Nonmedical Use of Controlled Medications by Adolescents and Young Adults: Clinical Report
Abstract
Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU), the use of controlled prescription medications for purposes other than initially intended by the prescriber, is common among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Prescription stimulants, sedatives, and opioid medications are the 3 main categories of controlled medications nonmedically used by AYAs. The intent of this clinical report is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, motives, sources, and risk factors of NMPDU among AYAs. This report also describes acute and long-term morbidity and mortality associated with NMPDU and discusses the importance of primary and secondary prevention to reduce the burden of NMPDU among AYAs. This report concludes with a series of recommendations on how pediatricians can address NMPDU with patients and their families.
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Risk factors for the misuse of prescription medications include environmental, interpersonal, and individual-level contributors.
“Risk factors for the misuse of prescription medications include environmental, interpersonal, and individual-level contributors.”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Environmental factors such as drug availability play a central role in misuse of prescription medications, while interpersonal and individual risks include urban living, lower level of schooling, permissive family environments, and untreated psychiatric or physical illnesses.
“Environmental factors such as drug availability play a central role, while interpersonal and individual risks include urban living, lower level of schooling, permissive family environments, and untreated psychiatric or physical illnesses.”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
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Levy, S., Campbell, M. D., Shea, C. L., DuPont, C. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-007187 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alpha Receptor Agonist Toxicity
Norman, K., & Nappe, T. M. (2019) · StatPearls · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs and Health Services Utilization
Popovici, I. (2013) · Journal of Developing Drugs · doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Owens, S. L., Zullig, K. J., Divin, A. L., Johnson, E., Weiler, R. M., & Haddox, J. D. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000296 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Engster, S. A., Molina, B. S. G., & Bogen, D. L. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1701034 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKoster, E. S., de Haan, L., Bouvy, M. L., & Heerdink, E. R. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0099 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Ramírez, M., Ugedo, A., Fañanás, L., Cano‐Escalera, G., Sáiz, P. A., Zorrilla, E. P., & González-Pinto, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1612494 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ferrara, P., Scaltrito, F., Pastore, M., Giardino, I., Cannito, S., Cammisa, I., Serra, G., Corsello, G., & Zona, M. (2026) · Global Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.gpeds.2026.100339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stelzer, F. G., Bacelar, A., Éckeli, A. L., Negrão, A. B., Almeida, C. M. O., Franco, C. M. R., Pires, G. N., Gitaí, L. L. G., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., Assis, M., et al. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1812323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kreider, S. L., Harrison, L. E., Reece‐Nguyen, T. L., & Groenewald, C. B. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2601834
Schepis, T. S., McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Ford, J. A., Jardine, J., & Veliz, P. T. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108682
Barriers and Facilitators to Naloxone Access for Adolescents: A Narrative Review
Ramos, C. R., Krause, K. H., Joseph, V., Beinenson, D., Patton, S. C., Torrey, K., Chaubey, M., Mathias, J. E., Cummings, J. R., & Welsh, J. W. (2026) · Substance Use Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/29768357261472425
Sahin, E. G., & Durak, C. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13081058
Trends in Medical and Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use: 2005 to 2024
McCabe, S. E., Schepis, T. S., Pasman, E., Wilens, T. E., McCabe, V. V., Jardine, J., & Veliz, P. (2026) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2026-077967
Demographics and use Patterns of a Danish Safe Injection Site: A 6-Year Retrospective Study
Hvingelby, V. S., Bach, J. S., & Uggerhøj, C. (2026) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/14550725261497785
- Authors
- Chadi, N., Walker-Harding, L., COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION, Gonzalez, L., Camenga, D. R., Engster, S., Quigley, J., Zoucha, K., Walker-Harding, L., Kurten, C., Ba’Gah, R., & Jarrett, R.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2024-11-18
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W4404459482
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Keywords
- nonmedical prescription drug use, controlled substances, adolescents, young adults, stimulant medication, sedatives, opioids, motives for drug use, risk factors, morbidity and mortality, prevention, pediatrician role
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Analgesics, Opioid, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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