Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts future insulin resistance and impaired glucose control in obese nondiabetic individuals: results from the XENDOS trial
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine that is increased in obesity and established type 2 diabetes. We assessed whether GDF-15 can predict future insulin resistance and impaired glucose control in obese nondiabetic individuals. DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma GDF-15 concentrations were measured with an automated electrochemiluminescent immunoassay at baseline and after 4 years in 496 obese nondiabetic individuals (52% men, median age 48 years, median body mass index (BMI) 37.6 kg/m(2)) enrolled in the XENical in the prevention of Diabetes in Obese subjects (XENDOS) trial. RESULTS: The median GDF-15 concentration at baseline was 869 ng/l (interquartile range 723-1064 ng/l). GDF-15 was related to body weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) (all P < 0.01). Changes in GDF-15 from baseline to 4 years were related to changes in body weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05). Baseline GDF-15 was associated with the risk to have prediabetes or diabetes at 4 years by univariate analysis (odds ratio (OR) FOR 1 unit increase in ln GDF-15, 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7-6.1; P<0.001), and after multivariate adjustment for age, gender, treatment allocation (orlistat vs placebo), BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and glucose control at baseline (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.7; P=0.026). Similarly, baseline GDF-15 was independently associated with HOMA-IR at 4 years (P=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: This first longitudinal study of GDF-15 in a large cohort of obese individuals indicates that GDF-15 is related to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and independently associated with future insulin resistance and abnormal glucose control.
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GDF-15 levels are altered in obese mice, rats, and humans compared to matched lean controls.
“Altered GDF-15 levels in comparison to matched lean controls have been frequently reported in obese mice, rats, and humans (32, 105).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Kempf, T., Guba-Quint, A., Torgerson, J., Magnone, M. C., Haefliger, C., Bobadilla, M., & Wollert, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Wollert, Kai C
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 671-678
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W2103530523
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- growth differentiation factor 15, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes risk, obesity, abdominal obesity, orlistat, HOMA-IR, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Longitudinal Studies, Luminescent Measurements, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Waist-Hip Ratio, Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Electrochemical Techniques
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