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A TEST FOR CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN SWEAT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS UTILIZING PILOCARPINE BY IONTOPHORESIS
Abstract
A method of performing the test for chloride or sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is presented. It utilizes pilocarpine by iontophoresis and has the advantage of being both rapid and painless. Data are presented to show that the method is reliable.
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In the citing paper
“Sweat testing has historically been used in applications ranging from medical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and autonomic neuropathy to assessment of fluid and electrolyte balance in endurance athletes (6–10).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Sweat behaviors of only a few analytes, including ethanol and chloride, have been extensively investigated and related to blood concentrations or health status (6, 8, 27, 35).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“During the iontophoresis operation, the cationic pilocarpine drug was delivered across the skin at the anode electrode (Figure 1D).32”
From Noninvasive Alcohol Monitoring Using a Wearable Tattoo-Based Iontophoretic-Biosensing System (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Pilocarpine is a large positively charged molecule, and the electron shuttling activity of PB can be influenced by pilocarpine due to the vulnerability of PB against other positive ions in electrolytes.32”
From Noninvasive Alcohol Monitoring Using a Wearable Tattoo-Based Iontophoretic-Biosensing System (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
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Mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene and Intermediate Sweat Chloride Levels in Children
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Chloride-Sensitive Fluorescent Indicators
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Sixty-five years since the New York heat wave: Advances in sweat testing for cystic fibrosis
Collie, J. T. B., Massie, J., Jones, O. A. H., LeGrys, V. A., & Greaves, R. F. (2013) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.22945 · Cited by 73
“The standardization of the sweat test, by Gibson and Cooke [Gibson and Cooke (1959) Pediatrics 1959;23:5], followed observations of excessive dehydration amongst patients with CF and confirmed the utility as a diagnostic test.”
MethodCFTR genotypes in patients with normal or borderline sweat chloride levels
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“Sweat secretion was induced by pilocarpine iontophoresis described in the Gibson and Cooke method [Gibson et al., 1959] and collected using different systems, such as Exsudose R patch, Macroduct R coil or onto gauze or filter paper.”
MethodPathological changes of the lateral nasal wall in patients with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)
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THE ECCRINE SWEAT DEFECT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS (MUCOVISCIDOSIS)
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Saliva as a potential tool for cystic fibrosis diagnosis
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“Gibson LE, Cooke RE: A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis.”
BackgroundInfluentialOligohydrosis and Hyperthermia: Pilot Study of a Novel Topiramate Adverse Effect
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Sweat conductivity and chloride titration for cystic fibrosis diagnosis in 3834 subjects
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“Sweat chloride levels were determined using the method established by Gibson and Cooke throughout the entire study period.(16) A retrospective medical chart review was performed of all patients with an intermediate sweat chloride value who progressed to a delayed formal CF diagnosis, termed “delayed CF.”
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“These findings led directly to the development of the sweat test as a diagnostic test for CF (Gibson & Cooke, 1959).”
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Sputum peroxidase activity correlates with the severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis
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Severe bradycardia due to interaction of timolol eye drops and verapamil.
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“The criteria were: (i) diagnosis of CF in childhood with positive sweat test (Gibson and Cooke, 1959), (ii) known age at menarche, (iii) 20–35 years of age, (iv) regular menstruation (25–35 days), (v) stable good clinical condition without signs of acute exacerbation of the illness, (vi) no liver…”
MethodCystic fibrosis in the Ohio Amish: Gene frequency and founder effect
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Mutations of the CFTR Gene in Pancreatic Disease
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Cystic fibrosis‐related deaths in infancy and the effect of newborn screening
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Rise in total IgE as an indicator of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis.
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3849+10 kb C→T mutation and disease severity in cystic fibrosis
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Genotype–Phenotype Correlations for the Paranasal Sinuses in Cystic Fibrosis
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The sweat test: Sodium and chloride values
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Sweat conductivity: An accurate diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis?
Mattar, A. C. V., Leone, C., Rodrigues, J. C., & Adde, F. V. (2014) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2014.01.002 · Cited by 60
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Point-of-need diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using a potentiometric ion-selective electrode array
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Pancreatic function and gene deletion F508 in cystic fibrosis.
Borgo, G., Mastella, G., Gasparini, P., et al. (1990) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.27.11.665 · Cited by 59
Low sweat electrolytes in a patient with cystic fibrosis
Davis, P. B., Hubbard, V. S., & di Sant'Agnese, P. A. (1980) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(80)90482-9 · Cited by 59
CFTR mutations and IVS8-5T variant in newborns with hypertrypsinaemia and normal sweat test.
Castellani, C., Bonizzato, A., & Mastella, G. (1997) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.34.4.297 · Cited by 59
The significance of sweat Cl/Na ratio in patients with borderline sweat test
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CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA LUNG INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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Conductivity of Drugs Used for Iontophoresis
Gangarosa, L. P., Park, N. H., Fong, B. C., et al. (1978) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600671031 · Cited by 58
Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Sweat
Yuan, X., Li, C., Yin, X., Yang, Y., Ji, B., Niu, Y., & Ren, L. M. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13030313 · Cited by 58
“In 1959, Gibson and Cooke [94] developed the iontophoresis method; they used the cationic drug pilocarpine to produce sweat.”
MethodNanoduct® sweat testing for rapid diagnosis in newborns, infants and children with cystic fibrosis
Desax, M.-C., Ammann, R. A., Hammer, J., Schoeni, M. H., & Barben, J. (2007) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-007-0485-0 · Cited by 56
“In 13 patients, the diagnosis of CF was ruled out either by using genetic testing or normal chloride by conventional Macroduct® or Gibson and Cooke.”
MethodInfluentialCystic-fibrosis-like disease unrelated to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
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“On the occasion of severe pneumonia at the age of 17, he was diagnosed as having CF as the result of having a chloride concentration of 102 mmol/l in the pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat test (Gibson and Cooke 1959).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIncreased nasal potential difference and amiloride sensitivity in neonates with cystic fibrosis
Gowen, C. W., Lawson, E. E., Gingras-Leatherman, J. L., Gatzy, J. T., Boucher, R. C., & Knowles, M. R. (1986) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80825-3 · Cited by 57
Sweat tests to diagnose cystic fibrosis in adults.
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“Despite this, the only current clinical utility of sweat has been in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis based on sweat chloride content, a specific reflection of the pathophysiology of this disease [20].”
BackgroundWearable non-invasive monitors of diabetes and hypoxia through continuous analysis of sweat
Karpova, E. V., Karyakina, E. E., & Karyakin, A. A. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120922 · Cited by 59
Circulating Adhesion Molecules in Cystic Fibrosis
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“The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was based on a typical clinical profile with a positive sweat test; sweat test was carried out by quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis according to Gibson and Cooke (25), and repeatedly elevated sweat chloride levels ( .”
MethodOberwaldner, B., Theissl, B., Rucker, A., et al. (1991) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.93.04020152 · Cited by 56
Laboratory Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Webster, H. L., & Rundell, C. A. (1982) · CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408368209085074 · Cited by 55
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A comparative study of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in human sweat and blood
Stauber, J. L., & Florence, T. M. (1988) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90140-4 · Cited by 55
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Sweat lipid mediator profiling: a noninvasive approach for cutaneous research
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Correction of Linoleic Acid Deficiency in Cystic Fibrosis
Mischler, E. H., Parrell, S. W., Farrell, P. M., et al. (1986) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-198601000-00010 · Cited by 53
“All patients had a quantitative sweat test by the method of Gibson and Cooke (9) of pilocarpine iontophoresis, plasma fatty acid profile, red blood cell fatty acid analysis, plasma carotene, tocopherol, tests intended to detect any possible side effects of Microlipid (platelet count, serum cholesterol, triglycerides,…”
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Cystic fibrosis on the African continent
Stewart, C., & Pepper, M. S. (2015) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2015.157 · Cited by 55
Differential cytokine profile in children with cystic fibrosis
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Serum antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis.
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THE SWEAT TEST IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Shwachman, H., & Antonowicz, I. (1962) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30495.x · Cited by 51
Iontophoresis–gentamicin delivery into the rabbit cornea, using a hydrogel delivery probe
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Relation of sweat chloride concentration to severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis
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Iontophoresis: an alternative to the use of carriers in cutaneous drug delivery
Singh, P., & Maïbach, H. I. (1996) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(95)00082-i · Cited by 51
Improved sweat test method for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
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Serum fatty acid profiles in cystic fibrosis patients and their parents
Christophe, A., Warwick, W. J., & Holman, R. T. (1994) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02536629 · Cited by 51
Normativa del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la afección respiratoria en la fibrosis quística
Máiz, L., Baranda, F., Coll, R., Prados, C., Vendrell, M., Escribano, A., Gärtner, S., de Gracia, S., Martínez, M. T., Salcedo, A., et al. (2001) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/s0300-2896(01)75101-0 · Cited by 49
The Biogenesis, Traffic, and Function of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gibson, L. E., & Cooke, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1959-03-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 545-549
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1946951765
- Cited by
- 1,434
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 27.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Keywords
- cystic fibrosis, sweat test, sweat electrolytes, chloride, sodium, pilocarpine, iontophoresis
- MeSH terms
- Chlorides, Cystic Fibrosis, Electrolytes, Humans, Iontophoresis, Pilocarpine, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Sweat
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