Cited by 1,434Cystic Fibrosis Research AdvancesPancreatitis Pathology and TreatmentSalivary Gland Disorders and Functions

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A TEST FOR CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN SWEAT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS UTILIZING PILOCARPINE BY IONTOPHORESIS

Gibson, Lewis E., Cooke, Robert E.·1959·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.23.3.545

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Abstract

A method of performing the test for chloride or sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is presented. It utilizes pilocarpine by iontophoresis and has the advantage of being both rapid and painless. Data are presented to show that the method is reliable.

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“All had characteristic features of the disease and had had at least one positive sweat test (7).”
Background
Intracutaneous Tests with Recombinant Allergens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Aspergillus Allergy
Nikolaizik, W. H., Weichel, M., Blaser, K., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.7.2109008 · Cited by 50
The effects of chronic hyperinflation, nutritional status, and posture on respiratory muscle strength in cystic fibrosis.
O'Neill, S. J., Leahy, F., Pasterkamp, H., et al. (1983) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1983.128.6.1051 · Cited by 50
Incidence in Italy, genetic heterogeneity, and segregation analysis of cystic fibrosis.
Romeo, G., Bianco, M., Devoto, M., et al. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 50
SWEAT SODIUM LEVELS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS, IN FIBROCYSTIC PATIENTS AND THEIR RELATIVES, AND IN CHRONIC BRONCHITIC PATIENTS
McKendrick, T. (1962) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)91076-0 · Cited by 50
Comparison of sweat rate during graded exercise and the local rate induced by pilocarpine
Vimieiro-Gomes, A. C., Magalhães, F. C., Amorim, F. T., Machado-Moreira, C. A., Rosa, M. S., Lima, N. R. V., & Rodrigues, L. O. C. (2005) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2005000700017 · Cited by 49
“5 mA, 60 μA cm-2, 5 min) as described by Gibson and Cooke (12) and Buono and Sjoholm (3).”
MethodInfluential
The major histocompatibility complex influences the development of chronic liver disease in male children and young adults with cystic fibrosis
Duthie, A., Doherty, D. G., Donaldson, P. T., Scott-Jupp, R. H., Tanner, M. S., Eddleston, A. W. F., & Mowat, A. P. (1995) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/0168-8278(95)80058-1 · Cited by 49
Relationship of genotype to early pulmonary function in infants with cystic fibrosis identified through neonatal screening
MOHON, R. T., Wagener, J. S., Abman, S. H., et al. (1993) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83534-6 · Cited by 49
The importance of triglyceride hydrolysis for the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide
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Sweat Sodium and Chloride Concentrations—Essential Criteria for the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis in Adults
Hall, S. K., Stableforth, D. E., & Green, A. (1990) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456329002700406 · Cited by 48
Controversies in cystic fibrosis - from pediatrician to specialist
Ribeiro, J. D., Ribeiro, M. Â. G. D. O., & Ribeiro, A. F. (2002) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.896 · Cited by 48
Iontophoresis of Tobramycin for the Treatment of Experimental Pseudomonas Keratitis in the Rabbit
Rootman, D. S., Hobden, J. A., Jantzen, J. A., et al. (1988) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130276043 · Cited by 48
Sweat Testing and Recent Advances
Gökdemi̇r, Y., & Karadag, B. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.649904 · Cited by 47
“The sample for the Gibson and Cooke QPIT is diluted because of the need for elution from the collection medium.”
MethodInfluential
Intrinsic predisposition of naïve cystic fibrosis T cells to differentiate towards a Th17 phenotype
Kushwah, R., Gagnon, S., & Sweezey, N. (2013) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-14-138 · Cited by 47
A paper-based length of stain analytical device for naked eye (readout-free) detection of cystic fibrosis
Taghizadeh-Behbahani, M., Hemmateenejad, B., Shamsipur, M., & Tavassoli, A. (2019) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.050 · Cited by 47
Lesson of the Week: Cystic fibrosis presenting as hyponatraemic heat exhaustion
Smith, H. R., Dhatt, G. S., Melia, W. M., & Dickinson, J. G. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6979.579 · Cited by 47
Studies of salt excretion in sweat
Gibson, L. E., & di Sant'Agnese, P. A. (1963) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(63)80099-2 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Pancreatic function and extended mutation analysis in ΔF508 heterozygous infants with an elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen but normal sweat electrolyte levels
Massie, J., Wilcken, B. M., Asperen, P. V., Dorney, S. F. A., Gruca, M. A., Wiley, V. C., & Gaskin, K. J. (2000) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.107162 · Cited by 48
Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Voter, K. Z., & Ren, C. L. (2008) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-008-8078-x · Cited by 44
“This observation led to the development of sweat chloride measurement (“the sweat test”) by Gibson and Cooke in 1959 as a diagnostic test for CF [5].”
Method
Variability of sweat chloride concentration in subjects with cystic fibrosis and G551D mutations
Vermeulen, F. L., Camus, C. L., Davies, J. C., Bilton, D., Milenković, D., & Boeck, K. D. (2016) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2016.02.015 · Cited by 45
Glucose biosensors for clinical and personal use
Karyakin, A. A. (2021) · Electrochemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106973 · Cited by 44
Effects of ambient ozone exposures during the spring and summer of 1994 on pulmonary function of schoolchildren
Ulmer, C., Kopp, M., Ihorst, G., Frischer, T., Förster, J., & Kuehr, J. (1997) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199705)23:5 · Cited by 13
The role of the skin in negative feedback regulation of eccrine sweating
Bullard, R. W., Banerjee, M. R., & Intyre, B. A. M. (1967) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/bf01424278 · Cited by 46
Transscleral and Transcorneal Iontophoresis of Vancomycin in Rabbit Eyes
Choi, T. B., & Lee, D. A. (1988) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.1988.4.153 · Cited by 46
“This technique has been used in several areas of medicine, for example in administering pilocarpine hydrochloride transcutaneously to test for chloride concentrations in sweat in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (2) .”
Hydrogel probe for iontophoresis drug delivery to the eye
Eljarrat‐Binstock, E., Raiskup, F., Frucht‐Pery, J., et al. (2004) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1163/156856204323005271 · Cited by 46
Effectiveness and safety of small vs. large doses of enteric coated pancreatic enzymes in reducing steatorrhea in children with cystic fibrosis: A prospective randomized study
Brady, M. S., Rickard, K. A., Yu, P., & Eigen, H. (1991) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.1950100208 · Cited by 44
AMYLOID‐RELATED SERUM PROTEIN (SAA) AS AN INDICATOR OF LUNG INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Marhaug, G. O., Permin, H., & Husby, G. (1983) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09831.x · Cited by 46
Airways disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Radoux, V., Méanard, H. A., Béagin, R., et al. (1987) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780300302 · Cited by 46
Disaccharidase deficiencies with steatorrhea
Lifshitz, F., & Holman, G. H. (1964) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(64)80314-0 · Cited by 46
Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in adults with diffuse bronchiectasis
Hubert, D., Fajac, I., Bienvenu, T., Desmazes-Dufeu, N., Ellaffi, M., DALL'AVA-SANTUCCI, J., & Dusser, D. J. (2004) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2003.12.004 · Cited by 44
Gestational and Neonatal Characteristics of Children with Cystic Fibrosis: A Cohort Study
Festini, F., Taccetti, G., Repetto, T., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.04.031 · Cited by 45
Association of β-defensin-1 gene polymorphisms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in cystic fibrosis
Tesse, R., Cardinale, F., Santostasi, T., Polizzi, A. M., Manca, A., Mappa, L., Iacoviello, G., Robertis, F. D., Logrillo, V. P., & Armenio, L. (2007) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6364440 · Cited by 45
A specific cystic fibrosis mutation (T338I) associated with the phenotype of isolated hypotonic dehydration
Leoni, G. B., Pitzalis, S., Podda, R., et al. (1995) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70310-1 · Cited by 45
A new complex allele of the CFTR gene partially explains the variable phenotype of the L997F mutation
Lucarelli, M., Narzi, L., Pierandrei, S., et al. (2010) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e3181ead634 · Cited by 45
Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Primary Defect in Cystic Fibrosis?
Dab, I., & Malfroot, A. (1988) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365528809090232 · Cited by 45
Nasal potential difference in cystic fibrosis patients presenting borderline sweat test
Delmarco, A., Pradal, U., Cabrini, G., Bonizzato, A., & Mastella, G. (1997) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.97.10051145 · Cited by 45
An electron microscopic study of eccrine sweat glands in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas
Munger, B. L., Brusilow, S. W., & Cooke, R. E. (1961) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(61)80233-3 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
A Study of Sweat Sodium and Chloride; Criteria for the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Green, A., Dodds, P., & Pennock, C. A. (1985) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456328502200212 · Cited by 45
Polyvariant mutant CFTR genes in patients with chronic pancreatitis
Arduino, C., Gallo, M., Brusco, A., Garnerone, S., Piana, M., Maggio, S., Promis, G. G., Ferrone, M., Angeli, A., & Gaia, E. (1999) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560509.x · Cited by 43
“Values of chloride concentration B60 mmol/l were considered normal (6).”
Background
Hydrogel-based colorimetric power-saving sensors for on-site detection of chloride ions and glucose in sweat
Tai, Y.-T., Wei, C., & Ko, F. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.117041 · Cited by 44
Chloride and sodium ion concentrations in saliva and sweat as a method to diagnose cystic fibrosis
Gonçalves, A. C., Marson, F. A. L., de Mendonça, R. M. H., et al. (2018) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.04.005 · Cited by 44
Negative sweat test in hypertrypsinaemic infants with cystic fibrosis carrying rare CFTR mutations
Padoan, R., Bassotti, A., Seia, M., & Corbetta, C. (2002) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-001-0910-8 · Cited by 44
“The sweat test was performed using quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis [11].”
Method
Intra-abdominal complications of cystic fibrosis
Gross, K. R., Desanto, A., Grosfeld, J. L., et al. (1985) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(85)80235-9 · Cited by 44
IMPROVED SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Phelan, P. D., Allan, J. L., Landau, L. I., et al. (1979) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1979.tb112071.x · Cited by 44
Improved pulmonary and growth outcomes in cystic fibrosis by newborn screening
Collins, M. S., Abbott, M., Wakefield, D. B., Lapin, C. D., Drapeau, G., Hopfer, S. M., Greenstein, R. M., & Cloutier, M. M. (2008) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.20842 · Cited by 42
“The sweat test was positive if the sweat chloride concentration was >60 mmol/L.(21) Individuals with a borderline result (sweat chloride concentration between 40 and 60 mmol/L) were referred for a repeat sweat test or expanded genetic testing.”
Comparison of different IRT-PAP protocols to screen newborns for cystic fibrosis in three central European populations
Sommerburg, O., Krulišová, V., Hammermann, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2013.06.003 · Cited by 43
Cystic fibrosis through a female perspective: Psychosocial issues and information concerning puberty and motherhood
Johannesson, M., Carlson, M., Brucefors, A. B., & Hjelte, L. (1998) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(97)00087-6 · Cited by 43
Relationship between sputum inflammatory markers, lung function, and lung pathology on high‐resolution computed tomography in children with cystic fibrosis
Dakin, C., Pereira, J., Henry, R. L., et al. (2002) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.10109 · Cited by 43
Methylprednisolone Delivery to the Back of the Eye using Hydrogel Iontophoresis
Eljarrat‐Binstock, E., Orucov, F., Frucht‐Pery, J., Pe’er, J., & Domb, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2007.0097 · Cited by 42
A Genotypic-Oriented View of CFTR Genetics Highlights Specific Mutational Patterns Underlying Clinical Macrocategories of Cystic Fibrosis
Lucarelli, M., Bruno, S. M., Pierandrei, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00229 · Cited by 42
Methotrexate Delivery to the Eye Using Transscleral Hydrogel Iontophoresis
Eljarrat‐Binstock, E., Domb, A. J., Orucov, F., Frucht‐Pery, J., & Pe’er, J. (2007) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713680701528674 · Cited by 42
Aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity in patients with cystic fibrosis
Mulherin, D. M., Fahy, J. V., Grant, W., et al. (1991) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/bf02961666 · Cited by 42
Controvérsias na fibrose cística: do pediatra ao especialista
Ribeiro, J. D., Ribeiro, M. Â. G. D. O., & Ribeiro, A. F. (2002) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/s0021-75572002000800008 · Cited by 42
Newborn screening methods for cystic fibrosis
Wilcken, B. M., & Wiley, V. C. (2003) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1526-0542(03)00084-8 · Cited by 42
Natural history of pancreatitis associated with cystic fibrosis gene mutations
Frulloni, L., Castellani, C., Bovo, P., et al. (2003) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00026-4 · Cited by 42
Preparation, characterization, and sterilization of hydrogel sponges for iontophoretic drug‐delivery use
Eljarrat‐Binstock, E., Bentolila, A., Kumar, N., et al. (2007) · Polymers for Advanced Technologies · doi:10.1002/pat.948 · Cited by 41
Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of iontophoresis
Sieg, A., & Wascotte, V. (2009) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611860903089750 · Cited by 41
An Enteric-Coated High-Buffered Pancrelipase Reduces Steatorrhea in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Brady, M. S., Garson, J. L., Krug, S. K., Kaul, A., Rickard, K. A., Caffrey, H., Fineberg, N. S., Balistreri, W. F., & Stevens, J. C. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.011 · Cited by 42
Diagnosing cystic fibrosis: blood, sweat, and tears
Wallis, C. (1997) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.76.2.85 · Cited by 40
Nine cystic fibrosis patients homozygous for the CFTR nonsense mutation R1162X have mild or moderate lung disease.
Gasparini, P., Borgo, G., Mastella, G., et al. (1992) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.29.8.558 · Cited by 41
The impact of newborn screening on cystic fibrosis testing in Victoria, Australia.
Balnaves, M. E., Bonacquisto, L., Francis, I., et al. (1995) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.32.7.537 · Cited by 41
Cystic fibrosis in the era of precision medicine
Paranjape, S. M., & Mogayzel, P. J. (2017) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2017.03.001 · Cited by 43
A Multicenter Study of the Effect of Solution Temperature on Nasal Potential Difference Measurements*
Boyle, M., Diener‐West, M., Milgram, L. J. H., et al. (2003) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.124.2.482 · Cited by 40
Modern iontophoresis for local drug delivery
Gangarosa, L. P. (1995) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(95)00047-m · Cited by 40
Cystic fibrosis in Saudi Arabia
Nazer, H. M., Riff, E., Sakati, N., et al. (1989) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf00444127 · Cited by 40
Newly diagnosed cystic fibrosis in middle and later life.
Hunt, B., & Geddes, D. (1985) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.40.1.23 · Cited by 40
“Karlish and Tarosky'8 made a search for cystic fibrosis in adults attending a chronic lung disease clinic and found that 11 of 33 adults previously diagnosed as having bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, or bronchiectasis had abnormally high sweat electrolyte concentrations that were consistent with cystic fibrosis and som…”
Background
Suggestion of an Abnormal Anion Exchange Mechanism in Sweat Glands of Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Quinton, P. (1982) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-198207000-00008 · Cited by 40
Intermediate-Range Sweat Chloride Concentration and Pseudomonas Bronchitis
Stern, R. C., Boat, T. F., Abramowsky, C. R., Matthews, L. W., Wood, R. E., & Doershuk, C. F. (1978) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03280520048017 · Cited by 51
Diagnostic Criteria for Cystic Fibrosis in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens
Durieu, I., Bey-Omar, F., ROLLET, J., et al. (1995) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199501000-00004 · Cited by 40
Determination of Chloride in Biological Materials
Cotlove, E. (1964) · Methods of biochemical analysis · doi:10.1002/9780470110300.ch6 · Cited by 40
Gene therapy in cystic fibrosis
Prickett, M. H., & Jain, M. (2012) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.001 · Cited by 41
In Vivo Readout of CFTR Function: Ratiometric Measurement of CFTR-Dependent Secretion by Individual, Identifiable Human Sweat Glands
Wine, J. J., Char, J. E., Chen, J., Cho, H., Dunn, C. E., Frisbee, E., Joo, N. S., Milla, C. E., Modlin, S. E., Park, I., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077114 · Cited by 39
“[4,36] and nasal potential differences [37,38], CFTR is generally not rate-limiting, making these tests insensitive to changes in CFTR function until the function approaches zero.”
Background
Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity
Madeira, L. G., da Fonseca, M. A., Fonseca, I. A. T., de Oliveira, K. P., Passos, R. L. D. F., Machado-Moreira, C. A., & Rodrigues, L. O. C. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1262-8 · Cited by 39
“…was locally induced at the proximal anterior aspect of the right and left forearms by iontophoretic administration (1.5 mA, 60 lA cm-2, 5 min; Gibson and Cooke 1959; Buono and Sjoholm 1988) of 4 mL pure water or pilocarpine hydrochloride (Galena Quı́mica and Farmacêutica, Brazil) at one of…”
MethodInfluential
The age at onset of chronicPseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in cystic fibrosis —prognostic significance
Aebi, C., Bracher, R., Liechti‐Gallati, S., et al. (1995) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf02191510 · Cited by 39
“In all patients, the diagnosis of CF was confirmed by two determinations of sweat chloride and sodium concentrations using pilocarpine iontophoresis [5].”
Method
Physiological Measurements Confirming the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis: the Sweat Test and Measurements of Transepithelial Potential Difference
Taylor, C. J., Hardcastle, J., & Southern, K. W. (2009) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2009.05.002 · Cited by 38
Hypoalbuminemia at diagnosis as a marker for severe respiratory course in infants with cystic fibrosis identified by newborn screening
Abman, S. H., Reardon, M. C., Accurso, F. J., et al. (1985) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80194-3 · Cited by 39
Molecular Biology of Cystic Fibrosis
Drumm, M. L., & Collins, F. S. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-462003-2.50006-7 · Cited by 39
Effectiveness of entertic coated pancreatic enzymes given before meals in reducing steatorrhea in children with cystic fibrosis
BRADY, M. S., Rickard, K. A., Yu, P., et al. (1992) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)00735-5 · Cited by 39
Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A sign of cystic fibrosis in young adults with chronic pulmonary disease?
Reynolds, H. Y. (1976) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.236.19.2190 · Cited by 39
Non‐classic cystic fibrosis associated with D1152H CFTR mutation
Burgel, P., Fajac, I., Hubert, D., Grenet, D., Stremler, N., Roussey, M., Siret, D., Languepin, J., Mély, L., Fanton, A., et al. (2009) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01294.x · Cited by 39
“Sweat tests were all performed using pilocarpine iontophoresis (23) in accredited centers.”
Method
The association between Staphylococcus aureus and subsequent bronchiectasis in children with cystic fibrosis
Caudri, D., Turkovic, L., Ng, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2017.12.002 · Cited by 38
“Upon detection at new-born screening or presentation of symptoms suggestive of CF, a sweat test is conducted to confirm the diagnosis [14].”
Method
Genetic and clinical features of false‐negative infants in a neonatal screening programme for cystic fibrosis
Padoan, R., Genoni, S., Moretti, E., et al. (2002) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01646.x · Cited by 38
“The diagnosis of CF was rst suspected on a clinical basis (phenotypic expression), then con rmed either by a positive chloride sweat test which was performed at least twice by the classic Gibson and Cooke method (17) and/or by molecular genetic analysis (10).”
Method
Diversity of the basic defect of homozygous CFTR mutation genotypes in humans
Stanke, F., Ballmann, M., Bronsveld, I., Dörk, T., Gallati, S., Laabs, U., Derichs, N., Ritzka, M., Posselt, H., Harms, H. K., et al. (2008) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.053561 · Cited by 38
Comparison between classic Gibson and Cooke technique and sweat conductivity test in patients with and without cystic fibrosis
Mattar, A. C. V., Gomes, E. N., Adde, F. V., et al. (2010) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1979 · Cited by 38
Meconium ileus
Ziegler, M. M. (1994) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1016/0011-3840(94)90040-x · Cited by 38
Genetic and metabolic liver disease
Thompson, R. J., Portmann, B. C., & Roberts, E. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3398-8.00004-0 · Cited by 43
Tobramycin Treatment of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections in Cystic Fibrosis
Hoff, G. E., Schiøtz, P. O., & Paulsen, J. (1974) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/inf.1974.6.issue-4.07 · Cited by 38
Iontophoretic Delivery of Nonpeptide Drugs: Formulation Optimization for Maximum Skin Permeability
Sanderson, J. E., de Riel, S., & Dixon, R. (1989) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600780504 · Cited by 38
Airway obstruction and airway wall instability in cystic fibrosis: The isolated and combined effect of theophylline and sympathomimetics
Eber, E., Oberwaldner, B., & Zach, M. S. (1988) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.1950040404 · Cited by 38
Hydrogen ion and electrolyte excretion of the single human sweat gland
Kaiser, D., Songo-Williams, R., & Drack, E. (1974) · Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00587917 · Cited by 37
“Sweat was collected from the single glands on the dorsal part of the hand or the finger: after 9ilocarpine-iontophoresis (2 ~ pilocarpine-hydrochloride, 3 mA 10 rain)[5] the hand of the subject was cleaned with alkalifree detergent, rinsed in destilled water, thoroughly dried and immersed in a paraffin-oil filled dish.”
Method
3D-printed epidermal sweat microfluidic systems with integrated microcuvettes for precise spectroscopic and fluorometric biochemical assays
Yang, D. S., Wu, Y., Kanatzidis, E. E., Avila, R. O., Zhou, M., Bai, Y., Chen, S., Sekine, Y., Kim, J., Deng, Y., et al. (2023) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d3mh00876b · Cited by 37
Abnormal electrochemical skin conductance in cystic fibrosis
Hubert, D., Brunswick, P., Calvet, J., Dusser, D. J., & Fajac, I. (2010) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2010.09.002 · Cited by 37
Extent of Rescue of F508del-CFTR Function by VX-809 and VX-770 in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Correlates with SNP rs7512462 in SLC26A9 Gene in F508del/F508del Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Kmit, A. H. P., Marson, F. A. L., Pereira, S. V.-N., Vinagre, A. M., Leite, G. S., Servidoni, M. F., Ribeiro, J. D., Ribeiro, A. F., Bertuzzo, C. S., & Amaral, M. D. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.029 · Cited by 38
The limitations of sweat electrolyte reference intervals for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: a systematic review.
Mishra, A., Greaves, R. F., & Massie, J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Identification and Characterization of CFTR Gene Mutations in Indian CF Patients
Sharma, N., Singh, M., Kaur, G., et al. (2008) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00477.x · Cited by 37
“Inclusion criteria involved: positive sweat tests (>60 mEq/L) on two occasions by the pilocarpine iontophoresis method (Gibson & Cooke, 1959); elevated immunoreactive trypsin levels (>50μg/L) in infants in whom sweat quantity collected was inadequate; typical clinical findings of persistent or…”
Method
A new method of sweat testing: the CF Quantum®sweat test
Rock, M. J., Makholm, L. M., & Eickhoff, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2014.05.001 · Cited by 36
“The original description of the sweat test was by Gibson and Cooke in 1959 [13] and this technique has not appreciably changed in the last 60 yrs.”
Safety of repeated intermittent courses of aerosolized recombinant human deoxyribonuclease in patients with cystic fibrosis
Eisenberg, J. D., Aitken, M. L., Dorkin, H. L., Harwood, I. R., Ramsey, B. W., Schidlow, D. V., Wilmott, R. W., Wohl, M. E. B., Fuchs, H. J., Christiansen, D. H., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70134-3 · Cited by 36
Spectrum of CFTR mutations in Mexican cystic fibrosis patients: identification of five novel mutations (W1098C, 846delT, P750L, 4160insGGGG and 297-1G→A)
Orozco, L., Velázquez, R., Zielenski, J., Tsui, L.-C., Chávez, M. E. Q., Lezana, J. L., Saldaña, Y., Hernández, E., & Carnevale, A. (2000) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s004390051051 · Cited by 40
Clinical application of transepithelial potential difference measurements in cystic fibrosis
Sauder, R. A., Chesrown, S. E., & Loughlin, G. M. (1987) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80453-5 · Cited by 37

Authors: Gibson, L. E., & Cooke, R. E.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 1959-03-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 545-549
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.23.3.545
OpenAlex: W1946951765
Cited by: 1,434
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 27.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Keywords: cystic fibrosis, sweat test, sweat electrolytes, chloride, sodium, pilocarpine, iontophoresis
MeSH terms: Chlorides, Cystic Fibrosis, Electrolytes, Humans, Iontophoresis, Pilocarpine, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Sweat

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A TEST FOR CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES IN SWEAT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS UTILIZING PILOCARPINE BY IONTOPHORESIS

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