The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Adolescence (the stage between 10 and 24 years) is a period of life characterised by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction. The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household. In this interdisciplinary Viewpoint, we describe literature from a variety of domains that highlight how social deprivation in adolescence might have far-reaching consequences. Human studies have shown the importance of peer acceptance and peer influence in adolescence. Animal research has shown that social deprivation and isolation have unique effects on brain and behaviour in adolescence compared with other stages of life. However, the decrease in adolescent face-to-face contact might be less detrimental due to widespread access to digital forms of social interaction through technologies such as social media. The findings reviewed highlight how physical distancing might have a disproportionate effect on an age group for whom peer interaction is a vital aspect of development.
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Claims the paper makes
50 of 107 cited sources checked · 25 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In adolescent prisoners, being younger than 19 and assignment to solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors of self-harm.
“These detrimental effects are amplified in adolescent prisoners: one study showed that being younger than 19 years of age and assignment to solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors of self harm in prisoners.58”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Kaba, 2014, Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates, Am J Public Health source
Results Table 2 identifies age 18 or younger and solitary confinement as strong predictors of self-harm, but serious mental illness has a higher odds ratio than either (7.97 versus 7.50 and 6.89). The analysis covers the New York City jail population, not adolescent prisoners alone. It therefore does not show that age and solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors among adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.
“As with most regions within the human cortex, the structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Mills, 2014, Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Adolescence is a sensitive period for social interaction.
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The Conclusion says adolescence might be a sensitive period for processing and acquiring sociocultural knowledge. The claim presents this as established and broadens it to social interaction generally; the section on Possible Consequences of Social Isolation also says further human studies are needed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Insufficient social connection is associated with lasting negative physical and mental health outcomes, including higher mortality.
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
- Premisecitation
Adolescents are markedly more sensitive to peer acceptance, rejection, and approval than children or adults.
“Indeed, adolescents are markedly more sensitive to peer acceptance, rejection, and approval than are children or adults.11, 12, 13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [11] Sebastian, 2011, Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education, Neuroimage source
- cites [12] Somerville, 2013, Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The Conclusions (page not provided) describe heightened adolescent sensitivity to social evaluation, and Emotional processing in the social context reports stronger responses to exclusion than in adults. But that section explicitly says it is not yet known whether adolescents’ response to peer acceptance differs from that of younger or older people, so the across-the-board comparison for acceptance, rejection, and approval is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [13] Foulkes, 2016, Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence?, Curr Opin Neurobiol source
The Conclusions report that human adolescents find potential social evaluation of either valence more salient than other ages, supporting greater sensitivity to positive and negative peer evaluation. But the Social reward in human adolescence section reports similar responses to compliments in children and adolescents, and the paper says heightened reward value of approval remains unestablished. The claim’s unqualified comparison across acceptance, rejection, and approval is therefore stronger than the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Cognitive abilities such as self-referential processing, executive control, and mentalising improve across adolescence, enabling better understanding of others' minds and perspectives.
“Simultaneously, cognitive abilities such as self-referential processing,15 executive control,16 and mentalising, improve across adolescence, enabling young people to better understand other people's minds and take others' perspectives.16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Van der Aar, 2018, The development of self-views across adolescence: investigating self-descriptions with and without social comparison using a novel experimental paradigm, Cogn Dev source
- cites [16] Dumontheil, 2010, Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence, Dev Sci source
The Abstract reports improvement in theory-of-mind use into late adolescence, and the Discussion describes development in executive-function demands and in taking account of a speaker’s perspective (page numbers unavailable). But the Discussion says the study cannot determine the cause of this development and distinguishes improved use of another’s perspective from improved perspective-taking processes. It therefore does not establish that these cognitive changes enable better understanding of others’ minds. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Complete social deprivation during rodent adolescence affects brain development, mainly motivation and reward processes.
“Thus, complete social deprivation during rodent adolescence affects brain development, mainly affecting motivation and reward processes.33, 36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2 (page not supplied) describes post-weaning social isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period as affecting cortical development, neurobiology, reward learning, and approach motivation. It also reports sensory-processing deficits and increased fear and anxiety-like behavior, so the claim that its effects are mainly on motivation and reward is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Studies on loneliness in humans report a connection between self-reported loneliness and mental health problems.
“Several studies have focused on loneliness in humans and have reported a connection between self-reported loneliness and mental health problems.30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
- Premisecitation
These brain effects are specific to isolation during rodent adolescence and do not occur to a similar extent when isolation occurs before or after adolescence.
“Importantly, these effects are specific to isolation during rodent adolescence and do not occur to a similar extent when isolation occurs before or after adolescence.33, 36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2 describes lasting neurobiological effects of post-weaning isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period, and its neurobiology subsection reports changes in reward circuitry. The paper does not establish that those brain effects are specific to adolescent isolation or compare their extent with isolation before or after adolescence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Loneliness studies do not clearly establish whether loneliness causes mental illness or vice versa.
“However, such studies do not clearly establish whether loneliness results in mental illness or vice versa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says earlier longitudinal studies could not formally test whether loneliness and depressive symptoms predict each other; the Discussion (page unavailable) says experimental evidence would give greater confidence about causation. But the paper studied depressive symptoms, not mental illness broadly, and explicitly says clinical depression was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Heightened neuroplasticity that characterises early development is proposed to continue into adolescence.
“Thus, the heightened neuroplasticity that characterises early development24 is proposed to continue into adolescence.20, 21, 23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [20] Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, J Neurosci source
The Introduction and Discussion (page unavailable) describe cortical development continuing through adolescence and propose synaptic pruning and other processes as possible explanations. They do not establish that the heightened neuroplasticity of early development continues into adolescence; the paper treats its structural measurements as indirect clues to underlying biological processes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage source
The Introduction says structural brain development continues from childhood into adulthood, supporting continued change through adolescence. But the Discussion cautions that MRI-measured structural changes cannot be directly related to cellular or synaptic changes, and says evidence does not support a proposed second wave of adolescent synaptogenesis. The paper therefore does not establish that the heightened neuroplasticity of early development continues into adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [23] Petanjek, 2011, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Premisecitation
Rodent development progresses through similar stages as human development.
“An advantage of rodent animal models such as mice and rats is that their development progresses through similar stages as human development.37”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Complete social isolation in adolescent rodents evokes widespread structural and functional brain changes, most prominently in dopamine and serotonin systems and cortical/striatal targets.
“Complete social isolation in adolescent rodents evokes widespread structural and functional changes in the brain, most prominently in neuromodulatory dopamine and serotonin systems and particularly within cortical and striatal targets.33, 36, 37”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2 describes post-weaning isolation in juvenile and adolescent rodents as having long-lasting neurobiological effects. Section 4.2.2.1 reports altered dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, supporting the functional and cortical/striatal parts of the claim. The passages do not establish structural brain changes or effects on serotonin systems, and they do not support calling those effects the most prominent. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
The sections on dopaminergic function report isolation-associated changes in dopamine innervation and activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, alongside changes in serotonin activity. But the review focuses on particular anxiety-related circuits; it does not establish that structural and functional changes are widespread across the brain or that cortical and striatal targets are the most affected. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There is a long history of animal research documenting causal effects of social deprivation, including complete isolation, on brain and behavioural development during animal adolescence.
“In contrast, there is a long history of animal research documenting the causal effects of social deprivation, including complete isolation, on brain and behavioural development during animal adolescence.31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Matthews, 2019, Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- Premisecitation
Isolation during adolescence results in cognitive flexibility deficits impairing reward learning, reversal learning, and attention shifting.
“Particularly, isolation during adolescence results in cognitive flexibility deficits that impair reward learning,47 reversal learning,48 and attention shifting.49”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [47] Robbins, 2016, Neurobehavioural sequelae of social deprivation in rodents revisited: Modelling social adversity for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, J Psychopharmacol source
- cites [48] Amitai, 2014, Isolation rearing effects on probabilistic learning and cognitive flexibility in rats, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci source
- cites [49] Schrijver, 2001, Early social deprivation disrupts attentional, but not affective, shifts in rats, Behav Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Digitally-mediated interactions challenge traditional conceptualisations of socialising because they can be asynchronous, click based, or audio-video reliant.
“Digitally-mediated interactions challenge our traditional conceptualisations of what socialising entails63 as they can be asynchronous, click based, or audio–video reliant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] Dunbar, 2016, Do online social media cut through the constraints that limit the size of offline social networks?, R Soc Open Sci source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes internet communication as novel channels that have changed the social world, and the Discussion treats digital interactions as distinct from face-to-face contact. The paper does not say that these interactions challenge what counts as socialising, nor does it establish the cited examples of asynchronous, click-based, or audio-video interaction. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Functional MRI studies show that experiencing partial components of positive social interactions-such as real-time eye gaze sharing, hearing laughter after a joke, or observing videos from someone with a shared intention-activates neural reward systems in ways similar to non-social rewards like monetary rewards.
“Functional MRI studies have shown that experiencing partial components of positive social interactions such as real time sharing of eye gaze,67 hearing someone laugh after a telling a joke,68 and observing videos from someone who has a shared intention,69 activates neural reward systems in similar ways as do non-social rewards (eg, monetary rewards).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [67] Pfeiffer, 2014, Why we interact: on the functional role of the striatum in the subjective experience of social interaction, Neuroimage source
- cites [68] Sumiya, 2017, Brain networks of social action-outcome contingency: the role of the ventral striatum in integrating signals from the sensory cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, Neurosci Res source
- cites [69] Eskenazi, 2015, Neural correlates of observing joint actions with shared intentions, Cortex source
- Premisecitation
The consequences of social media use are dependent on individual differences.
“Furthermore, there is growing consensus that the consequences of social media use will be dependent on individual differences.78”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
- Premisecitation
Passive social media behaviors, such as scrolling through newsfeeds, have generally not been associated with positive outcomes.
“These behaviours have routinely not been linked to positive outcomes.76”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] Burke, 2016, The relationship between Facebook Use and well-being depends on communication type and tie strength, J Comput Commun source
- Premisecitation
Active social media use helps maintain personal relationships.
“Specifically, active uses of social media, for example engaging in directed communication (ie, messaging) or posting directly on another person's social media profile, have been shown to increase wellbeing74 and help maintain personal relationships.75”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] Ellison, 2014, Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes, J Comput Commun source
- Premisecitation
In children and young adolescents aged 8-12 years, positive chat messages evoke neural reward activity comparable to that from monetary reward.
“research in children and young adolescents (aged 8–12 years) similarly show that positive chat messages70 evoke neural reward activity akin to activation resulting from monetary reward.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] Alkire, 2018, Social interaction recruits mentalizing and reward systems in middle childhood, Hum Brain Mapp source
The Abstract and Results > Neuroimaging report reward-system activation during apparent peer interaction in children aged 8–12. But the Discussion says the measured activation was unlikely to reflect positive feedback from peers, and the paper does not compare that activation with monetary reward. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Individuals with a liability to mental health issues may be more susceptible to the negative effects of social media.
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
- Interpretationcitation
The negative effects of physical distancing and social deprivation might be particularly profound for adolescents aged 10-24.
“The negative effects of physical distancing and social deprivation might be particularly profound for adolescents (aged 10–24 years).3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Sawyer, 2018, The age of adolescence, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
- Premisecitation
Social interactions are a basic human need, comparable to food and sleep.
“Social interactions are proposed to be a basic human need, analogous to other fundamental needs such as food consumption or sleep.1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Baumeister, 1995, The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, Psychol Bull source
- Premisecitation
Many adolescents are well positioned to mitigate social shortfalls using digital means of connection.
“This global crisis has, however, struck at a time when many adolescents are well positioned to mitigate some of these social shortfalls using digital means of connection.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Physical distancing measures are likely to substantially affect individuals' mental health and wellbeing via reduced contact.
“Such measures are likely to have a substantial effect, not only on the economy and society, but also on individuals' mental health and wellbeing through factors such as reduced contact with other people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
- Interpretationreasoning
Widespread changes in the social environment, such as enforced physical distancing and reduced face-to-face peer contact, might substantially affect brain and behavioural development during adolescence.
“It follows then that widespread changes in the social environment, such as enforced physical distancing and reduced face-to-face social contact with peers, might have a substantial effect on brain and behavioural development during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
- Premisecitation
In the same survey, 69% of 13-17 year olds reported that social media helps them interact with more diverse groups of people.
“those aged 13–17 years indicate that technologies like social media make them feel more connected with their friends (81% of 743 respondents), help them interact with more diverse groups of people (69%), and allow them to access social support during tough times (68%).62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
It appears that lack of social interaction with peers specifically elicits behavioural and brain-level changes.
“Specifically, it appears that it is particularly the lack of social interaction with peers that elicits behavioural and brain-level changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Adolescents commonly report using digital technologies for actively social purposes.
“Adolescents routinely report using digital technologies for actively social means.64”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64] Barker, 2009, Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: the influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem, Cyberpsychol Behav source
- Interpretationreasoning
Although adolescents may have contact with household members and virtual communication, opportunities for face-to-face peer interaction will be drastically reduced or eliminated.
“Although adolescents might still have contact with household members and with people beyond their home via virtual forms of communication, opportunities for face-to-face interaction with peers will be drastically reduced or eliminated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
- Premisecitation
Even without complete isolation, adolescent rodents reared solely with an adult animal show brain-level changes including reduced synaptic pruning in prefrontal cortex.
“Even if not completely isolated, but instead deprived of peer contact by being reared solely with an adult animal, adolescent rodents show brain-level changes including reduced synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex.53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] Bell, 2010, Juvenile peer play experience and the development of the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices, Behav Brain Res source
- Premisecitation
Online communication has been shown to reduce negative feelings following social exclusion.
“Online communication has been shown to remediate negative feelings after social exclusion.66”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Knowles, 2015, Does Facebook magnify or mitigate threats to belonging?, Soc Psychol (Gott) source
- Premisecitation
In the same survey, 68% of 13-17 year olds reported that social media allows them to access social support during tough times.
“those aged 13–17 years indicate that technologies like social media make them feel more connected with their friends (81% of 743 respondents), help them interact with more diverse groups of people (69%), and allow them to access social support during tough times (68%).62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
There is a 15% gap in smartphone ownership between lower-income and higher-income teenagers in the USA.
“There is a 15% gap in smartphone ownership between lower-income and higher-income teenagers in the USA.60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
These changes result in dysregulation of dopaminergic signalling in distinct brain structures responsible for processing salient stimuli.
“These changes result in dysregulation of dopaminergic signalling in distinct brain structures responsible for processing salient stimuli.52”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] Del Arco, 2008, Prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens interaction: in vivo modulation by dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex, Pharmacol Biochem Behav source
- Interpretationreasoning
There is evidence that at least some effects of social isolation observed in animal models can be extended to humans.
“There is, therefore, evidence that at least some of the effects of social isolation observed in animal models can be extended to humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Income and education gaps between users and non-users of smartphones and social media remain substantial in both high-income and low-income economies.
“Notably, income and education gaps between those who use smartphones and social media and those who do not are still substantial in both high-income and low-income economies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Active social contact can now be mediated by digital applications such as social media, video chatting, blogging, or online gaming.
“Although physical distancing measures would have stopped all adolescent peer contact except the landline phone and letter writing just 3 decades ago, active social contact can now be mediated by digital applications, whether that be social media, video chatting or conferencing, blogging, or online gaming.61”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In a survey of 743 adolescents aged 13-17, 81% reported that social media makes them feel more connected with their friends.
“those aged 13–17 years indicate that technologies like social media make them feel more connected with their friends (81% of 743 respondents), help them interact with more diverse groups of people (69%), and allow them to access social support during tough times (68%).62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Core components and qualities of adolescents' face-to-face interactions-such as information disclosure, interactivity, social reward, and social support-are also present in online communication.
“Studies on adolescent social behaviour show that core components and qualities of adolescents' face-to-face interactions, including information disclosure, interactivity, social reward, and social support, are present when communicating online.65”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65] Yau, 2018, Are the qualities of adolescents' offline friendships present in digital interactions?, Adolesc Res Rev source
- Interpretationreasoning
Physical distancing measures in response to COVID-19 will probably reduce many adolescents' ability to fulfil their social needs.
“The physical distancing measures that are currently in place across the globe in response to COVID-19 will probably reduce many adolescents' ability to fulfil their social needs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
- Premisecitation
Active social media use, such as directed messaging or posting directly on another person's profile, has been shown to increase wellbeing.
“Specifically, active uses of social media, for example engaging in directed communication (ie, messaging) or posting directly on another person's social media profile, have been shown to increase wellbeing74 and help maintain personal relationships.75”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Burke, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given
Rodent studies show that adolescent social deprivation and isolation have substantial and potentially long-term effects on neurochemistry, structural brain development, and behaviours associated with mental health problems.
“Rodent studies show substantial and potentially long-term effects of social deprivation and isolation in adolescence on neurochemistry, structural brain development, and behaviours associated with mental health problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Because of the physical constraints of the MRI scanner, neuroimaging studies of the social brain and social cognition can only examine digitally mediated social interactions, not face-to-face ones.
“Due to the physical constraints of the MRI scanner, all neuroimaging studies focusing on the social brain and social cognition are limited to digitally-mediated social interactions instead of their face-to-face counterpart.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 42
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development, partly dependent on development of the social brain.
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
- cites [18] Frith, 2007, Social cognition in humans, Curr Biol source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a network of brain regions supporting the ability to represent others’ mental states, and the Abstract links social-signal processing to its brain basis. But the paper does not establish that adolescent social development depends on development of that network. In the citing sentence, the separate sensitive-period statement is attached to citation 4, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHuman adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReorientation towards peers facilitates development into independent adults, enabling a more complete sense of social self-identity and stronger peer group affiliations.
“This reorientation towards peers facilitates young people's development into independent adults, enabling them to foster a more complete sense of social self-identity, at the same time as building stronger affiliations with their peer group.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Pfeifer, 2018, The Development of self and identity in adolescence: neural evidence and implications for a value-based choice perspective on motivated behavior, Child Dev Perspect source
In “The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence” (page unavailable), the paper says adolescents seek autonomy from parents while developing stronger social-identity commitments and a greater need for peer connection. It does not establish that reorientation toward peers causes independence or stronger peer affiliations; it describes these changes as occurring together. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe importance of obtaining peer social approval increases and peer influence is heightened in adolescence.
“The importance of obtaining peer social approval increases and peer influence is heightened in adolescence.7, 8, 9, 10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [7] De Goede, 2009, Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends, J Youth Adolesc source
The Discussion and Conclusions (page not provided) say that friends’ influence increases during adolescence as parents’ influence decreases. The paper does not say that obtaining peer social approval becomes more important; its discussion of friendships becoming more influential does not establish that specific motivation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [8] Albert, 2013, Peer influences on adolescent decision making, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- cites [9] Knoll, 2015, Social influence on risk perception during adolescence, Psychol Sci source
The Abstract says peer relationships become increasingly important, and the Results report that young adolescents were more influenced by teenagers’ ratings than adults’ ratings. The Discussion and Conclusion propose a desire for peer acceptance as an explanation, but explicitly call it speculative; the study does not establish that the importance of obtaining peer approval increases across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLongitudinal MRI studies show grey matter volume declines from late childhood to mid-twenties, while white matter volume gradually increases.
“Multiple longitudinal MRI studies have shown that, across the cortex, the volume of grey matter, mostly consisting of cell bodies and synapses, declines from late childhood to the mid twenties,20, 21 whereas the volume of white matter, consisting of myelinated axons, gradually increases.21”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, J Neurosci source
The Abstract and Discussion > Conclusion (page not provided) report longitudinal decreases in cortical volume from ages 7 to 29, supporting the grey-matter portion of the claim. The paper does not report a gradual increase in white-matter volume; its analyses concern cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage source
The Results (Gross developmental trajectories using raw volumes; page not supplied) report that cortical grey matter volume decreases through the second decade and begins to stabilize in the third. They also report that cerebral white matter volume increases from late childhood to mid-adolescence, with most samples showing increases until late adolescence. The claim overextends these trajectories if it implies continued grey matter decline and white matter increase through the mid-twenties. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared with children under 10, adolescents spend more time with peers than family and form more complex peer relationships.
“Compared with children (aged <10 years), adolescents spend more time with peers than with their family and form more complex peer relationships.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Lam, 2014, Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates, Child Dev source
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report increasing peer involvement from childhood through adolescence and a shift toward mixed- and opposite-sex peer groups. The paper does not establish that adolescents spend more time with peers than with family, or directly compare the complexity of their peer relationships with those of children under 10. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMacrostructural brain changes correspond to microstructural neurodevelopmental mechanisms including myelination, axonal growth, and synaptic reorganisation, partly dependent on environmental input and representing developmental neuroplasticity.
“These macrostructural changes are thought to correspond to neurodevelopmental mechanisms at the microstructural level, including the myelination and growth of axons and synaptic reorganisation, which are partly dependent on environmental input and represent mechanisms of developmental neuroplasticity.22, 23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Yakovlev, 1967, The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] Petanjek, 2011, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn adolescent rodents, even brief isolation (e.g., 24 h) can cause increased anxiety, hyperactivity, heightened sensitivity to social rewards, and increased seeking of food or drug rewards, making them prone to addictions.
“On a behavioural level, even a brief duration (eg, 24 h) of isolation in adolescent rodents can cause increased anxiety,40 hyperactivity,41 and heightened sensitivity to social rewards,42 which extends to the seeking of food or drug rewards, making these animals particularly prone to developing addictions.43”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- cites [41] Morley, 1978, The effects of prolonged handling, scopolamine, and physostigmine on the activity of isolated and socially reared rats, Physiol Psychol source
Citation 41 is attached to the hyperactivity claim. The Discussion reports significantly higher locomotor activity in isolation-reared rats than in socially reared rats. However, the Rearing Conditions and subsequent discussion indicate 53 days of differential rearing before testing at 75 days of age, not an effect of 24 hours of isolation in adolescent rodents. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [42] Ikemoto, 1992, The effects of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats, Dev Psychobiol source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigh quality peer relationships appear to protect against mental health problems and strengthen adolescent resilience.
“Conversely, high quality peer relationships appear to protect against mental health problems and strengthen adolescent resilience.29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] van Harmelen, 2017, Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort, Psychol Med source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFor healthy development, parental and caregiver input is crucial especially early, while later peers become an additional important element of the social environment.
“For healthy development, parental and caregiver input is a crucial component, especially during early development, whereas later in development the influence of peers becomes an additional important element of the social environment.25”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Nelson, 2016, Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view, Dev Cogn Neurosci source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHuman loneliness is not a simple product of objective social deprivation; people can be alone without feeling lonely or feel lonely in a crowd.
“Furthermore, human loneliness is not straightforward to study experimentally as loneliness is not a simple product of objective social deprivation: people can be alone without feeling lonely or feel lonely even in a crowd.30”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRodent research shows social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour, especially if isolation occurs during development.
“This rodent research has shown that social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour,31 especially if isolation occurs during development.33, 34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [31] Matthews, 2019, Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies depriving rodents of peer contact during peak social play periods (postnatal days 21-43, roughly early to mid adolescence in humans) show increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours, reward seeking, impaired reward learning, and impaired habituation to novel stimuli.
“In most of these studies, animals were isolated from peers from around postnatal days 21 to 43, corresponding roughly to early adolescence (aged 10–13 years) and mid adolescence (aged 14–16 years) in humans.34 Such studies show similar effects to those investigating isolation throughout the whole adolescent period, including increased anxiety-like behaviours, depression-like behaviours, and reward”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- cites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProblems with peer relationships, peer rejection, bullying, and loneliness are risk factors for affective conditions such as depression in adolescence.
“There is evidence that problems with peer relationships, peer rejection, bullying, and loneliness are risk factors for the development of affective conditions such as depression in adolescence.27, 28”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] Arseneault, 2018, Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
The section on bullying victimisation and mental health reports that being bullied in childhood or adolescence is associated with later anxiety and depression, even after accounting for earlier symptoms. It does not establish peer-relationship problems, peer rejection, and loneliness as separate risk factors for adolescent depression; elsewhere, it describes rejection as associated with risk of being bullied and loneliness as an outcome associated with victimisation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [28] Platt, 2013, The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression, Depress Anxiety source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost consistent findings report increased dopamine release in reward regions such as nucleus accumbens and decreased dopamine activity in prefrontal cortex following adolescent isolation.
“More specifically, although some divergent effects have been observed, the most consistent findings report that dopamine release in reward regions such as the nucleus accumbens increases following adolescent isolation, but dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex decreases.33, 36, 37”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
- cites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn adolescent non-human primates, deprivation of peer contact for 1-3 weeks results in anxiety-like behaviours and reduced cell proliferation and neurogenesis in hippocampus.
“Although much scarcer, research on the effects of social deprivation in adolescent non-human primates has shown effects in line with the rodent research: deprivation of contact with peers for 1–3 weeks results in anxiety-like behaviours and a reduction in cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory).56”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] Cinini, 2014, Social isolation disrupts hippocampal neurogenesis in young non-human primates, Front Neurosci source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSome studies support the rich-get-richer view that individuals who already have strong offline friendships may benefit most from digital interaction.
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAdolescents might be particularly affected by social deprivation, especially reduced peer contact, and this must be considered in long-term consequences of COVID-19 prevention measures.
“We also highlight how adolescents might be particularly affected by social deprivation, especially the reduction of peer contact, and how this must be taken into account when considering the long-term consequences of global COVID-19 prevention measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChronic adolescent isolation in rodents (over 1 week or longer) has more profound effects, including hyper-reactivity to stress and increased aggression.
“When rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over 1 week or longer, it has even more profound effects. Chronically isolated adolescent rodents (isolated throughout the whole adolescent period) have shown abnormal behaviours such as hyper-reactivity to stressful situations45 and increased aggression.46”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter weaning, rodents show a strong orientation towards peers, actively seek peer interaction, and these interactions are important for healthy development and social learning.
“Similar to adolescent humans, after weaning, rodents show a strong orientation towards their peers.38 These animals actively seek out peer interaction and these interactions are considered to be important social input for healthy development39 and specifically for social learning.34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [38] Vanderschuren, 2016, The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- cites [39] Panksepp, 1981, The ontogeny of play in rats, Dev Psychobiol source
- cites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescence is a period of heightened vulnerability to mental health problems; 75% of adults with a mental health condition report first symptoms before age 24.
“Adolescence is also a period of heightened vulnerability to mental health problems, with 75% of adults who have ever had a mental health condition reporting that they first experienced symptoms before the age of 24.26”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Kessler, 2012, Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMany young people worldwide currently have substantially fewer opportunities for face-to-face peer interaction, risking unmet social needs during a crucial developmental period.
“Nevertheless, many young people around the world currently have substantially fewer opportunities to interact face-to-face with peers in their social network, putting their social needs at risk of not being met at a crucial time of social development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRodents are innately social and fare better in social rather than isolated housing.
“Many animal studies have used rodents as their preferred animal model as these are innately social creatures and fare better in social rather than isolated housing.32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Wills, 1983, Social interactions among rodent conspecifics: a review of experimental paradigms, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAnimal models of social deprivation involve more extreme forms than COVID-19 physical distancing but provide valuable insights into effects of depriving a developing animal of social contact during a sensitive period.
“Although these experimental studies involve more extreme forms of social deprivation than the physical distancing experienced during COVID-19, the animal research literature provides valuable insights into the effects of depriving the developing animal of social contact during a sensitive period for social interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPhysical distancing might not affect all adolescents equally; those with high functioning families and positive relationships with parents, caregivers, and siblings might be less affected than those without positive family relationships or living alone.
“It is important to note, however, that physical distancing might not affect all adolescents in the same way. For example, adolescents who are living with high functioning families and who have positive relationships with parents or caregivers and siblings might be less affected by physical distancing than adolescents who do not have positive family relationships or who are living alone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIncreased aggression is also observed when rodents are raised with genetically modified conspecifics showing reduced social interaction, suggesting behavioural changes occur under less extreme social deprivation.
“Furthermore, increased aggression is also observed when rodents are raised with genetically modified conspecifics that show reduced social interaction,51 suggesting that behavioural changes also occur under less extreme forms of social deprivation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Stark, 2020, Male Long Evans rats reared with a Fischer-344 peer during the juvenile period show deficits in social competency: a role for play, Int J Play source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReintroducing acutely isolated animals to social contact can alleviate some short-term negative effects like anxiety, but long-lasting negative consequences remain.
“Although reintroducing acutely isolated animals to social contact can alleviate some of the negative effects of short-term isolation, such as anxiety,40 there are long-lasting negative consequences that are not easily remedied. For example, increased ethanol consumption in animals after social isolation persists even after the reintroduction to social housing.44”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- cites [44] Wolffgramm, 1991, Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSocial deprivation and isolation have substantial effects on adolescent animals, ranging from neurobiology to cognition and behaviour, extending beyond the isolation period and potentially having long-term consequences.
“In summary, social deprivation and isolation have substantial effects on adolescent animals, ranging from neurobiology to cognition and behaviour, which extend well beyond the period of isolation and can have long-term consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationComparable research on social deprivation in humans is scarce, but studies of extreme isolation like solitary confinement suggest increased distress, depression, aggression, and self-harm in adults.
“Comparable research on social deprivation in humans is scarce, but a small number of studies have investigated the effects of extreme forms of isolation like solitary confinement. They suggest that such isolation in prison leads to increased distress, depression, and aggression as well as increased prevalence of self harm in adults.57”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Haney, 2003, “Supermax” Confinement, Crime Delinq source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation58% of Nigerians with secondary education or more have a social media account compared with 10% of Nigerians without secondary education.
“Moreover, 58% of Nigerians with secondary education or more have a social media account compared with 10% of Nigerians without secondary education.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the human brain, acute social isolation alters neural patterns similar to food deprivation; substantia nigra activity when craving social contact mimics activity when craving food after fasting.
“In the human brain, isolation alters neural patterns in ways similar to food deprivation:59 brain activity in the substantia nigra (the core of the brain's dopaminergic motivation centre) when people crave social contact after acute isolation mimics the activity exhibited there when they crave food after fasting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation69% of young British adolescents aged 12-15 and 97% of American adolescents aged 13-17 have a social media profile.
“69% of young British adolescents (aged 12–15 years)61 and 97% of American adolescents (aged 13–17 years) have a social media profile.62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAnimal studies suggest that deprivation of social needs during adolescence can produce negative effects resembling features of human neuropsychiatric disorders and impair social cognitive development due to lack of social learning experiences.
“The animal studies reviewed suggest that the consequences of deprivation of social needs during adolescence can have negative effects resembling features of human neuropsychiatric disorders and on social cognitive development more broadly, due to lack of experiences for social learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenMost animal studies focus predominantly on males, with female rodents included in only a few studies, so they do not represent the human population.
“Most animal studies focus predominately on males, with female rodents included in only a few studies, and therefore do not represent the constellation of the human population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescent isolation alters serotonin levels, with increased serotonergic activity in prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in hippocampus.
“Additional neurochemical changes include alterations to serotonin levels, with the direction of the effects differing between brain regions. For example, the prefrontal cortex shows increased serotonergic activity, whereas other brain areas, such as the hippocampus, show decreased activity. These alterations have been proposed to underlie observed behavioural changes such as increased anxiety and”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- cites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcross species, deprivation of peer contact in adult animals results in negative behavioural and physiological effects, suggesting the need for peer-to-peer contact is universal across social species.
“Many studies have investigated deprivation of peer contact in adult animals54 and have found that, across species, deprivation of contact with peers resulted in negative behavioural and physiological effects, suggesting that the need for peer to peer contact is universal across social species.55”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimentally induced acute social isolation in adult humans results in increased loneliness, craving for social contact, and decreased happiness.
“Beyond these extreme forms of isolation in non-representative groups, evidence on experimentally-induced acute social isolation in adult humans shows that isolation results in increased feelings of loneliness, craving for social contact, and decreased happiness.59”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFor some adolescents, home social interactions might meet social needs, but physical distancing will challenge many teenagers' capacity to connect with peers.
“Although for some adolescents, social interactions at home might meet their social needs, physical distancing will challenge many teenagers' capacity to connect with peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationYoung people have been among the first large-scale adopters of communicative digital technologies such as social media and smartphones.
“Young people have been some of the first large-scale adopters of communicative digital technologies, such as social media and smartphones.5, 60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe majority of US teenagers spend more than 4 hours a day on social media sites, and almost half report almost constantly engaging online.
“The majority of US teenagers spend more than 4 h a day on social media sites60 and almost half of them report that they are almost constantly engaging online.62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIt remains unclear how well rodent social needs map onto human social needs; rodent social world differs from human sociality, so social deprivation might have differing effects between species.
“However, it remains unclear how well the social needs of rodents map onto the social needs of humans.54 The social world of rodents differs in many ways from the complexity of human sociality, so social deprivation might have differing effects between species.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningStudies of solitary confinement relate to non-representative groups and are difficult to interpret due to confounding factors.
“However, the nature of these studies means that they relate to non-representative groups and are therefore difficult to interpret due to many confounding factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningDigitalised social contact might mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing in young people.
“These means of interaction raise the possibility that digitalised social contact can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing in young people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIndividuals who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online.
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [79] Przybylski, 2017, Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningBecause several months of physical distancing represents a large proportion of a young person's life during a sensitive developmental period, its effects may be more potent than for adults.
“Even if physical distancing measures are temporary, several months of physical distancing represents a large proportion of a young person's life during a sensitive period of development, so it is possible that the effects will be more potent than for adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSocial media use has become particularly popular among adolescents over the past decade.
“Social media has especially become popular in the adolescent age group over the past decade.61”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe existing evidence indicates that certain aspects of digital communication can foster social connection and may therefore reduce the consequences of physical distancing.
“However, the existing evidence shows that certain aspects of digital communication can engender social connection and might, therefore, mitigate the consequences of physical distancing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInitial experimental evidence indicates that passive social media use could negatively affect wellbeing, potentially by increasing social comparison and envy.
“There is initial experimental evidence that such passive uses could even negatively influence wellbeing, possibly by increasing social comparison and envy.77”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] Verduyn, 2017, Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review, Soc Issues Policy Rev source
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
“Current efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have required sudden and commonly mandated physical distancing, removing many regular sources of social connection from people's lives.”
“The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.
“There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
“With physical distancing being enforced by governments around the world, society is at the start of a period of intense and widespread reduction of face-to-face social contact.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
“Adolescents are at a unique period in their lives when the social environment is important for crucial functions in brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on social isolation has almost entirely been conducted in animal models, and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.
“Research on social isolation has almost entirely been carried out in animal models and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A strong trend towards an increase of social interactions via the internet shifted the percentage of social interactions happening online, not only through the spread of smartphones but also as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“A strong trend towards an increase of social interactions via the internet shifted the percentage of social interactions happening online, not only through the spread of smartphones but also as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic (41, 42).”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
The “Digital sources of social connection” section describes widespread adolescent use of smartphones and social media and says digital applications can mediate social contact during COVID-19 physical distancing (page unavailable). It does not establish that the pandemic increased the percentage of social interactions occurring online, or measure such a shift. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredYoung people may be more influenced by their peers, which may make adhering to social distancing regulations difficult if other members of their social groups do not comply.
“Young people may be more influenced by their peers, which may make adhering to social distancing regulations difficult should other members of their social groups not comply with guidelines [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The section “Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development” (page not provided) says peer influence is heightened in adolescence, supporting the first part of the claim. The passages on physical distancing discuss reduced peer contact, but do not say that peers’ failure to follow guidelines makes young people less likely to comply. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent research has indicated specific challenges faced by young people during the pandemic related to isolation, loneliness and anxiety, which may impact on behaviours related to social distancing.
“Recent research has indicated specific challenges faced by young people during the pandemic related to isolation, loneliness and anxiety [7, 9], which may impact on behaviours related to social distancing.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction and 'Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development' section describe reduced peer contact during COVID-19 distancing as a potential challenge for adolescents, and discuss loneliness as a mental-health risk factor. The paper does not establish pandemic-related anxiety in young people; its explicit discussion of increased anxiety concerns socially isolated rodents. It also does not establish that these challenges affect young people's social-distancing behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredYoung people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important.
“Young people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In “Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development” (page not provided), the paper says peer interactions become increasingly important and adolescents form more complex peer relationships. It discusses social networks but does not establish that young people often have large social circles. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescence is a highly sensitive time of social transformation with increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships.
“Adolescence is already a highly sensitive time of social transformation where there is an increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships (Orben et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
Young people under 25 who are medically healthy may experience comparatively lower risk of serious effects of COVID-19.
“While young people (e.g. < 25) [7] who are deemed medically healthy may experience comparatively lower risk of serious effects of COVID-19, they play an important role in preventing its spread.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
For adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, self-concept, and mental health in general.
“Indeed, for adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, self-concept, and mental health in general (4).”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Adolescent age is a risk factor for diverse mental health problems, especially during epidemic outbreaks.
“Several studies already showed that adolescent age is a risk factor for diverse mental health problems, especially during epidemic outbreaks [e.g., (4–10)].”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Adolescence is a critical period for social interaction and the emergence of psychiatric diseases.
“Indeed, adolescence is a critical period for not only social interaction (Larsen and Luna, 2018; ) but also the emergence of psychiatric diseases (Orben et al., 2020; Marco et al., 2011), and social isolation during adolescence can exacerbate mental health problems (Larsen and Luna, 2018; Almeida et al., 2021; ; Graf et al., 2021; Andersen, 2021).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents.
“The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents (Almeida et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older and younger than the participants studied here.
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hungerPreprint
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“There is a 15% gap in smartphone ownership between lower-and (81% of respondents), help them interact with more diverse groups of people (69”
CMO report is unable to shed light on impact of screen time and social media on children’s health
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“It is difficult to parse the unique effects of social media and digital technology from the noisy background of adolescent life, making it challenging to give accurate and evidence-based recommendations in times of physical distancing that go further than promoting common sense approaches( 81 ).”
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Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions
Haug, N., Geyrhofer, L., Londei, A., Dervic, E., Desvars-Larrive, A., Loreto, V., Pinior, B., Thurner, S., & Klimek, P. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents
Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Devine, J., Schlack, R., & Otto, C. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
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“Indeed, for adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, selfconcept, and mental health in general (4).”
BackgroundFood choice in transition: adolescent autonomy, agency, and the food environment
Neufeld, L. M., Andrade, E. B., Ballonoff Suleiman, A., Barker, M., Beal, T., Blum, L. S., Demmler, K. M., Dogra, S., Hardy-Johnson, P., Lahiri, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01687-1 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger
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Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis
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Longitudinal increases in childhood depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown
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The impact of COVID-19 on the lives and mental health of Australian adolescents
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“Therefore, physical distancing measures will further reduce access to this limited social support network (which is particularly crucial for adolescents and young adults [36]), potentially escalating mental health challenges (e.”
BackgroundBarendse, M. E. A., Flannery, J., Cavanagh, C., Aristizabal, M., Becker, S. P., Berger, E. L., Breaux, R., Campione‐Barr, N., Church, J. A., Crone, E. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12781 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“It is also not surprising in light of the knowledge that adolescents are developmentally primed to explore their social environment and build connections outside their household (Nelson et al., 2016; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat
Lazarus, J. V., Romero, D., Kopka, C. J., Karim, S. A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Almeida, G., Baptista-Leite, R., Barocas, J. A., Barreto, M. L., Bar-Yam, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05398-2 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Effects of urban living environments on mental health in adults
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Egan, S., Pope, J., Moloney, M., Hoyne, C., & BEATTY, C. J. P. (2021) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-021-01193-2 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Nobari, H., Fashi, M., Eskandari, A., Villafaina, S., Murillo-Garcia, Á., & Pérez-Gómez, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094563 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Furthermore, children and adolescents experienced massive changes in their daily lives, such as school closures, social distancing, or home confinement, significantly decreasing the HRQoL [12,31].”
BackgroundChange in Youth Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Majority Hispanic/Latinx US Sample.
Penner, F., Ortiz, J. H., & Sharp, C. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.12.027 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries
Batra, K., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Singh, T. P., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020222 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“College students who have recently moved away from their families are particularly susceptible to social deprivation and feelings of loneliness [21].”
BackgroundThe importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence
Tomova, L., Andrews, J. L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationScott, S. R., Rivera, K. M., Rushing, E., Manczak, E. M., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Chen, X., Qi, H., Liu, R., Feng, Y., Li, W., Xiang, M., Cheung, T. C. C., Jackson, T., Wang, G., & Xiang, Y. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01271-4 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Parenting During COVID ‐19: A Study of Parents' Experiences Across Gender and Income Levels
Kerr, M. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Fanning, K. A., & Braaten, S. M. (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12571 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Impact of Migration Status on Adolescents’ Mental Health during COVID-19
Pieh, C., Dale, R., Jesser, A., Probst, T., Plener, P. L., & Humer, E. C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010176 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Independent of migration, adolescence is a sensitive period of social development with social interactions becoming increasingly important [44].”
BackgroundHoughton, S., Kyron, M., Hunter, S. C., Lawrence, D., Hattie, J., Carroll, A., & Zadow, C. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12017 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Adolescence is already a highly sensitive time of social transformation where there is an increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMardani, A., Saraji, M. K., Mishra, A. R., et al. (2020) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106613 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“As a result, these situations have psychological impacts on people’s minds boosting the exacerbation of paranoia among people [84].”
van de Groep, S., Zanolie, K., Green, K. H., Sweijen, S., & Crone, E. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240349 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“As such, opportunities to empathize, socialize, and benefit others are paramount for healthy adolescent development [1, 2, 8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHafstad, G. S., Sætren, S. S., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Augusti, E. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100093 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Young Adults During the COVID ‐19 Pandemic
Lindberg, L., Bell, D. L., & Kantor, L. M. (2020) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1363/psrh.12151 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents
Grossberg, A., & Rice, T. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Screen Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Canadian Children and Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Li, X., Vanderloo, L. M., Keown‐Stoneman, C. D. G., Cost, K. T., Charach, A., Maguire, J. L., Monga, S., Crosbie, J., Burton, C. L., Anagnostou, E. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40875 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Stephenson, T. J., Shafran, R., Stavola, B. L. D., Rojas, N. K., Aiano, F., Amin‐Chowdhury, Z., McOwat, K., Simmons, R., Zavala, M., & Ladhani, S. N. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052838 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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Adolescents’ Psychosocial Well-Being One Year after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway
von Soest, T., Kozák, M., Rodríguez-Cano, R., Fluit, S., Cortés-García, L., Ulset, V. S., Haghish, E. F., & Bakken, A. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01255-w · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Social relationships (1) Peer relationships (2) Parental relationship 0.”
Pellicano, E., Brett, S., den Houting, J., Heyworth, M., Magiati, I., Steward, R., Urbanowicz, A., & Stears, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211035936 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Feelings of loneliness appear to have intensified rapidly for some, as they are widely acknowledged to do in the general population (Bzdok & Dunbar, 2020; Orben et al., 2020), and appear to have contributed to intense mental health difficulties, at least for some.”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review
Octavius, G. S., Silviani, F. R., Lesmandjaja, A., Angelina, A., & Juliansen, A. (2020) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-020-00075-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Social isolation and the brain: effects and mechanisms
Xiong, Y., Hong, H., Liu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01835-w · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Previous reviews have summarized the benefits of social bonds among humans [16] and different aspects of the effects of SI, including social homeostasis (an adaptive function that optimizes behaviors that govern social connection) [17], adolescent development and mental health [18], and endocrine functions [19].”
BackgroundHamilton, J. L., Nesi, J., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211014189 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“The inability to see one’s peers in school and other in-person contexts presents a developmental mismatch that is likely to affect adolescents’ mood and overall socioemotional well-being (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAdolescent well‐being amid the COVID‐19 pandemic: Are girls struggling more than boys?
Halldorsdottir, T., Þórisdóttir, I. E., Meyers, C. C. A., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Kristjánsson, Á. L., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12027 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…autonomy,andrelianceonpeerconnectionsforemotionalsupportand social development, coupled with heightened sensitivity to stress exposure associated with pubertal development (Bailen et al., 2019; Ellis & Zarbatany, 2017; Orben et al., 2020).”
Emotional and Behavioral Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Adolescents
Bera, L., Souchon, M., Ladsous, A., Colin, V., & Lopez-Castroman, J. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01313-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Trajectories of adolescent life satisfaction
Orben, A. C., Lucas, R. E., Fuhrmann, D., & Kievit, R. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211808 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of COVID-19 on child and adolescent mental health and treatment considerations
Chavira, D. A., Ponting, C., & Ramos, G. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104169 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Psychological and psychiatric impact of COVID-19 pandemic among children and adolescents.
Deolmi, M., & Pisani, F. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.23750/abm.v91i4.10870 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lyyra, N., Thorsteinsson, E., Eriksson, C. C.-G., Madsen, K. R., Tolvanen, A. J., Löfstedt, P., & Välimaa, R. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147405 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Adolescence is a period in life characterized by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and an increased need for peer interaction [2].”
BackgroundBersia, M., Koumantakis, E., Berchialla, P., Charrier, L., Ricotti, A., Grimaldi, P., Dalmasso, P., & Comoretto, R. I. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101705 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“22 – 26 On the other hand, the great amount of time spent at home could have promoted the development of stronger intrafamilial cohesion by spending”
Prosocial development in adolescence
Crone, E. A., & Achterberg, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.020 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The dangers of social distancing: How COVID‐19 can reshape our social experience
Sikali, K. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22430 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“As Orben et al. (2020) puts it, “Human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.””
BackgroundMiao, R., Liu, C., Zhang, J., & Jin, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.070 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Orban, E., Li, L. Y., Gilbert, M., Napp, A.-K., Kaman, A., Topf, S., Boecker, M., Devine, J., Reiß, F., Wendel, F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1275917 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Fumagalli, E., Dolmatzian, M. B., & Shrum, L. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620739 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A Mobile Serious Game About the Pandemic (COVID-19 - Did You Know?): Design and Evaluation Study
Gaspar, J. D. S., Lage, E. M., da Silva, F. J., Mineiro, É. F., de Oliveira, I. J. R., Oliveira, I., Souza, R. G., Gusmão, J. R. O., Souza, C. F. D. D., & Reis, Z. S. N. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/25226 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Also, physical and social distancing drastically reduced the opportunities for collective engagement among young people, causing psychological distress in many and leading to breaking of the distancing pacts that are so relevant at this time [9].”
Green, K. H., van de Groep, S., Sweijen, S., Becht, A., Buijzen, M., de Leeuw, R. N. H., Remmerswaal, D., van der Zanden, R. A., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Crone, E. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90851-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“, as a function of age), (3) long-term effects of the pandemic on daily mood and mood fluctuations, and (4) the moderating role of social and socioeconomic stressors on the associations between emotional reactivity and self-oriented and other-benefitting behaviors among adolescents.”
BackgroundZhuang, S., Tan, D. W., Reddrop, S., Dean, L., Maybery, M., & Magiati, I. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102335 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Muzi, S., Sansò, A., & Pace, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.590543 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Taken together, these results seem to suggest problematic pathways associated to social media usage during the pandemic, rather than support their beneficial effect suggested by other studies (36, 37).”
ResultSalmela‐Aro, K., Upadyaya, K., Ronkainen, I., & Hietajärvi, L. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00518-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Adolescent addiction to short video applications in the mobile internet era
Lu, L., Liu, M., Ge, B., Bai, Z., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.893599 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and AdolescentsPreprint
Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Kaman, A., Otto, C., Erhart, M., Devine, J., & Schlack, R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3721508 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Magis‐Weinberg, L., Gys, C. L., Berger, E. L., Domoff, S. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12666 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Impact of COVID‐19 on Adolescents’ Daily Lives: The Role of Parent–Child Relationship Quality
Janssens, J. J., Achterhof, R., Lafit, G., Bamps, E., Hagemann, N., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Lecei, A., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Kirtley, O. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12657 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Adolescents’ enforced proximity to their families and the limitation of face-to-face contacts with peers may not allow their developmental needs to be met (Andrews et al., 2020; Grusec & Davidov, 2021; Orben et al., 2020; Steinberg & Morris, 2001).”
BackgroundA Brain Capital Grand Strategy: toward economic reimagination
Smith, E., Ali, D. A., Wilkerson, B., Dawson, W. D., Sobowale, K., Reynolds, C. F., Berk, M., Lavretsky, H., Jeste, D. V., Ng, C. H., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00918-w · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Furthermore, there are concerns about the developing brain (the workforce of the future) during the COVID pandemic; experts note reduced face-to-face contact among teenagers and their friends during the pandemic that could have damaging long-term consequences [8].”
BackgroundPeer facilitation of emotion regulation in adolescence
Sahi, R. S., Eisenberger, N. I., & Silvers, J. A. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101262 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gotlib, I. H., Borchers, L. R., Chahal, R., Gifuni, A. J., Teresi, G. I., & Ho, T. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603748 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits
Musardo, S., Contestabile, A., Knoop, M., Baud, O., & Bellone, C. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.73421 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents (Almeida et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKlootwijk, C. L. T., Koele, I. J., van Hoorn, J., Güroğlu, B., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12660 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“In addition, adolescents’ mood and mental health may be particularly negatively affected by school closures due to their heightened need for peer interactions compared with other age groups (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSoneson, E., Puntis, S., Chapman, N., Mansfield, K. L., Jones, P. B., & Fazel, M. S. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01934-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“As Orben and colleagues [34] have suggested, most CYP have access to digital forms of social interaction that can mitigate the negative effects of reduced face-to-face contact.”
BackgroundUncertainty as a driver of the youth mental health crisis
Schweizer, S., Lawson, R. P., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101657 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationConnections during crisis: Adolescents’ social dynamics and mental health during COVID-19.
Polack, R. G., Sened, H., Aubé, B. S. S., Zhang, A., Joormann, J., & Hedy Kober, A. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001211 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Predictors of Adolescent Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cognitive Reappraisal and Humor
Kuhlman, K. R., Straka, K., Mousavi, Z., Tran, M.-L., & Rodgers, E. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the social distancing precautions enacted to slow the spread of the coronavirus may be particularly challenging for adolescents [3,4], including school closures, stay-at-home orders that impede peer relationships, and postponement/cancelation of life events.”
BackgroundHirshberg, M. J., Frye, C., Dahl, C. J., Riordan, K. M., Vack, N. J., Sachs, J., Goldman, R., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000739 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Trends in Adolescent Health: Successes and Challenges From 2010 to the Present
Beckwith, S., Chandra‐Mouli, V., & Blum, R. W. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.04.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
After COVID-19, a future for the world's children?
Clark, H., Coll‐Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S. S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S. N., Balabanova, D., Bhutta, Z. A., Borrazzo, J. E., Claeson, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31481-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Revisiting adolescence as a sensitive period for sociocultural processing
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Multiple pathways of risk taking in adolescence
Crone, E. A., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100996 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Neurocognitive Model of Self-Concept Development in Adolescence
Crone, E. A., Green, K. H., van de Groep, I. H., & van der Cruijsen, R. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-023842 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Use of Kids Helpline by Children and Young People in Australia During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Batchelor, S., Stoyanov, S. R., Pirkis, J., & Kõlves, K. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.03.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 in Australia
Sicouri, G., March, S., Pellicano, E., De Young, A. C., Donovan, C. L., Cobham, V. E., Rowe, A., Brett, S., Russell, J. K., Uhlmann, L., et al. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221090174 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Exposure to and Experiences of Weight Stigma During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lessard, L. M., & Puhl, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab071 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…provides an important avenue for adolescents to stay in touch with peers and maintain support while physically distanced during the pandemic in ways that support mental health (Orben et al., 2020), it is also important that our findings are not interpreted to discourage adolescent social media use.”
BackgroundWidnall, E., Adams, E. A., Plackett, R., Winstone, L., Haworth, C. M. A., Mars, B., & Kidger, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127163 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“This is of concern as adolescence is an important period for social interaction [5] and adolescents have an increased need for peer connection [6].”
Widnall, E., Winstone, L., Plackett, R., Adams, E. A., Haworth, C. M. A., Mars, B., & Kidger, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116768 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rens, E., Smith, P., Nicaise, P., Lorant, V., & Van den Broeck, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.575553 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“One explanation is that adolescents are highly affected by social deprivation because of a heightened need for peer interaction and an increased risk of perceived social isolation (20, 21).”
BackgroundAlt, P., Reim, J., & Walper, S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12648 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Even though face-to-face communication was not possible due to the lockdown, some adolescents may have used more technical possibilities (e.g., mobile phones) to stay in contact with their peers (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCovid-related distress, mental health, and substance use in adolescents and young adults
Villanti, A. C., LePine, S. E., Peasley‐Miklus, C., West, J. C., Roemhildt, M., Williams, R., & Copeland, W. E. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12550 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent development around the world
Rao, N., Fisher, P. A., & Editors, C.-1. S. S. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13653 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Verdun, C. M., Fuchs, T., Harár, P., Elbrächter, D., Fischer, D. S., Berner, J., Grohs, P., Theis, F. J., & Krahmer, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.583377 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“And we argue that a massive testing program based on pooled tests can have significant positive effects on the physical and mental health of the general population, given that it can allow for partial reopenings or the use of less restrictive social distancing measures, hence allaying social deprivation and isolation…”
BackgroundFoulkes, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.027 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In addition, outside the pandemic, individuals with autism have fewer social interactions outside school than their neurotypical peers (Shattuck et al., 2011); it could be that this group is especially harmed when their usual school social interactions are disrupted.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYıldırım, M., Arslan, G., & Alkahtani, A. M. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1882617 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Such preventive measures have potential to significantly affect mental health and wellbeing of individuals not only short-term but also long-term (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChanges in antidepressant use in Australia: A nationwide analysis (2015–2021)
Costa, J. D. O., Gillies, M. B., Schaffer, A. L., Peiris, D., Zoëga, H., & Pearson, S. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221079740 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic is possibly due to more significant disruptions in daily routines and social interactions (e.g. interrupted education and workplace training and increased loneliness) and higher job insecurity in this population (ABS, 2020a; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGaragiola, E. R., Lam, Q., Wachsmuth, L. S., Tan, T. Y., Ghali, S., Asafo, S. M., & Swarna, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070220 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Plackett, R., Sheringham, J., & Dykxhoorn, J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43213 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Some studies have linked increased social media use with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress, while others have found that social media can increase social support, strengthen bonds, and reduce social isolation and loneliness [10,14,15].”
BackgroundPownall, M., Harris, R. J., & Blundell-Birtill, P. (2021) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/14757257211032486 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“This should also be sensitive to the long-term developmental and social effects of living through the COVID-19 pandemic as a young person (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHoughton, S., Kyron, M., Lawrence, D., Hunter, S. C., Hattie, J., Carroll, A., Zadow, C., & Chen, W. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13579 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Young people’s views on their role in the COVID-19 pandemic and society’s recovery from it
Larcher, V., Dittborn, M., Linthicum, J., et al. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320040 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Panarese, P., & Azzarita, V. (2021) · Young · doi:10.1177/11033088211031389 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, in contrast to Orben et al. (2020), the use of social media and digital technologies in leisure time only partly mitigated the negative effects of social distancing.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBélanger, R. E., Patte, K. A., Leatherdale, S. T., Gansaonré, R. J., & Haddad, S. H. S. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.039 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Priorities for the child public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic recovery in England
Hefferon, C., Taylor, C. J., Bennett, D. L., Falconer, C., Campbell, M., Williams, J. G., Schwartz, D., Kipping, R., & Taylor-Robinson, D. C. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320214 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Silk, J. S., Scott, L. N., Hutchinson, E., Lu, C., Sequeira, S. L., McKone, K. M. P., Quyen, B., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab107 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Researchers have theorized that this change would be detrimental to adolescent emotional health, given the critical importance of peer relationships for adolescent social development (Loades et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020), especially for girls (Rudolph, 2002).”
BackgroundPsychological distress during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chile: The role of economic uncertainty
Duarte, F., & Jiménez-Molina, Á. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251683 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“However, a study has suggested that younger people may be particularly affected 333 by social contact deprivation compared to other age groups, since they are in a period of 334 life characterized by a greater need for interaction with peers [56].”
BackgroundYoung People's Use of Digital Tools to Support Their Mental Health During Covid-19 Restrictions
Pretorius, C., & Coyle, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.763876 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Whilst these measures were necessary, their effect on individual’s mental health and well-being is worrying (3).”
BackgroundInfluentialHamilton, J. L., Dreier, M. J., & Boyd, S. I. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101633 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Reinhart, E., & Chen, D. L. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23405 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sexuality during the COVID-19 pandemic: The importance of Internet
Eleuteri, S., & Terzitta, G. (2021) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2020.12.008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne
- Venue
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 634-640
- ISSN
- 2352-4642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7292584
- OpenAlex
- W3034871545
- Cited by
- 1,229
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 210 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 158.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Jacobs Foundation
- University of Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social deprivation, adolescent development, adolescent mental health, peer acceptance, peer influence, social isolation, online interaction, social media
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Interpersonal Relations
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