CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 173Sexual Differentiation and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prenatal testosterone and gender-related behaviour

Hines, Melissa·2006·European Journal of Endocrinology
DOI 10.1530/eje.1.02236
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Testosterone plays an important role in mammalian brain development. In neural regions with appropriate receptors testosterone, or its metabolites, influences patterns of cell death and survival, neural connectivity and neurochemical characterization. Consequently, testosterone exposure during critical periods of early development produces permanent behavioural changes. In humans, affected behaviours include childhood play behaviour, sexual orientation, core gender identity and other characteristics that show sex differences (i.e. differ on average between males and females). These influences have been demonstrated primarily in individuals who experienced marked prenatal hormone abnormalities and associated ambiguities of genital development (e.g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia). However, there is also evidence that testosterone works within the normal range to make some individuals within each sex more sex-typical than others. The size of testosterone-related influences, and perhaps even their existence, varies from one sex-typed characteristic to another. For instance: prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone has a substantial influence on sex-typical play behaviour, including sex-typed toy preferences, whereas influences on core gender identify and sexual orientation are less dramatic. In addition: there appears to be little or no influence of prenatal testosterone on mental rotations ability, although mental rotations ability shows a marked sex difference. These findings have implications for basic understanding of the role of testosterone in normative gender development, as well as for the clinical management of individuals with disorders of sex development (formerly called intersex syndromes).

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1530/eje.1.02236

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. 2002, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85, 2664
  2. 2000, TWIN RESEARCH, 3, 266
  3. Akhunbaev, 1973, Medline Rows With NULL issns Will Point To This, 6, 21
  4. 1994, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 55, 64

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 173

Related

Metadata

Authors
Hines, M.
Affiliations
City, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
Hines, Melissa
ORCID
Hines, Melissa
Venue
European Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2006-11
Volume
155
Issue
suppl_1
Pages
S115-S121
ISSN
  • 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-683X
DOI
10.1530/eje.1.02236
OpenAlex
W2153701608
Cited by
173
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
FWCI
3.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD2454)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords
prenatal testosterone, sex differences, gender identity, sexual orientation, toy preferences, mental rotation, brain development, disorders of sex development, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
MeSH terms
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital, Animals, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sexual Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review