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Cited by 58Sleep and related disordersCircadian rhythm and melatoninSchool Health and Nursing Education

School Start Times, Sleep, and Youth Outcomes: A Meta-analysis

Open access
Yip, Tiffany, Wang, Yijie, Xie, Mingjun, Ip, Pak See, Fowle, Jillianne, Buckhalt, Joseph·2022·Pediatrics
DOI 10.1542/peds.2021-054068PMC PMC9665092
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To review and meta-analyze existing evidence regarding the impact of school start times (SSTs) on youth sleep and developmental outcomes considering the moderating effects of youth and school characteristics. Scopus, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Pubmed, PsychInfo, ERIC, Proquest, EBSCO, and Google Scholar were used through 2019 to select studies measuring (1) school start time and (2) sleep or other developmental outcomes. Data from 28 studies and 1 774 509 participants were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models with robust variance estimation. RESULTS: Later SSTs were associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. Specifically, new SSTs between 8:30 and 8:59 were associated with better outcomes than 8:00 to 8:29 start times. Later SSTs were more strongly associated with lower levels of sleepiness for high school (versus middle school) youth, and youth in private (versus public) schools reported better sleep and later wake times with later SSTs. Although this meta-analysis suggests an overall benefit of later SSTs, there was limited research to test outcomes such as sleep hygiene, naps, and behavioral and physical health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is converging evidence that later SSTs are associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. More research needs to consider student and school characteristics to obtain reliable estimates related to possible differences by sex, race, school size, percent free/reduced lunch, and percent minority.

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Crossref · 10.1542/peds.2021-054068

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  • Later school start times are associated with better mental health, including fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression and less negative mood, among adolescents.

    “Growing evidence suggests that adolescents at later-starting schools sleep longer on weekdays, have higher attendance and graduation rates, and fewer mental health symptoms compared to their peers at earlier-starting schools.”

    From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Abstract (page not available) reports that later school start times were associated with less negative mood, supporting the general mental-health point. The passages on socioemotional outcomes do not establish the more specific claim of fewer anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A 25-30-minute delay in school start time is associated with a 29-45-minute increase in average sleep duration on school nights.

    “Indeed, a 25-30-min delay in school start time is associated with a 29-45-min increase in average sleep duration on school nights [75•, 76, 79-81].”

    From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Overall Effects of School Start Time section reports that later starts were associated with longer sleep duration. It does not report that a 25–30-minute delay corresponds to a 29–45-minute increase in average sleep on school nights; searches for those figures and the school-night measure found no matching result in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The associations between later school start times and academic performance may be mediated by reduced sleepiness and improved attention during the school day, particularly among high school students.

    “The associations between later school start times and academic performance may be mediated by reduced sleepiness [68, 70, 73, 76, 77•, 78•, 79, 80] and improved attention during the school day [88], particularly among high school students [76].”

    From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [76]

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Cites

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2 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [4]4. Moore M, Kirchner HL, Drotar D, Johnson N, Rosen C, Redline S. Corre- lates of adolescent sleep time and vari- ability in sleep time: the role of individual and health related character- istics. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):239-245

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Authors
Yip, T., Wang, Y., Xie, M., Ip, P. S., Fowle, J., & Buckhalt, J.
Affiliations
  • Fordham University (US)
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • Beijing Normal University (CN)
  • Auburn University (US)
Corresponding author
Yip, Tiffany
ORCID
Venue
Pediatrics
Publisher
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published
2022-05-20
Volume
149
Issue
6
ISSN
  • 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-4275
DOI
10.1542/peds.2021-054068
PMC
PMC9665092
OpenAlex
W4281262494
Semantic Scholar
2332a74fb7d090b710e5261a1101d0079500911a
Cited by
58
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
FWCI
1.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1354134)
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R21MD011388)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords
school start time, adolescent sleep, sleep duration, developmental outcomes, negative mood, sleepiness, high school students, sleep hygiene
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Humans, Schools, Sleep, Students, Time Factors, Wakefulness

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