What’s in a Trial? On the Importance of Distinguishing Between Experimental Lab Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials: The Case of Cognitive Bias Modification and Alcohol Use Disorders
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Objective Recently, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) redefined clinical trials to include any study involving behavioral or biomedical interventions. In line with a general framework from experimental medicine, we argue that it is crucial to distinguish between experimental laboratory studies aimed at revealing psychological mechanisms underlying behavior and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical samples aimed at testing the efficacy of an intervention. Method As an illustration, we reviewed the current state of the evidence on the efficacy of cognitive bias modification (CBM) interventions in alcohol use disorders. Results A recent meta-analysis "cast serious doubts on the clinical utility of CBM interventions for addiction." That analysis combined experimental laboratory studies and RCTs. We demonstrated that, when studies are differentiated regarding study type (experimental laboratory study or RCT), mode of delivery (controlled experiment or Internet), and population (healthy volunteers or patients), the following effects are found: (a) short-lived effects of CBM on drinking behavior in experimental laboratory studies in students, but only when the bias is successfully manipulated; (b) small but robust effects of CBM on treatment outcome when administered as an adjunct to established treatments in clinical settings in RCTs with alcohol-dependent patients; and (c) nonspecific effects (reduced drinking irrespective of condition) in RCTs of CBM administered…
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Evidence for the efficacy of ApBM for nonclinical samples is inconclusive.
“Although the evidence for the efficacy of ApBM for nonclinical samples is inconclusive (Boffo et al., 2019; Cristea et al., 2015; Wiers et al., 2018)”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Wiers et al., 2018
There are particularly promising findings for CBM in clinical contexts as clients are motivated to change their thoughts and behavior.
“there are particularly promising findings in clinical contexts as clients are motivated to change their thoughts and behavior (Wiers et al., 2018).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Wiers et al., 2018
CBM's efficacy among nonclinical samples is inconsistent.
“While CBM's efficacy among nonclinical samples is inconsistent (Boffo et al., 2019; Cristea et al., 2015; Wiers et al., 2018), there are particularly promising findings in clinical contexts as clients are motivated to change their thoughts and behavior (Wiers et al., 2018).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Wiers et al., 2018
Motivation to change drinking behavior appears to be a prerequisite for ApBM to be effective.
“as motivation to change drinking behavior appears to be a prerequisite for ApBM to be effective (Wiers et al., 2018)”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Wiers et al., 2018
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Addiction: Brain and Cognitive Stimulation for Better Cognitive Control and Far Beyond
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wiers, R. W., Boffo, M., & Field, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wiers, Reinout W.
- Venue
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
- Publisher
- Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-343
- ISSN
- 1937-1888 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-4114
- OpenAlex
- W2800341546
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15
- FWCI
- 14.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- handle.uba.uva.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, alcoholism, randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis validity, alcoholism treatment, online intervention, non-specific effects, cognitive behavioral therapy, drinking behavior
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Alcohol-Related Disorders
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