Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review

El Marroun, Hanan; White, Tonya; Verhulst, Frank C.; Tiemeier, Henning

doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3

Cited by 92Pregnancy and Medication ImpactMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review

El Marroun, Hanan, White, Tonya, Verhulst, Frank C., Tiemeier, Henning·2014·European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Antidepressant and anxiolytic medications are widely prescribed and used by pregnant women for acute and maintenance therapy. These drugs are able to pass the placental barrier, and may potentially influence fetal and brain development. It is possible that exposure to prenatal antidepressants or anxiolytic medication may disturb neurotransmitter systems in the brain and have long-lasting consequences on neurodevelopment in the offspring. As all medication during pregnancy may pose a certain risk to the developing fetus, the potential benefits of the medication must be weighed against the risks for both mother and her unborn child. Therefore, information to guide patients and physicians to make a well-balanced decision for the appropriate treatment during pregnancy is needed. In this systematic review, an overview of maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes is provided. Some studies indicate a relation between prenatal exposure to antidepressants and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes such as delayed motor development/motor control, social difficulties, internalizing problems and autism, but cannot rule out confounding by indication. Overall, the results of the observational studies have been inconsistent, which makes translation of the findings into clinical recommendations difficult. More well-designed observational studies and also randomized controlled trials (e.g., maintenance treatment vs. cessation) are needed to move forward and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the risks and benefits of antidepressant and anxiolytic use during pregnancy.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3

Cites

116 of 116 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

For ASD, seven case-control studies involving 291,468 patients and 13,243 cases and eight cohort studies involving 3,294,218 patients and 27,342 cases were included.
“For ASD as the outcome, seven case–control studies (involving 291,468 patients and 13,243 cases of ASD) [17, 18, 26–29, 32] and eight cohort studies (involving 3,294,218 patients and 27,342 cases of ASD) [16, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33–35] were included.”
From Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
A total of 15 observational studies measuring ASD as an outcome were identified.
“there was a total of 15 observational studies measuring ASD as an outcome [16–19, 25–35].”
From Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The severity of depression was evaluated in only four studies and was limited either to measures of maternal treatment intensity or to use of a validated self-reported questionnaire, and by applying high-dimensional propensity scores.
“The severity of depression was evaluated in only four studies and was limited either to measures of maternal treatment intensity in terms of number of antidepressant and psychotherapy visits [17, 18] or to use of a validated self-reported questionnaire [19], and by applying high-dimensional propensity scores [25].”
From Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Adjustment for use of other medicines during pregnancy occurred in five studies assessing ASD and four studies assessing ADHD.
“Adjustment for use of other medicines during pregnancy occurred in five studies assessing ASD as the outcome and four studies assessing ADHD as the outcome [19, 25, 31, 34–37].”
From Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The definition of exposure to other medicines during pregnancy focused on other psychotropic drugs, anxiolytics and sedatives, or nicotine products, with only one study accounting for all types of medications used.
“However, the definition of exposure to the use of other medicines during pregnancy focused on the use of other psychotropic drugs [35, 36, 38], use of anxiolytics and sedatives [19, 31, 37] or use of nicotine products [29], with only one study accounting for all types of medications used [25].”
From Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations (2018) · cites this paper as [19]

Untitled work
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17,633 · see citing works
The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions.
Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 · Cited by 8,252 · see citing works
Rates and risk of postpartum depression – a meta-analysis
O'hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269609037816 · Cited by 3,116 · see citing works
Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission.
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493 · see citing works
Prevalence of Depression During Pregnancy: Systematic Review
Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (2004) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000116689.75396.5f · Cited by 1,725 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States
Vesga-López, O., Blanco, C., Keyes, K., Olfson, M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.7.805 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment
Cohen, L. S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.5.499 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review
Geddes, J. R., Carney, S. M., Davies, C., Furukawa, T. A., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Goodwin, G. M. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12599-8 · Cited by 945 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Doctors must advise these women and weigh the risk of relapse of chronicity and the risk for recurrence of depressive episodes, clinical guidelines recommend that treatment should be continued for 4–9 months after the acute episode, but there is evidence that continuing antidepressant treatment (maintenance therapy) u…”
Background
Psychological Science on Pregnancy: Stress Processes, Biopsychosocial Models, and Emerging Research Issues
Schetter, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Chambers, C., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Marter, L. J. V., Werler, M. M., Louik, C., Jones, K. L., & Mitchell, A. A. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052744 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Neurotransmitters as growth regulatory signals: role of receptors and second messengers
Lauder, J. M. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90162-f · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Birth Outcomes in Pregnant Women Taking Fluoxetine
Chambers, C., Johnson, K. A., Dick, L. M., Felix, R. J., & Jones, K. L. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199610033351402 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review
Ross, L. E., & McLean, L. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0818 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Depression in Mothers
Goodman, S. H. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091401 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Neurodevelopment of Children Exposed in Utero to Antidepressant Drugs
Nulman, I., ROVET, J. F., Stewart, D. E., Wolpin, J., Gardner, H. A., Theis, J. G. W., Kulin, N. A., & Koren, G. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199701233360404 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Prescription drug use in pregnancy
Andrade, S. E., Gurwitz, J. H., Davis, R. L., Chan, K. A., Finkelstein, J. A., Fortman, K. K., McPhillips, H. A., Raebel, M. A., Roblin, D. W., Smith, D. H., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.04.025 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Sibling Comparison Designs: Bias From Non-Shared Confounders and Measurement Error
Frisell, T., Öberg, S., Kuja-Halkola, R., & Sjölander, A. (2012) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31825fa230 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Neonatal Outcomes After Prenatal Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants and Maternal Depression Using Population-Based Linked Health Data
Oberlander, T. F., Warburton, W., Misri, S., Aghajanian, J., & Hertzman, C. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.898 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Relationship to poor health behaviors
ZUCKERMAN, B. S., Amaro, H. D. L. A., Bauchner, H., & Cabral, H. (1989) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90170-1 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Croen, L. A. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Use of Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnancy and the Risk of Birth Defects
Alwan, S., Reefhuis, J., Rasmussen, S. A., Olney, R. S., & Friedman, J. M. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066584 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Midazolam and Other Benzodiazepines
Olkkola, K. T., & Ahonen, J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_16 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Increasing use of antidepressants in pregnancy
Cooper, W. O., Willy, M. E., Pont, S. J., & Ray, W. A. (2007) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.01.033 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Trophic actions of GABA on neuronal development
Represa, A., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.010 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Child Development Following Exposure to Tricyclic Antidepressants or Fluoxetine Throughout Fetal Life: A Prospective, Controlled Study
Nulman, I., ROVET, J. F., Stewart, D. E., Wolpin, J., Pace‐Asciak, P., Shuhaiber, S., & Koren, G. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1889 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Follow-up of children of depressed mothers exposed or not exposed to antidepressant drugs during pregnancy
Casper, R. C., Fleisher, B. E., Lee-Ancajas, J. C., Gilles, A. A., GAYLOR, E. E., DeBattista, A. M., & Hoyme, H. E. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.139 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Use of antidepressant medications during pregnancy: a multisite study
Andrade, S. E., Raebel, M. A., Brown, J., Lane, K., Livingston, J., Boudreau, D., Rolnick, S. J., Roblin, D., Smith, D. H., Willy, M. E., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.036 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: Population based case-control study
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2059 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
New evidence for neurotransmitter influences on brain development
Levitt, P., Harvey, J. A., Friedman, E., Simansky, K., & Murphy, E. H. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01028-4 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Serotonin as a developmental signal
Whitaker-Azmitia, P. M., Druse, M., Walker, P., & Lauder, J. M. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(96)00071-x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies
Dolovich, L. R., Addis, A., Vaillancourt, J. M. R., Power, J. D. B., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7162.839 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample
Melville, J. L., Gavin, A., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y., & Katon, W. J. (2010) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f60b0a · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Neonate Characteristics After Maternal Use of Antidepressants in Late Pregnancy
Källén, B. A. J. (2004) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.4.312 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn: population based cohort study from the five Nordic countries
Kieler, H., Artama, M., Engeland, A., Ericsson, Ö., Furu, K., Gissler, M., Nielsen, M. G., Nørgaard, M., Stephansson, O., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d8012 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
New perspectives on the neurodevelopmental effects of SSRIs
Homberg, J. R., Schubert, D., & Gaspar, P. (2009) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.003 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Risk-Benefit Decision Making for Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy
Wisner, K. L., Zarin, D. A., Holmboe, E. S., Appelbaum, P. S., Gelenberg, A. J., Leonard, H. L., & Frank, E. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1933 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Placental Transfer of SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants and Effects on the Neonate
Rampono, J., Simmer, K. N., Ilett, K. F., Hackett, L. P., Doherty, D. A., Elliot, R. H., Kok, C. H., Coenen, A., & Forman, T. (2009) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1103296 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Factors Associated With Transient Neonatal Symptoms Following Prenatal Psychotropic Medication Exposure
Oberlander, T. F., Misri, S. K., Fitzgerald, C., Kostaras, X., Rurak, D. W., & Riggs, W. K. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0214 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk for Major Congenital Anomalies
Malm, H. T., Artama, M., Gissler, M., & Ritvanen, A. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e318220edcc · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Internalizing Behaviors in 4-Year-Old Children Exposed in Utero to Psychotropic Medications
Misri, S., Reebye, P., Kendrick, K., Carter, D., Ryan, D., Grunau, R. E., & Oberlander, T. F. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1026 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and depressed maternal mood alter trajectory of infant speech perception
Weikum, W., Oberlander, T. F., Hensch, T. K., & Werker, J. F. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121263109 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Externalizing and Attentional Behaviors in Children of Depressed Mothers Treated With a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressant During Pregnancy
Oberlander, T. F., Reebye, P., Misri, S., Papsdorf, M., Kim, J., & Grunau, R. E. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.1.22 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Neurodevelopment of Children Following Prenatal Exposure to Venlafaxine, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, or Untreated Maternal Depression
Nulman, I., Koren, G., ROVET, J. F., Barrera, M. E., Pulver, A., Streiner, D. L., & Feldman, B. M. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11111721 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Maternal Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Fetal Growth, and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes
Marroun, H. E., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hudziak, J. J., Roza, S. J., Steegers, E. A. P., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., White, T. J. H., Stricker, B. H. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2333 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prenatal SSRI use and offspring with autism spectrum disorder or developmental delay
Harrington, R. A., Lee, L.-C., Crum, R. M., Zimmerman, A. W., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3406 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Prevalence and patterns of antidepressant drug use during pregnancy
Ververs, T., Kaasenbrood, H., Visser, G., Schobben, F., de Jong-van den Berg, L., & Egberts, T. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-006-0177-0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Indications for antidepressant drug prescribing in general practice in the Netherlands
Gardarsdóttir, H., Heerdink, E. R., van Dijk, L., & Egberts, T. C. G. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.003 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Pain Reactivity in 2-Month-Old Infants After Prenatal and Postnatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Medication Exposure
Oberlander, T. F., GRUNAU, R. E., Fitzgerald, C., Papsdorf, M., Rurak, D. W., & Riggs, W. K. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0420 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Prenatal Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants, Serotonin Transporter Promoter Genotype (SLC6A4), and Maternal Mood on Child Behavior at 3 Years of Age
Oberlander, T. F., Papsdorf, M., Brain, U. M., Misri, S. K., Ross, C. J., & GRUNAU, R. E. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.51 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders
Sorensen, M. J., Christensen, J., Parner, E. T., Grønborg, T. K., Vestergaard, M., Schendel, D., & Pedersen, L. H. (2013) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s53009 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Increase in use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy during the last decade, a population‐based cohort study from the Netherlands
Bakker, M. K., Kölling, P., Van Den Berg, P. B., De Walle, H. E. K., & De Jong van den Berg, L. T. W. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03048.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Changes in Antidepressant Metabolism and Dosing Across Pregnancy and Early Postpartum
Sit, D. K. Y., Perel, J. M., Helsel, J. C., & Wisner, K. L. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0419 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure In Utero and Pregnancy Outcomes
Lund, N., Pedersen, L. H., & Henriksen, T. B. (2009) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.164 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Effects of Prenatal Meprobamate and Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride on Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
Milkovich, L., & van den Berg, B. J. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197412122912402 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Patterns of antidepressant medication use among pregnant women in a United States population
Alwan, S., Reefhuis, J., Rasmussen, S. A., Friedman, J. M., & Study, N. B. D. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270010373928 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fetal exposure to antidepressants and normal milestone development at 6 and 19 months of age
Pedersen, L. H., Henriksen, T. B., & Olsen, J. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3655 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Prescription of drugs during pregnancy: a study using EFEMERIS, the new French database
Lacroix, I., Hurault‐Delarue, C., Sarramon, M. F., Guitard, C., Berrébi, A., Grau, M., Albouy-Cossard, C., Bourrel, R., Éléfant, É., Montastruc, J., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-009-0647-2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Prolonged Prenatal Psychotropic Medication Exposure Alters Neonatal Acute Pain Response
Oberlander, T. F., GRUNAU, R. E., Fitzgerald, C., Ellwood, A.-L., Misri, S. K., Rurak, D. W., & Riggs, K. W. (2002) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200204000-00008 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States
Palmsten, K. K., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Huybrechts, K. F., Williams, P. L., Michels, K. B., Achtyes, E. D., Mogun, H., & Setoguchi, S. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f4877 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The age-dependent effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in humans and rodents: a review
Olivier, J. D. A., Blom, T., Arentsen, T., & Homberg, J. R. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.013 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in 3-month old infants with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure
Oberlander, T. F., GRUNAU, R. E., Mayes, L. C., Riggs, W. K., Rurak, D. W., Papsdorf, M., Misri, S. K., & Weinberg, J. (2008) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.06.008 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
First‐trimester use of paroxetine and congenital heart defects: A population‐based case‐control study
Bakker, M. K., Kerstjens‐Frederikse, W. S., Buys, C. H. C. M., de Walle, H. E. K., & den Berg, L. T. W. D. J. (2009) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20641 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Use of Antidepressants During Pregnancy and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring
Figueroa, R. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181e5ac93 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy
Calderon-Margalit, R., Qiu, C., Ornoy, A., Siscovick, D. S., & Williams, M. A. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.061 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mechanisms of drug transfer across the human placenta.
van der Aa, E. M., Peereboom-Stegeman, J. H. J. C., Noordhoek, J., et al. (1998) · Pharmacy World & Science · doi:10.1023/a:1008656928861 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Length of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: effects on neonatal adaptation and psychomotor development
Casper, R. C., Gilles, A. A., Fleisher, B. E., Baran, J., Enns, G. M., & Lazzeroni, L. C. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2270-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Prescription Drug Use in Pregnancy: A Retrospective, Population-Based Study in British Columbia, Canada (2001–2006)
Daw, J. R., Mintzes, B. J., Law, M. R., Hanley, G. E., & Morgan, S. G. (2011) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.11.025 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Quality assessment of observational studies in psychiatry: an example from perinatal psychiatric research
Ross, L. E., Grigoriadis, S., Mamisashvili, L., Koren, G., Steiner, M. S., Dennis, C., Cheung, A., & Mousmanis, P. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.356 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics during pregnancy: evidence-based maternal dose formulation
Little, B. B. (1999) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00444-x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Is benzodiazepine use during pregnancy really teratogenic?
Ornoy, A., Arnon, J., Shechtman, S., Moerman, L., & Lukashova, I. (1998) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0890-6238(98)00035-5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Medical Pharmacology at a Glance
Neal, M. J. (1987) · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Depression in Women Who Are Mothers
Goodman, S. H., & Tully, E. C. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841262.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Psychomotor development in children exposed in utero to benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and anti-epileptics
Mortensen, J. T., Olsen, J. H., Larsen, H., Bendsen, J., Obel, C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2003) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025306304635 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Long-term outcome following selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor induced neonatal abstinence syndrome
Klinger, G., Frankenthal, D., Merlob, P., Diamond, G. W., Sirota, L., Levinson-Castiel, R., Linder, N., Stahl, B., & Inbar, D. (2011) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2010.211 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neurodevelopment in Late Infancy After Prenatal Exposure to Benzodiazepines - A Prospective Study*
Laegreid, L. M., Hagberg, G., & Lundberg, A. (1992) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071314 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effect of Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors In Utero on Fetal Growth: Potential Role for the IGF-I and HPA Axes
Davidson, S., Prokonov, D., Taler, M., Maayan, R., Harell, D., Gil‐Ad, I., & Weizman, A. (2009) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318193594a · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Women and Depression: A Handbook for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences
Keyes, C. L. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2006) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4) influence executive functions at 6 years of age
Weikum, W., Brain, U. M., Chau, C. M. Y., GRUNAU, R. E., Boyce, W. T., Diamond, A. D., & Oberlander, T. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00180 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mental Development in Late Infancy after Prenatal Exposure to Benzodiazepines—a Prospective Study
Viggedal, G., Hagberg, B. S., Laegreid, L. M., & Aronson, M. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00993.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Medical pharmacology at a Glance
Aronson, J. K. (1988) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(88)90017-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Serotonin Discontinuation Syndrome Following in Utero Exposure to Antidepressant Medication: Prospective Controlled Study
Galbally, M., Lewis, A. J., Lum, J. A. G., & Buist, A. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903107583 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Newborn neurobehavioral patterns are differentially related to prenatal maternal major depressive disorder and serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment
Salisbury, A. L., Wisner, K. L., Pearlstein, T. B., Battle, C. L., Stroud, L. R., & Lester, B. M. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20883 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
In utero exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide Danish cohort study
Laugesen, K., Olsen, M. S., Telén Andersen, A. B., Frøslev, T., & Toft Sørensen, H. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003507 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Maternal Hair Analysis for the Detection of Illicit Drugs, Medicines, and Alcohol Exposure During Pregnancy
Lendoiro, E., Colmenero, E. G., Concheiro‐Guisán, A., de Castro, A., Cruz, A., López‐Rivadulla, M., & Concheiro, M. (2013) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e318288453f · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Effect of Benzodiazepines on the Fetus and the Newborn*
Laegreid, L. M., Hagberg, G., & Lundberg, A. (1992) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071305 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pregnancy Outcomes Following Use of Escitalopram: A Prospective Comparative Cohort Study
Klieger, C., Weitzner, B., Panchaud, A., Pistelli, A., Einarson, T. R., Koren, G., & Einarson, A. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270011405524 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Developmental Outcomes of Children Exposed to Antidepressants in Pregnancy
Galbally, M., Lewis, A. J., & Buist, A. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.549995 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Placental Passage of Tricyclic Antidepressants
Loughhead, A. M., Stowe, Z. N., Newport, D. J., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.040 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Early Neurological Outcome of Young Infants Exposed to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors during Pregnancy: Results from the Observational SMOK Study
de Vries, N. K. S., van der Veere, C. N., Reijneveld, S. A., & Bos, A. F. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064654 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Prenatal antidepressant exposure and behavioral problems in early childhood – a cohort study
Pedersen, L. H., Henriksen, T. B., Bech, B. H., Licht, R. W., Kjaer, D., & Olsen, J. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12032 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A New Look at the Neonate's Clinical Presentation After In Utero Exposure to Antidepressants in Late Pregnancy
Boucher, N., Bairam, A., & Beaulac-Baillargeon, L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318173aa2e · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neonatal Complications After Maternal Concomitant Use of SSRI and Other Central Nervous System Active Drugs During the Second or Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Källén, B. A. J., & Reis, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182668568 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Maternal depression, antidepressant use in pregnancy and Apgar scores in infants
Jensen, H. M., Gr⊘n, R., Lidegaard, Ø., Pedersen, L. H., Andersen, P. K., & Kessing, L. V. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.115931 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The impact of prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and maternal mood on mother–infant interactions at 3 months of age
Weikum, W., Mayes, L. C., GRUNAU, R. E., Brain, U. M., & Oberlander, T. F. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.04.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Antidepressant use during pregnancy and serotonin transporter genotype (SLC6A4) Affect newborn serum reelin levels
Brummelte, S., Galea, L. A. M., Devlin, A. M., & Oberlander, T. F. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21056 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Prospective, Naturalistic, Blinded Study of Early Neurobehavioral Outcomes for Infants Following Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure
Suri, R., Hellemann, G., Stowe, Z. N., Cohen, L. S., Aquino, A., & Altshuler, L. L. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06135 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of drug administration in pregnancy on children's school behaviour
Stika, L., Elisová, K., Honzáková, L., et al. (1990) · Pharmacy World & Science · doi:10.1007/bf01967827 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral assessment of infants born at term and in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Smith, M. V., Sung, A., Shah, B. L., Mayes, L. C., Klein, D., & Yonkers, K. A. (2012) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.08.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy
Marchetti, F., Romero, M., Bonati, M. R., Tognoni, G., & Collaborative Group on Drug Use in Pregnancy (CGDUP) (1993) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00315304 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Infant neurodevelopment following in utero exposure to antidepressant medication
Austin, M., Karatas, J., Mishra, P., Christl, B., Kennedy, D. S., & Oei, J. L. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12379 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Disturbed development of the enteric nervous system afterin uteroexposure of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Part 2: Testing the hypotheses
Nijenhuis, C. M., ter Horst, P. G. J., van Rein, N., Wilffert, B., & den Berg, L. T. W. D. J. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04081.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Effect of Diazepam and Promethazine Treatment During Pregnancy on the Somatic Development of Human Offspring
Czeizel, A. E., Szegal, B., Joffe, J. M., et al. (1999) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(98)00043-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An evaluation of data for 10 children born to mothers who attempted suicide by taking large doses of alprazolam during pregnancy
Gidai, J., Ács, N., Bánhidy, F. G., & Czeizel, A. (2008) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/0748233708089017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Congenital abnormalities in children of 43 pregnant women who attempted suicide with large doses of nitrazepam
Gidai, J., Ács, N., Bánhidy, F. G., & Czeizel, A. E. (2009) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1885 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Study designs in paediatric pharmacoepidemiology
Verhamme, K. M. C., & Sturkenboom, M. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-010-0930-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A study of the effects of large doses of medazepam used for self-poisoning in 10 pregnant women on fetal development
Gidai, J., Ács, N., Bánhidy, F. G., & Czeizel, A. (2008) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/0748233708089016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Antenatal maternal antidepressants drugs affect Activin A concentrations in maternal blood, in amniotic fluid and in fetal cord blood
Bellissima, V., Visser, G. H. A., Ververs, T. F., van Bel, F., Termote, J. U. M., van der Heide, M., Florio, P., Volti, G. L., & Gazzolo, D. (2011) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2011.604931 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Discontinuation Syndrome in Newborns Whose Mothers Took Antidepressants While Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Hale, T. W., Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Cong, Z., Votta, R., & McCurdy, F. A. (2010) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2010.0011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Perturbations in cortical development and neuronal network excitability arising from prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines in mice
Haas, M., Qu, Z., Kim, T. H., Vargas, E., Campbell, K., Petrou, S., Tan, S., Reid, C. A., & Heng, J. I. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12167 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Third trimester fetal pulmonary artery Doppler blood flow velocity characteristics following prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure
Lim, K. I., Sanders, A. P., Brain, U. M., et al. (2012) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.01.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Short-Term Neonatal Outcome among Term Infants after in utero Exposure to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Leibovitch, L., Rymer‐Haskel, N., Schushan‐Eisen, I., Kuint, J., Strauss, T., & Maayan‐Metzger, A. (2013) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000350506 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Caregiving behavior and interactions of prenatally depressed mothers (antidepressant‐treated and non‐antidepressant‐treated) during newborn acute pain
Warnock, F., Bakeman, R. A., Shearer, K., Misri, S. K., & Oberlander, T. F. (2009) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20220 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
In Utero Antidepressant Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants
Batton, E., Weigler, K., Aylward, G. P., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1324697 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Affect Expression and Self-Regulation Capacities of Infants Exposed in utero to Psychotropics
Reebye, P. N., Ng, T. W. C., Misri, S. K., & Stikarovska, I. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Paediatric outcomes following intrauterine exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a systematic review.
Fenger‐Grøn, J., Thomsen, M., Andersen, K. S., & Nielsen, R. G. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Depressive disorders.
Geddes, J., Butler, R. J., & Hatcher, S. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Depression during pregnancy and postpartum
Becker, M., Weinberger, T., Chandy, A., & Schmukler, S. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0664-7 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A review
Bauer, A. Z., Kriebel, D., Herbert, M. R., Bornehag, C.-G., & Swan, S. H. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.01.003 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations
Morales, D. R., Slattery, J., Evans, S., & Kurz, X. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0993-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders According to Period of Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mezzacappa, A., Lasica, P.-A., Gianfagna, F., Cazas, O., Hardy, P., Falissard, B., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., & Gressier, F. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0124 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Use of Prescribed Psychotropics during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes
Creeley, C. E., & Denton, L. K. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9090235 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Maternal depression and antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring
Hagberg, K. W., Robijn, A. L., & Jick, S. S. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s180618 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure and Offspring Brain Morphologic Trajectory
Koc, D., Tiemeier, H., Stricker, B. H., Muetzel, R. L., Hillegers, M., & El Marroun, H. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3161 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation

Comparison of Effects in Randomized Controlled Trials With Observational Studies in Digestive Surgery
Shikata, S., Nakayama, T., Noguchi, Y., Taji, Y., & Yamagishi, H. (2006) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000225356.04304.bc · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00754-6 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials.
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422506 · Cited by 2,347 · see citing works
Balancing the Evidence: How to Reconcile the Results of Observational Studies vs. Randomized Clinical Trials in Dialysis
Shen, J. I., Lum, E. L., & Chang, T. I. (2016) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12518 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Observational Studies in the Surgical Area
Pirolla, E. H., Leme, A., dos Santos, G., Cesar, F. J., Piccarone, F., Ribeiro, G., & Fregni, F. (2015) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research

Authors: El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital (NL)
ORCID: White, Tonya
Verhulst, Frank C.
Tiemeier, Henning
Venue: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-05-27
Volume: 23
Issue: 10
Pages: 973-992
ISSN: 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
1435-165X
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3
OpenAlex: W2042764317
Cited by: 92
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 1.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Erasmus+
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: antidepressants, anxiolytics, maternal medication use, pregnancy, prenatal drug exposure, child neurodevelopment, autism spectrum disorder, motor development, internalizing problems, social difficulties, placental transfer, confounding by indication, risk-benefit decision-making
MeSH terms: Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Anti-Anxiety Agents

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks