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A TEST FOR CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN SWEAT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS UTILIZING PILOCARPINE BY IONTOPHORESIS
Abstract
A method of performing the test for chloride or sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is presented. It utilizes pilocarpine by iontophoresis and has the advantage of being both rapid and painless. Data are presented to show that the method is reliable.
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In the citing paper
“Sweat testing has historically been used in applications ranging from medical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and autonomic neuropathy to assessment of fluid and electrolyte balance in endurance athletes (6–10).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Sweat behaviors of only a few analytes, including ethanol and chloride, have been extensively investigated and related to blood concentrations or health status (6, 8, 27, 35).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“During the iontophoresis operation, the cationic pilocarpine drug was delivered across the skin at the anode electrode (Figure 1D).32”
From Noninvasive Alcohol Monitoring Using a Wearable Tattoo-Based Iontophoretic-Biosensing System (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Pilocarpine is a large positively charged molecule, and the electron shuttling activity of PB can be influenced by pilocarpine due to the vulnerability of PB against other positive ions in electrolytes.32”
From Noninvasive Alcohol Monitoring Using a Wearable Tattoo-Based Iontophoretic-Biosensing System (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
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BackgroundQuantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices
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“The assay facilitates diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in infants [36].”
BackgroundA 96-well formatted method for exon and exon/intron boundary full sequencing of the CFTR gene
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BackgroundIntestinal Obstruction of the Newborn Infant
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“The sweat test of GIBSON and CooKE [27] was also performed systematically: chloride levels >80 mmol·Z·1 in duplicate tests were considered diagnostic for CF.”
MethodCYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
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IONTOPHORETIC APPLICATION OF ANTIVIRAL CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS *
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“The advantages of iontophoresis are: (1) systemic toxicity is eliminated since only a small amount of drug is delivered, and (2) a relatively high concentration of drug is placed where it will potentially achieve the maximum benefit.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMycobacterium abscessus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis Individuals: A Review on Therapeutic Options
Recchia, D., Stelitano, G., Stamilla, A., Lorenzo-Gutiérrez, D., Degiacomi, G., Chiarelli, L. R., & Pasca, M. R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054635 · Cited by 34
“The sweat glands, which produce very salty sweat, are normally compromised, making sweat testing, consisting of the measurement of chloride concentration in sweat, critical to diagnosis [6].”
Assessment of CFTR function in homozygous R117H-7T subjects
de Nooijer, R. A., Nobel, J., Arets, H. G. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2011.03.009 · Cited by 35
“Sweat was collected after pilocarpine iontophoresis according to Gibson and Cooke for 30 min on gauze pads [19].”
MethodSharma, N., Acharya, N., Singh, S., et al. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/den500 · Cited by 35
“Sweat chloride analysis was performed in all the subjects (Gibson and Cooke, 1959).”
MethodSharma, H., Mavuduru, R. S., Singh, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2014) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.005 · Cited by 35
Pancreatic phenotype in infants with cystic fibrosis identified by mutation screening
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“The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was based on characteristic clinical manifestations and an abnormal sweat chloride concentration (60 mmol per liter or higher) (18) determined by quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis according to Gibson-Cooke (19).”
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“The diagnosis of CF had been confirmed by the standard sweat electrolyte test (9).”
BackgroundSecretin pancreozymin stimulation test and confirmation of the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
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“However, an increased sweat salt content is present in CF patients at birth and the vast majority can be distinguished from controls on this basis (7, 9).”
BackgroundEvaluation of the Disease Liability of CFTR Variants
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“The CF diagnosis relied upon the detection of an iontophoretic sweat chloride level of 60 mEq/L or greater.(18,19) Only patients followed from the time of CF diagnosis were included in the study.”
MethodCystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis
Naguib, M. L., Schrijver, I., Gardner, P., et al. (2006) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004 · Cited by 32
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“The gold standard for diagnosing CF is the quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat chloride test which measures the concentration of chloride in sweat [25].”
BackgroundLundman, E., Gaup, H. J., Bakkeheim, E., Olafsdottir, E. J., Rootwelt, T., Storrøsten, O. T., & Pettersen, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2015.12.017 · Cited by 32
“Sweat tests were performed on two or more occasions by pilocarpine iontophoresis [21] using a Macroduct® collection device (Wescor, Logan, UT) with chloride measurements on a Gonotec Chloridmeter CM 20 (Gonotec, Berlin, Germany).”
MethodTransscleral Iontophoresis of Foscarnet
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“Since its introduction in 1959 by Gibson and Cooke (1959) the sweat chlorine test” has remained the “golden standard” for cysic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis.”
BackgroundUnderstanding genetic disease in a socio‐historical context: a case study of cystic fibrosis
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Assessment of pancreatic function in screened infants with cystic fibrosis
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Proposal of a CT scoring system of the paranasal sinuses in diagnosing cystic fibrosis
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CFTR p.Arg117His associated with CBAVD and other CFTR-related disorders
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“(2) Physiology and Experimental Medicine, the Research Institute and the Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada”
BackgroundInfluence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating
Main, K. M., NILSSON, K. O., & Skakkebæk, N. E. (1991) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365519109091642 · Cited by 30
Nasal Potential Difference in Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens
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“Diagnosis of the disease was established by clinical-criteria and abnormal sweat test determinations (8).”
BackgroundIontophoresis for Enhancing Penetration of Dermatologic and Antiviral Drugs
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“Sweat chloride was measured by the method of Gibson and Cooke [12].”
MethodDeterminants of Maximal Transdiaphragmatic Pressure in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
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Recent Advances in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis
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DOES THAT CHILD REALLY HAVE CYSTIC FIBROSIS?
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Altered prednisolone pharmacokinetics in patients with cystic fibrosis
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Self-citationNanoarchitectonics of point-of-care diagnostics for sweat biomarkers analysis
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“[21,22], a concentration level of chloride above 60 mmol/L indicates a CF disease.”
BackgroundRatiometric sweat secretion optical test in cystic fibrosis, carriers and healthy subjects
Bergamini, G., Tridello, G., Calcaterra, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2017.12.003 · Cited by 27
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Entering the era of highly effective modulator therapies
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Chromogenic device for cystic fibrosis precocious diagnosis: A “point of care” tool for sweat test
Matteis, V. D., Cannavale, A., Blasi, L., Quarta, A., & Gigli, G. (2015) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.080 · Cited by 29
Doorn, J., Storteboom, T. T. R., Mulder, A., de Jong, W., Rottier, B. L., & Kema, I. (2014) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563214549642 · Cited by 27
Nasal polyposis in cystic fibrosis: follow-up of children and adolescents for a 3-year period
Weber, S. A. T., Iyomasa, R. M., Corrêa, C. D. C., et al. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.09.005 · Cited by 27
Ramsey, B. W., & Welsh, M. J. (2017) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201702-0266ed · Cited by 28
Castellani, C., BENETAZZO, M. G., TAMANINI, A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.38.3.202 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Gibson, L. E., & Cooke, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1959-03-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 545-549
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1946951765
- Cited by
- 1,434
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 27.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Keywords
- cystic fibrosis, sweat test, sweat electrolytes, chloride, sodium, pilocarpine, iontophoresis
- MeSH terms
- Chlorides, Cystic Fibrosis, Electrolytes, Humans, Iontophoresis, Pilocarpine, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Sweat
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