Literature
Sharma, D. (2024) · South Asia Research · doi:10.1177/02627280241265538
Writing, Voice, and Person-Making: Dispatches from Middle English Studies
Orlemanski, J. (2024) · Exemplaria · doi:10.1080/10412573.2024.2351738
Beyond Deconstruction: An Introduction to Writing Social Theory in Arabic
Jung, D., & Zemmin, F. (2024) · The Modern Muslim World. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63649-3_1
Deka, K. (2024) · European Bulletin of Himalayan Research · doi:10.4000/124f0
TRANSCENDING THE WESTERN PARADIGMS: RECLAIMING THE INDIAN TEXTS THROUGH ‘COSMOCAL PREADING’
Anshuman, P. K. (2024) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i6.2024.2364
Stanziani, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009444002.003
Literary Exchange Between India and Sri Lanka
Henry, J. W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_13
The Reconstruction of the Early History of Tamil-Speaking Southern India
Tíeken, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_11
Why comment? Interlingual commentaries in early modern India
Williams, T. W. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society · doi:10.1017/s1356186324000464
Sowmya Dechamma, C. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198908456.003.0005
Three Writers, Three Languages, and the Contradictions of a Kodava Identity
Sowmya Dechamma, C. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198908456.003.0003
Sowmya Dechamma, C. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198908456.003.0001
The Gupta Empire ( ad 400–500)
Roy, K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108788090.010
ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND SOCIETY OF VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
Suman, A. (2023) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.4003
Almost Different, but Not Quite: Neoliberal Discourses on the Mahābhārata
Oliveira, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Dharma Studies · doi:10.1007/s42240-025-00203-5
Solanki, T. (2025) · Comparative Literature · doi:10.1215/00104124-11626857
Theory of Kingship in the Manusmṛti: Daṇḍa, Dharma, and the Moral Responsibility of Political Power
Suraj, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Dharma Studies · doi:10.1007/s42240-025-00223-1
Relative Constructions in Classical/Epic Sanskrit
Lowe, J. J., Molina‐Muñoz, A., & Ruppel, A. M. (2025) · Transactions of the Philological Society · doi:10.1111/1467-968x.12322
Communal Narratives of West Bengal: Re-presenting the Cultural Hegemony
Das, S. (2025) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i04.52825
Endangered Occitan varieties in Italy
Micali, I. (2025) · Linguistic Variation · doi:10.1075/lv.24076.ire
Language and Identity in Postcolonial Indian Literature: A Comprehensive Analysis
Jayakumar, J. (2025) · International Journal of English Language Research Studies (IJELRS) · doi:10.63090/ijelrs/3049.1894.0017
Chandran, M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0219
Kadam, U. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0164-9_4
Echoes of Patriarchy: The Fate of Women in Classical Hindu Narratives
Yashvi, & Khurana, R. (2025) · The Creative Launcher · doi:10.53032/tcl.2025.10.4.17
Loch, S., & Meeta (2025) · The Creative Launcher · doi:10.53032/tcl.2025.10.4.02
Inglis, D. (2025) · Emerging globalities and civilizational perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97188-4_6
On the Process of Creation of Proto-Bangla (Bengali): The Case of Language Contact
Faquire, R. K. (2025) · Journal of Asian Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.47298/jala.v7-i4-a3
The Sovereign Poison: Glyphosate, Poisoncraft, and Regulatory Politics
Widger, T. (2025) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.266
The many tellings of Sassi and Punnun: A history of language order in Sindh and Punjab
Rajani, S. (2025) · The Indian Economic & Social History Review · doi:10.1177/00194646251385681
Kṛṣṇanāṭṭam Performance: Kṛṣṇa Devotion, Ritual Ecology, and Colonial Transformation in South India
Aswathy Mohan, P., Ashraf, M. N., & Varghese, A. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16121503
Birkenholtz, J. V., & Chudal, A. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197553473.002.0004
Rehmatullah, M., & Khan, S. R. (2025) · Synergy International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.63960/sijmds-2025-2480
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-005
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-009
Recasting Bhāratavarṣa: Exploring the Intersection of Space, Memory, and Identity
Kalra, D. (2025) · International Journal of Critical Diversity Studies · doi:10.13169/intecritdivestud.7.2.0005
Kallolickal, V. (2025) · International Journal of Arts Science Humanities Research Studies (IJASHRS) · doi:10.63090/ijashrs/3139.8944.0006
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-003
Memories of the Memories of the Black Rose Cat
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-006
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-002
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-008
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-007
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-010
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-004
The Revival of Bangkok as a Chinese City
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061748-001
Indian Knowledge Systems: An Exploration of Indigenous Intellectual Traditions
Sharma, K. A. (2025) · Raj Rajeshwari Journal of Psychological and Educational Research · doi:10.65301/rrjp.2025.10.2.588
Metadata
- Authors
- Pollock, S.
- Corresponding author
- Pollock, Sheldon
- Venue
- University of California Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of California Press
- Published
- 2006-05-23
- OpenAlex
- W4255323775
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 42.68
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of California Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Comparative and World Literature
- Keywords
- Sanskrit, Sanskrit literature, vernacularization, language and power, Sanskrit poetry, Latin literature, Roman Empire, vernacular literature, nation-state, culture and power
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review