GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective
Open accessAbstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases.
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GDF-15 is a stress-induced protein produced by a variety of cells under stress conditions including tissue injury, anoxia, and inflammation.
“GDF-15 is a stress-induced protein, produced by a variety of cells under stress conditions including tissue injury, anoxia, and inflammation (28).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
Elevated circulating GDF-15 levels are associated with more severe disease or higher mortality in people with DM2, insulin resistance, hemodialysis, cachexia, cardiovascular diseases, COPD, VTE, cancer, or obesity.
“Elevated circulating GDF-15 levels have been associated with more severe disease or higher mortality in people with DM2, insulin resistance, hemodialysis, cachexia, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), venous thromboembolism (VTE), cancer, or obesity (28–34).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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- Authors
- Adela, R., & Banerjee, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Banerjee, Sanjay K.
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 2314-6745 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-6753
- PMC
- PMC4530250
- OpenAlex
- W1507364611
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Apelin-related biomedical research
- Keywords
- growth differentiation factor 15, GDF15, biomarkers, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic kidney disease, cardiometabolic risk, JNK signaling, EGFR signaling, Smad signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inflammation, tissue damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Kidney Diseases, Nitric Oxide, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Signal Transduction, Biomarkers, Adipocytes, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, Atherosclerosis, Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Translational Research, Biomedical
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