Gender Development and the Human Brain

Hines, Melissa

doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113654

Cited by 378Sexual Differentiation and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

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Gender Development and the Human Brain

Hines, Melissa·2011·Annual Review of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113654

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Abstract

Convincing evidence indicates that prenatal exposure to the gonadal hormone, testosterone, influences the development of children's sex-typical toy and activity interests. In addition, growing evidence shows that testosterone exposure contributes similarly to the development of other human behaviors that show sex differences, including sexual orientation, core gender identity, and some, though not all, sex-related cognitive and personality characteristics. In addition to these prenatal hormonal influences, early infancy and puberty may provide additional critical periods when hormones influence human neurobehavioral organization. Sex-linked genes could also contribute to human gender development, and most sex-related characteristics are influenced by socialization and other aspects of postnatal experience, as well. Neural mechanisms underlying the influences of gonadal hormones on human behavior are beginning to be identified. Although the neural mechanisms underlying experiential influences remain largely uninvestigated, they could involve the same neural circuitry as that affected by hormones.

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Background
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Authors: Hines, M.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Hines, Melissa
ORCID: Hines, Melissa
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2011-07-21
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 69-88
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113654
OpenAlex: W2113690607
Cited by: 378
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 2.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (069606)
U.S. Public Health Service
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD024542, HD 24542)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords: gender development, testosterone, prenatal hormone exposure, sex differences, sexual orientation, gender identity, puberty, sex-linked genes, socialization
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Cognition, Critical Period, Psychological, Female, Hormones, Humans, Male, Personality, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sexual Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Models, Animal

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