Noninvasive Alcohol Monitoring Using a Wearable Tattoo-Based Iontophoretic-Biosensing System
Open accessAbstract
In this paper we demonstrate a wearable tattoo-based alcohol biosensing system for noninvasive alcohol monitoring in induced sweat. The skin-worn alcohol monitoring platform integrates an iontophoretic-biosensing temporary tattoo system along with flexible wireless electronics. The wearable prototype enables the transdermal delivery of the pilocarpine drug to induce sweat via iontophoresis and amperometric detection of ethanol in the generated sweat using the alcohol-oxidase enzyme and the Prussian Blue electrode transducer. The new skin-compliant biosensor displays a highly selective and sensitive response to ethanol. On-body results with human subjects show distinct differences in the current response before and after alcohol consumption, reflecting the increase of ethanol levels. The skin-worn alcohol sensor is coupled with a flexible electronics board, which controls the iontophoresis/amperometry operation and transmits data wirelessly in real time via Bluetooth communication. The new wireless epidermal iontophoretic-biosensing system offers considerable promise for noninvasive monitoring of alcohol consumption in practical settings and can be readily expanded toward the monitoring of additional analytes.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper demonstrates a wearable temporary-tattoo system that combines pilocarpine iontophoresis for sweat induction with amperometric alcohol biosensing and flexible wireless electronics for noninvasive alcohol monitoring. On-body tests showed increased current after alcohol consumption and good correlation with breathalyzer BAC in a small human study.
Key findings
- The integrated tattoo platform couples sweat-inducing iontophoresis and amperometric ethanol detection on a single skin-worn device, with flexible electronics controlling operation and transmitting data wirelessly via Bluetooth.
- In buffer, the sensor responded linearly to 0–36 mM ethanol with slope 0.362 ± 0.009 μA/mM, intercept 1.810 ± 0.170 μA, R² = 0.993 (n = 3); it showed negligible response to glucose, lactate, creatine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid, and retained response after 120 repeated 90° bends. Pilocarpine diminished PB redox peak currents by 39.7%, but a 2% agarose gel restored PB redox signals.
- On-body, three subjects consuming the same alcohol amount had BAC values of 0.022%, 0.017%, and 0.026%, converted to 6.7 mM, 5.2 mM, and 7.9 mM sweat ethanol; control experiments without drinking, without enzyme modification, and without iontophoresis showed no current difference. In repeated wine consumption, current increased linearly with BAC (slope 102 μA/BAC %, R² = 0.999) across BAC 0.000%, 0.025%, and 0.062%.
- The integrated flexible wireless device showed clear before/after alcohol current differences in two subjects and no current response in a no-drinking control.
Methods
- Screen-printed temporary-tattoo sensor with Ag/AgCl iontophoretic electrodes and Ag/AgCl reference, Prussian Blue carbon working/counter electrodes, alcohol oxidase/BSA/chitosan/agarose working electrode, and pilocarpine/sodium nitrate cryogel layers; flexible PCB used TI CC2541 BLE, LM334 current source, LMP91000 analog front end, and watch batteries.
- In vitro characterization in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 using chronoamperometry at −0.2 V for 60 s, 3 mM ethanol increments up to 36 mM, selectivity tests, bending tests, and cyclic voltammetry for pilocarpine/PB interactions.
- On-body evaluation under UCSD IRB approval with nine healthy volunteers; tattoo placed on arm, iontophoresis at 0.6 mA (0.2 mA cm⁻²) for 5 min, 5 min rest, then amperometry at −0.2 V for 150 s before and after 12 oz beer or 5 oz wine, with breathalyzer validation and control experiments.
Limitations
- The paper states that future systems require additional efforts for calibrating devices and ensuring data security and privacy safeguards, and that calibration will require “personalizing” the device to account for variability in skin permeability and sweat composition among individuals.
- Evident from the text: on-body validation involved only nine healthy volunteers and specific beverages (12 oz beer or 5 oz wine), so broader generalizability across individuals, beverages, and real-world settings is not established.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 20 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
On-body results with human subjects show distinct differences in the current response before and after alcohol consumption, reflecting an increase in ethanol levels.
“On-body results with human subjects show distinct differences in the current response before and after alcohol consumption, reflecting the increase of ethanol levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cryogel was selected as the drug sorbent based on preliminary experiments comparing it with filter paper and agarose gel because it offers a porous sponge structure, elasticity, and biocompatibility.
“Cryogel has been selected as the drug sorbent based on our preliminary experiments (compared with filter paper and agarose gel), because it offers a porous sponge structure, elasticity, and biocompatibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The coexisting compounds glucose, lactate, creatine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid have a negligible effect on the biosensor's response to 10 mM ethanol.
“These data demonstrate that the various coexisting compounds have a negligible effect upon the ethanol response (a vs b-f).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The iontophoresis process does not affect the amperometric current signal despite loss of pilocarpine and electrolyte from the hydrogel during iontophoresis.
“The data also indicates that the iontophoresis process does not affect amperometric current signal despite the loss of pilocarpine (and its electrolyte from the hydrogel) during the iontophoresis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The performance of the integrated wireless device corresponds to that observed with the lab-scale potentiostatic analyzer.
“This performance corresponds to that observed in the on-body data of Figure 3B, C involving the lab-scale potentiostatic analyzer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingreasoning
The BAC values of the three subjects correspond to estimated alcohol sweat concentrations of 6.7 mM, 5.2 mM, and 7.9 mM.
“The BAC of the above subjects can thus be converted to 6.7 mM, 5.2 mM, and 7.9 mM alcohol sweat concentrations, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After consuming the same amount of alcohol, three subjects had different BAC values of 0.022%, 0.017%, and 0.026%.
“For example, three subjects in Figure 3B have 0.022%, 0.017%, and 0.026% BAC, respectively, after consuming the same amount of alcohol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Without iontophoresis, no current signal increment is observed despite BAC up to 0.018% after alcohol ingestion.
“The last control experiments, performed without iontophoresis (Figure 3C, No IP), show no current signal increment due to the absence of induced sweat, although BAC was spiked up to 0.018% following the alcohol ingestion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Stable current for quantitation is observed approximately 30 s after the potential step in the amperometric response to ethanol.
“These additions result in welldefined amperometric response over the entire ethanol range, with convenient quantitation (stable current) observed ∼30 s after the potential step.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
None of the subjects reported perceptible discomfort during on-body measurements.
“None of the subjects reported perceptible discomfort during these on-body measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In two human subjects, the integrated wireless tattoo sensor shows a clear difference in wirelessly transmitted current response before and after alcohol consumption.
“Figure 4B displays the wirelessly transmitted current response and demonstrates a clear difference in the signals before (a) and after (b) consumption of the alcohol beverage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The sensor response toward sweat ethanol was confirmed by comparison with measurements without drinking alcoholic beverages.
“The sensor response toward sweat ethanol was confirmed first in comparison with measurements without drinking alcoholic beverages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Subjects with the same BAC values show different current signals.
“Note also the different current signals for subjects with the same BAC values”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
A wearable tattoo-based alcohol biosensing system can noninvasively monitor alcohol in induced sweat.
“In this paper we demonstrate a wearable tattoobased alcohol biosensing system for noninvasive alcohol monitoring in induced sweat.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Here we demonstrate a wearable temporary-tattoo biosensing system capable of real-time noninvasive alcohol monitoring via integration of printed and flexible iontophoretic-sensing electrodes with wireless electronics (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
BrAC can generate false alarms due to alcohol vapor associated with consumer products and environmental factors.
“BrAC can also generate false alarms due to alcohol vapor associated with consumer products (e.g., mouthwash and breath freshener), and environmental factors (e.g., paint fume, varnish, and chemicals).9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Worner T. M., 1985, Alcohol Alcohol.
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
These wearable transdermal alcohol sensor devices suffer from long time delays (0.5-2 h) compared to BAC estimated by breathalyzers.
“However, these devices suffer from long time delays (0.5-2 h) compared to BAC estimated by breathalyzers.11”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
The skin-worn alcohol monitoring platform integrates an iontophoretic-biosensing temporary tattoo system with flexible wireless electronics.
“The skin-worn alcohol monitoring platform integrates an iontophoretic-biosensing temporary tattoo system along with flexible wireless electronics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Recent work has combined iontophoresis and biosensing processes for measuring alcohol level in induced sweat based on the established correlation between blood and sweat during alcohol consumption.
“Recent work 13 has combined iontophoresis and biosensing processes for measuring alcohol level in induced sweat (sensible sweat) based on the established correlation between the two fluids during alcohol consumption.14,15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In that recent work, the maximum ethanol level in both blood and collected sweat induced by pilocarpine iontophoresis was reached at nearly the same time, compared to the time delays of common TAC sweat sensors using insensible sweat.
“Such an operation showed that the maximum ethanol level in both fluids, blood and collected sweat induced by pilocarpine iontophoresis, reached at nearly the same time, compared to the time delays of common TAC sweat sensors using insensible sweat (Giner WrisTAS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Integrating the iontophoretic and amperometric operations onto a single flexible tattoo platform obviates the need for replacing the electrodes between iontophoresis and detection steps as in prior work.
“Such integration of the iontophoretic and amperometric operations onto a single flexible tattoo platform obviates the need for replacing the electrodes between iontophoresis and detection steps as in prior work.13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The applied current density and duration were optimized and selected using on-body testing as a trade-off between efficient sweat generation and the subject's compliance.
“The applied current density and duration were optimized and selected using on-body test as a trade-off between efficient sweat generation and the subject's compliant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Combining both systems and operations into a single skin-worn platform requires a specific electrode design.
“Combining both systems and operations into a single skin-worn platform requires a specific electrode design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The observed response is solely due to increased alcohol level following drinking.
“These three different control experiments were carried out under otherwise identical conditions, ensuring that the observed response is solely due to increased alcohol level following drinking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Adding a third counter electrode to the earlier two-electrode tattoo biosensor design offers improved potentiostatic control.
“Adding the third counter electrode to our earlier two-electrode tattoo biosensor design 25 offers improved potentiostatic control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The control experiment without drinking indicates that the sensor response is caused by alcohol consumption.
“Similarly, the control experiment without drinking (Figure 3C, No drinking) indicates that the sensor response is caused by the alcohol consumption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The different current signals for subjects with the same BAC reflect different skin permeabilities and sweat compositions.
“that reflect their different skin permeabilities and sweat compositions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The effect of iontophoresis was verified by control experiments without the iontophoresis step.
“The effect of iontophoresis was verified by control experiments without the iontophoresis step.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The current output of the biosensor system corresponds to alcohol in iontophoresis-induced sweat and not to other sources including oxygen reduction interference.
“Overall, the results of the experiments described in Figure 3B and C suggests that the current output of the new biosensor system corresponds to alcohol in the iontophoresis-induced sweat and not to any other sources including interference from oxygen reduction toward PB.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The control experiment without enzyme modification demonstrates high specificity of the tattoo sensor toward sweat alcohol.
“For example, the control experiment without enzyme modification (Figure 3C, No enzyme modification) clearly demonstrates the high specificity of the tattoo sensor toward sweat alcohol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Pilocarpine can influence the electron shuttling activity of PB due to the vulnerability of PB against other positive ions in electrolytes.
“Pilocarpine is a large positively charged molecule, and the electron shuttling activity of PB can be influenced by pilocarpine due to the vulnerability of PB against other positive ions in electrolytes.32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Gibson L. E., 1959, Pediatrics source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The AOx-coated screen-printed PB transducer offers specific low-potential electrocatalytic detection of the hydrogen peroxide product of the AOx enzymatic reaction.
“The amperometric biosensing of alcohol in the generated sweat relied on an AOx-coated screen-printed PB transducer that offers specific low-potential electrocatalytic detection of the hydrogen peroxide product of the AOx enzymatic reaction.33”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The alcohol sweat concentration can be estimated from BAC through an equation.
“The alcohol sweat concentration can be estimated from BAC through the following equation: 13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The tattoo electrodes are robust against mechanical deformations expected in practical wearing situations.
“indicating the robustness of the tattoo electrodes against mechanical deformations expected in practical wearing situations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A bulky benchtop electrochemical analyzer limits the system-level attractiveness of having a thin temporary-tattoo design.
“While initial testing and characterization of the biosensor system have been carried out using benchtop equipment (CH Instruments), such a bulky electrochemical analyzer limits the system-level attractiveness of having a thin temporary-tattoo design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The high selectivity of the biosensor reflects coupling of the specific enzymatic reaction with the extremely low detection potential of the peroxide product at the PB transducer.
“Such high selectivity reflects coupling of the specific enzymatic reaction with the extremely low detection potential of the peroxide product at the PB transducer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The tattoo-based biosensor system provides reliable monitoring of alcohol consumption in real-world settings, as confirmed by control experiments.
“The tattoo-based biosensor system provides reliable monitoring of alcohol consumption in realworld settings, as confirmed using a variety of control experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The integrated flexible alcohol sensor-electronic wireless system is practical for noninvasive BAC monitoring.
“Overall, Figure 4B, C demonstrates the practicality of the skin-worn integrated flexible alcohol sensor-electronic wireless system toward noninvasive BAC monitoring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe skin-compliant biosensor displays a highly selective and sensitive response to ethanol.
“The new skin-compliant biosensor displays a highly selective and sensitive response to ethanol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFive minutes is the minimum duration to induce sweat and detect the alcohol sweat current signal, evaluated by multiple subjects (n = 9) because skin permeability varies among individuals.
“5 min is minimum duration to induce sweat and detect the alcohol sweat current signal.This was evaluated by multiple subjects (n = 9), since skin permeability varies among individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Skin permeability varies among individuals.
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenBoth the skin-worn sensor and electronic board are flexible and compatible with the nonplanarity of the epidermis and offer resistance to mechanical stress from the wearer's movement.
“sensor and electronic board are flexible and compatible with the nonplanarity of the epidermis and offer resistance to mechanical stress from the wearer's movement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn three human subjects, the tattoo alcohol biosensor shows a distinct increase in current response after alcohol consumption compared to before.
“A distinct increase of the current response is observed by comparing the signals from these three subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataControl experiments (no drinking, no enzyme modification, no iontophoresis) showed no current difference.
“None of the control experiments showed a current difference (Figure 3C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe current response increases linearly with BAC level (slope 102 μA/BAC %, R2 = 0.999), indicating good correlation between sweat ethanol level and BAC in the same subject.
“The current response increases linearly with the BAC level (slope, 102 μA/BAC %; correlation coefficient, R 2 = 0.999), indicating good correlation between the sweat ethanol level and the BAC in the same subject.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn a serial wine consumption experiment, current response increased with BAC: before drinking BAC 0.000%, after first drink BAC 0.025%, after second drink BAC 0.062%, with larger current signals.
“Following the first drink ingestion, a distinct current response was observed and the BAC turned out to be 0.025%; the BAC increased further to 0.062% after the second drinking, and also led to a larger amperometric current signal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSweat was generated at the pilocarpine-loaded iontophoresis electrode a short time after delivering the drug, causing no apparent skin irritation and burning.
“As expected, sweat was generated at the pilocarpine-loaded iontophoresis electrode a short time after delivering the drug, causing no apparent skin irritation and burning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn phosphate buffer, pilocarpine decreases PB redox peak currents by 39.7% and causes slight shifts in the peak potentials.
“These data illustrate 39.7% diminished redox peak currents of PB in phosphate buffer medium in the presence of pilocarpine, along with slight shifts in the peak potentials (a vs b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe alcohol biosensor in buffer medium exhibits a highly linear amperometric response to ethanol over 0-36 mM, with slope 0.362 ± 0.009 μA/mM, intercept 1.810 ± 0.170 μA, and R2 = 0.993 (n=3).
“The corresponding calibration plot, shown in the inset of Figure 2A, is highly linear over the entire range examined (slope, 0.362 ± 0.009 μA/mM; intercept, 1.810 ± 0.170 μA; correlation coefficient, R 2 = 0.993; n = 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe wearable prototype enables transdermal delivery of pilocarpine to induce sweat via iontophoresis and amperometric detection of ethanol in the generated sweat using alcohol oxidase and a Prussian Blue electrode transducer.
“The wearable prototype enables the transdermal delivery of the pilocarpine drug to induce sweat via iontophoresis and amperometric detection of ethanol in the generated sweat using the alcohol-oxidase enzyme and the Prussian Blue electrode transducer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe skin-worn alcohol sensor is coupled with a flexible electronics board that controls the iontophoresis/amperometry operation and transmits data wirelessly in real time via Bluetooth.
“The skin-worn alcohol sensor is coupled with a flexible electronics board, which controls the iontophoresis/amperometry operation and transmits data wirelessly in real time via Bluetooth communication.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTwo wearable transdermal alcohol sensor devices (SCRAM, Giner WrisTAS) have been developed for detecting local ethanol vapor concentration in insensible perspiration over the skin, which is not secreted by sweat glands.
“Two wearable transdermal alcohol sensor devices (SCRAM, Giner WrisTAS) have been developed for detecting local ethanol vapor concentration in insensible perspiration over the skin, which is not secreted by sweat glands.11,12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBAC can be estimated by measuring transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) because a person's perspiration can contain traces of alcohol after alcohol consumption.
“BAC can also be estimated by measuring transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC), because a person's perspiration can contain traces of alcohol after alcohol consumption.10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBrAC instruments calculate BAC by following Henry's law, but may compromise accuracy because results can be easily affected by humidity, temperature, and individual traits.
“BrAC instruments calculate BAC by following Henry's law, but may compromise accuracy since the results can be easily affected by humidity, temperature, and individual traits.7,8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationBlood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is the most commonly used indicator of alcohol intoxication.
“Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is the most commonly used indicator of alcohol intoxication.[3][4][5][6]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3][4][5][6]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe new wearable alcohol biosensor integrates pilocarpine-iontophoretic and amperometric detection systems and couples them onto a single flexible tattoo-based device.
“A novel aspect of the new wearable alcohol biosensor is the integration of pilocarpineionotphoretic and amperometric detection systems and their coupling onto a single flexible tattoo-based device.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe epidermal evaluation on human subjects was conducted in strict compliance following a protocol approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at the University of California, San Diego.
“The epidermal evaluation on human subjects was conducted in strict compliance following a protocol approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at the University of California, San Diego.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenEach set of measurement cycles was accompanied by simultaneous BAC measurements using a commercial FDA-approved breathalyzer (Alcovisor Mars Breathalyzer, Hong Kong) to validate the sensor performance.
“Each set of measurement cycles was accompanied by simultaneous BAC measurements using a commercial FDA-approved breathalyzer (Alcovisor Mars Breathalyzer, Hong Kong) to validate the sensor performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDuring iontophoresis, the cationic pilocarpine drug was delivered across the skin at the anode electrode.
“During the iontophoresis operation, the cationic pilocarpine drug was delivered across the skin at the anode electrode (Figure 1D).32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Gibson L. E., 1959, Pediatrics source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe specific electrode layout, with sweat-generating electrodes positioned in the middle of sensing electrodes, is essential for optimal integration of iontophoretic and detection systems and its skin-worn operation.
“Such a specific electrode layout is essential for an optimal integration of iontophoretic and detection systems and its skin-worn operation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThis represents the first example of integrating a drug-loaded iontophoretic operation and electrochemical amperometric biosensing of metabolite on a wearable tattoo platform, in general, and for a tattoo-based flexible epidermal alcohol sensor system, in particular.
“This represents the first example of integrating a drug-loaded iontophoretic operation and electrochemical amperometric biosensing of metabolite on a wearable tattoo platform, in general, and for tattoo-based flexible epidermal alcohol sensor system, in particular.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ice porogen of PVA gel allows high loading of pilocarpine and good permeation of sweat across the gel.
“These properties were obtained from ice porogen of PVA gel (i.e., ice crystals acting as highly porous molds under subzero temperature; they are melted away after the gel has set) which allows high loading of pilocarpine and good permeation of sweat across the gel.31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe electrochemical sensing system in that recent work was combined with a bulky nonwearable iontophoretic system and required replacement of electrodes between the iontophoresis and amperometric detection steps.
“However, the electrochemical sensing system was combined with a bulky nonwearable iontophoretic system, and required replacement of electrodes between the iontophoresis and amperometric detection steps.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe new skin-worn low-cost noninvasive alcohol monitoring device enables real-time alcohol measurements in induced sweat and obviates the need for lengthy and costly procedures.
“The new skin-worn low-cost noninvasive alcohol monitoring device enables real-time alcohol measurements in induced sweat and obviates the need for lengthy and costly procedures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe iontophoresis protocol was optimized in preliminary experiments for effective sweat generation while avoiding skin irritation.
“The iontophoresis protocol was optimized in preliminary experiments for effective sweat generation avoiding skin irritation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThree different control experiments (without drinking, without enzyme modification, and without iontophoresis) were performed under otherwise identical conditions.
“Along with the above on-body iontophoresis-sensing experiments involving alcohol consumption, three different control experiments (without drinking, without enzyme modification, and without iontophoresis) were performed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe agarose gel layer eliminates pilocarpine interference by impeding diffusion of pilocarpine to the working electrode and providing additional electrolytes to facilitate PB redox function.
“It indicates that the agarose gel layer eliminates the pilocarpine interference by impeding diffusion of pilocarpine to working electrode and providing additional electrolytes to facilitate the redox function of PB.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe concept can be applied to consumption of other alcoholic beverages, offering a broad noninvasive route to estimate BAC.
“While the concept has been demonstrated in connection to the consumption of wine and beer, it can be applied to the consumption of other alcoholic beverages offering a broad noninvasive route to estimate BAC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Blood samples cannot currently be obtained without penetrating the skin, typically via a lancet pricking a finger or earlobe, which can be painful and inconvenient and demands user compliance.
“Unfortunately, blood samples cannot currently be obtained without penetrating skin, typically via a lancet pricking a finger or earlobe, which can be painful and inconvenient, and demands user compliance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Alcohol consumed passes through the stomach and gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and then diffuses to surrounding body tissues, including the skin.
“Upon consumption, the alcohol passes through the stomach and gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream.Afterward, it diffuses to the surrounding body tissues, including the skin.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Skin permeability varies among individuals.
“This was evaluated by multiple subjects (n = 9), since skin permeability varies among individuals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Before drinking, subjects had BAC 0.000%.
“In all experiments, the tattoo biosensors were placed on the subjects' arms, and ethanol sweat measurement was performed using the iontophoresis-amperometry operation to obtain the current response at BAC 0.000% (”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human sweat contains various physiologically relevant interferences (glucose, uric acid, lactate, ascorbic acid, and creatine).
“Since human sweat contains various physiologically relevant interferences (e.g., glucose, uric acid, lactate, ascorbic acid, and creatine), it is important to examine the selectivity of the new biosensor toward the target ethanol.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Wearable applications of the tattoo alcohol biosensor require resilience against mechanical stress.
“Wearable applications of the tattoo alcohol biosensor require resilience against mechanical stress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The practical use of the new wearable alcohol biosensor requires integration with a body-compliant wireless circuit board.
“The practical use of the new wearable alcohol biosensor requires integration with a body-compliant wireless circuit board.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The concentrations of monovalent metal ions (Na+ and K+) as well as glucose and lactate were continuously monitored in a human subject while exercising with a constant load.
“The concentrations of monovalent metal ions (Na+ and K+) as well as glucose and lactate were continuously monitored in a human subject while exercising with a constant load.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
The on-body evaluation (Chemicals and Instruments; page unavailable) describes measuring ethanol in sweat before and after alcohol consumption, not monitoring Na+, K+, glucose, and lactate during exercise. Glucose and lactate appear in an in-vitro interference test (Chemicals and Instruments; page unavailable), rather than as continuously monitored concentrations in a human subject. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost wearable sweat sensors have focused on exercise, thermal, or chemically stimulated sweat produced at rates of 10's or 100's of nL min−1 cm−2 or higher.
“For this reason, most wearable sweat sensors have focused on exercise, thermal, or chemically stimulated sweat produced at rates of 10’s or 100’s of nL min−1 cm−2 or higher10–23.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The Abstract (page not available) describes this paper's wearable sensor measuring sweat chemically induced by pilocarpine, supporting one example in the claim. Our copy does not establish that most wearable sweat sensors use exercise-, heat-, or chemically stimulated sweat, or give the claimed production rates (searched for sweat rates and stimulation methods). (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost wearable sweat sensors are unable to draw low volumes of resting sweat rapidly into the device, limiting real-time assessment.
“They are unable to draw low volumes of resting sweat rapidly into the device, limiting real-time assessment.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The Abstract (page not provided) reports time delays for a common wearable transdermal alcohol sensor using insensible sweat, supporting the concern about timely assessment. It does not say that most wearable sweat sensors cannot rapidly draw small volumes of resting sweat into a device. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA wearable device that can be worn on wrists or arms has been developed for application in wireless perspiration analysis.
“A wearable device that can be worn on wrists or arms has been developed for application in wireless perspiration analysis (Figure 2d).28”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
The on-body evaluation (Chemicals and Instruments; page unavailable) says the tattoo biosensors were placed on subjects’ arms. The paper also describes wireless measurement of ethanol in induced sweat, but our copy does not establish wrist wear specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe wearable device was also utilized to determine dehydration status of a group of subjects during a prolonged outdoor running trial.
“The wearable device was also utilized to determine dehydration status of a group of subjects during a prolonged outdoor running trial.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
The Results and Discussion describe using the wearable device to measure sweat alcohol before and after subjects drank alcoholic beverages; the on-body evaluation protocol likewise describes alcohol measurements. Searches for dehydration status and outdoor running found no passage reporting such a trial in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Although the sweat concentrations of glucose, K+ ions and lactate decreased during exercise, sweat Na+ ion concentration increased.
“Although the sweat concentrations of glucose, K+ ions and lactate decreased during exercise, sweat Na+ ion concentration increased.28”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
The Chemicals and Instruments and Results and Discussion passages describe measuring ethanol in iontophoresis-induced sweat after alcohol consumption. Searches for the stated exercise-related changes in sweat glucose, potassium, lactate, and sodium found no passage addressing them. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIontophoresis is a useful method to obtain sufficient sweat when sweat amount may not meet monitoring needs.
“In such circumstances, iontophoresis, whereby sweat glands are stimulated through delivery of an agonist using a low electrical current, is an useful method to obtain sufficient sweat 60,61 .”
From A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Tattoo-based epidermal biosensors have been shown to allow real-time, non-invasive measurements of key sweat electrolytes, heavy metal, and metabolites.
“Tattoo-based epidermal biosensors have thus been shown to allow real-time, non-invasive measurements of key sweat electrolytes (pH, ammonium or sodium), heavy metal (Zn) and metabolites (lactate or ethanol) (J.K., J.W. et al.)58,70-74.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Wireless amperometry duration is reported as both 60 and 150 seconds
MajorThe electronics description says the wireless board holds the sensing potential for up to 60 seconds, but the reported on-body test of the integrated board says it measured for 150 seconds.
“The potential was held for up to 60 s, or until the resulting amperometric current, also read by the LMP91000, stabilized.”
“A BLE-enabled printed circuit board was employed for iontophoresis by applying 0.6 mA current and amperometric measurements at -0.2 V for 150 s.”
Benchtop characterization instrument has conflicting identifications
MinorThe experimental section identifies a Metrohm μAutolab instrument for buffer-medium characterization and on-body evaluation, whereas the electronics section identifies the benchtop equipment used for initial testing and characterization as CH Instruments.
“A μAutolab type III PGSTAT302N (Metrohm), controlled by Autolab NOVA software v 1.11.2, was applied for the electrochemical characterization in buffer medium and in on-body evaluation.”
“While initial testing and characterization of the biosensor system have been carried out using benchtop equipment (CH Instruments), such a bulky electrochemical analyzer limits the system-level attractiveness of having a thin temporary-tattoo design.”
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- Authors
- Kim, J., Jeerapan, I., Imani, S., Cho, T. N., Bandodkar, A., Cinti, S., Mercier, P. P., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mercier, Patrick P.
- Wang, Joseph
- Venue
- ACS Sensors
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-07-22
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1011-1019
- ISSN
- 2379-3694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2475292059
- Semantic Scholar
- e0ab1c937257b6735be48e0c56441b50ba5070aa
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 26.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- ACS Sensors (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R21EB019698)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-16-1-0013)
- Center for Wearable Sensors, University of California, San Diego
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- ethanol detection, temporary tattoos, iontophoresis, amperometric biosensor, alcohol oxidase, pilocarpine, wearable biosensors, Bluetooth data transmission, alcohol consumption monitoring
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