Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube?
Open accessAbstract
Background: YouTube, the online video creation and sharing site, supports both video content viewing and content creation activities. For a minority of people, the time spent engaging with YouTube can be excessive and potentially problematic. Method: This study analyzed the relationship between content viewing, content creation, and YouTube addiction in a survey of 410 Indian-student YouTube users. It also examined the influence of content, social, technology, and process gratifications on user inclination toward YouTube content viewing and content creation. Results: The results demonstrated that content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing. Furthermore, social gratification was found to have a significant influence on both types of YouTube activities, whereas technology gratification did not significantly influence them. Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination. The model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good, which further validated the results of the analysis. Conclusion: The study facilitates new ways to explore user gratification in using YouTube and how the channel responds to it.
Verified 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This survey of 410 Indian student YouTube users examined how content viewing and content creation relate to YouTube addiction, and how four perceived gratifications (content, social, process, technology) influence those activities. Content creation had a stronger relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing, and social gratification significantly influenced both viewing and creation.
Key findings
- YouTube content creation inclination had a stronger positive relationship with YouTube addiction (β = 0.512, p < .001) than content viewing inclination (β = 0.319, p < .001).
- Content gratification had the highest relationship with YouTube content creation inclination (β = 0.660, p < .001), while it was not significantly related to content viewing inclination.
- Social gratification significantly influenced both content creation (β = 0.294, p < .001) and content viewing (β = 0.277, p < .001); process gratification significantly influenced content viewing (β = 0.442, p < .001) but not content creation.
- Technology gratification was not significantly related to either content creation or content viewing, and mediation analysis found content, social, and process gratifications had significant indirect effects on YouTube addiction via viewing/creation, whereas technology gratification did not.
Methods
- A survey of 410 Indian student YouTube users: 243 men (59.3%) and 167 women (40.7%); 219 undergraduates, 165 postgraduates, and 26 doctoral students. Respondents averaged 44.66 min/day on YouTube during working hours and 70.55 min/day during non-working hours.
- The questionnaire included 38 statements measuring content, social, process, and technology gratifications; YouTube content viewing and creation affinity; and YouTube addiction. The YouTube Addiction Scale (six items) was adapted from the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale by replacing “Facebook” with “YouTube.”
- Hierarchical structural equation modeling was used, with first- and second-order measurement models, maximum likelihood estimation, Baron and Kenny mediation analysis, and 2,000 bootstrap iterations; MANOVA and ANOVA examined gender and age differences.
Limitations
- The paper states the study was confined to content viewing and content creation as major YouTube addiction variables, used a non-clinical convenience Indian-student sample aged 16–34, and relied on self-report and self-selected data subject to recall and social desirability biases.
- The paper notes future research should use clinical and non-clinical samples from other countries and age ranges, examine mature age groups, explore more gratifications, and study content creation and viewing separately.
- Evident from the design: the cross-sectional survey cannot establish causal direction between gratifications, YouTube activities, and addiction, and the addiction measure was adapted from a Facebook scale rather than developed specifically for YouTube.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 21 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Social gratification had a significant influence on both YouTube content viewing and content creation.
“Furthermore, social gratification was found to have a significant influence on both types of YouTube activities”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination.
“Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing.
“The results demonstrated that content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The univariate analysis of variance explained that the factors individually were not significantly different within the categories at 95% confidence level for gender and age.
“The univariate analysis of variance also explained that the factors individually were not significantly different within the categories at 95% confidence level, YouTube addiction (gender f = 2.899, p = .089; age f = 0.798; p = .496), YouTube content creation inclination (gender f = 1.754, p = .186; age f = 0.481; p = .695), YouTube content viewing inclination (gender f = 0.150, p = .699; age f = 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The relationship between content gratification and YouTube content creation affinity was identified to have the highest coefficient (β = 0.569, p < .05).
“The relationship between content gratification and YouTube content creation affinity was identified to have highest coefficient (β = 0.569, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Of the proposed 10 hypotheses for the main structural model, six hypotheses were significantly supported.
“Of the proposed 10 hypotheses for the main structural model, six hypotheses were significantly supported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The multivariate analysis of variance results explained that there were no significant differences among the exogenous and endogenous factors within the categories at 95% confidence level for gender and age.
“The multivariate analysis of variance results explained that there were no significant differences among the exogenous and endogenous factors within the categories at 95% confidence level, gender (Wilk’s λ = .988, f = 0.701, p = .678) and age (Wilk’s λ = .931, f = 1.361, p = .127).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Social gratification was the only exogenous construct that had a significant relationship with both YouTube content creation affinity (β = 0.256, p < .05) and content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05).
“Social gratification was the only exogenous construct that had a significant relationship with both YouTube content creation affinity (β = 0.256, p < .05) and content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Technology expectations (technology gratification) had no significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity or content creation affinity.
“Surprisingly, technology expectations were found not to have a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing as well as content creation affinity.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Even so, technology failed to establish a linear pattern with YouTube affinity.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“On the other hand, it is surprising to see that technological gratifications did not significantly relate to the content inclination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingcitation
The addiction construct was highly correlated with content creation affinity compared with content viewing affinity.
“It is also surprising to see that the addiction construct was highly correlated with content creation affinity compared with content viewing affinity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social gratification was seen to have a significant relationship with content creation and content viewing affinity.
“Social gratification was seen to have significant relationship with content creation and content viewing affinity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
YouTube content viewing and content creation impose a significant indirect effect between content, social, and process gratification with YouTube addiction.
“The results indicate that YouTube content viewing and content creation impose a significant indirect effect between the content, social, and process gratification with YouTube addiction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social gratification and process gratification had a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing inclination.
“Social gratification and process gratification had a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing inclination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The results confirm the role of gratifications toward YouTube content viewing and creation affinity.
“The results confirm the role of gratifications toward YouTube content viewing and creation affinity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The mediators fail to establish an effect between technology gratification and YouTube addiction.
“However, the mediators fail to establish an effect between technology gratification and YouTube addiction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Content gratification and social gratification had a significant relationship with YouTube content creation inclination.
“As shown in Table 4, content gratification and social gratification had a significant relationship with YouTube content creation inclination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
YouTube addiction (r2 = .404), the end endogenous construct, accounted for 30% of the total variance extracted via its two immediate exogenous constructs.
“YouTube addiction (r2 = .404), the end endogenous construct accounted for 30% of the total variance extracted via its two immediate exogenous constructs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant differences among the factors within gender and age groups.
“The MANOVA and ANOVA results established that there were no significant differences among the factors within gender and age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Content, process, and social gratifications are enhanced via YouTube content viewing and content creation inclination, contributing to higher YouTube addiction scores.
“The results of the mediation analysis demonstrated that content, process, and social gratifications are well enhanced via YouTube content viewing and content creation inclination contributing to higher YouTube addiction scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The indirect effects are relatively higher for content, process, and social gratifications than the direct effects.
“but that the indirect effects are relatively higher with the aforementioned three gratifications”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The composite mean values of technology gratification were higher than average.
“The composite mean values of technology gratification were higher than average”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The gratifications have a direct effect on YouTube addiction.
“Table 6 explained that the gratifications have a direct effect on YouTube addiction”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The data are representative of both male and female YouTube users.
“The data are representative of both male and female YouTube users.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Any activity driven by passion can create addiction.
“Any activity driven by passion can create addiction (Burke & Fiksenbaum, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke & Fiksenbaum, 2009
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- Premisecitation
Pleasure obtained through communication is found to have a high correlation with Internet addiction.
“Indeed, pleasure obtained through communication is found to have high correlation with Internet addiction (Chou & Hsiao, 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chou & Hsiao, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
The mean values of the YouTube addiction scale were high enough to justify the user's perceived addiction.
“The mean values of YouTube addiction scale were high enough to justify the user’s perceived addiction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The reliability of all constructs was above 0.70.
“The reliability of all constructs was above 0.70.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Overall, the fit indices exhibited a good fit.
“Overall, the fit indices exhibited a good fit (Table 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The mediation is strong partial mediation.
“which imply strong partial mediation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
There was no disappointment in terms of technology expectations among users.
“which shows that there was no disappointment in terms of technology expectations among users”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Content is a strong instrument that enables YouTube addiction among students.
“These results imply that content is a strong instrument that enables YouTube addiction among students.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The factors are observed the same across all categories of age and gender.
“This appears to demonstrate that the factors are observed the same across all categories of age and gender.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Content viewing on YouTube is predominantly due to a hedonic expectation from users.
“Content viewing in YouTube is predominantly due to a hedonic expectation from users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 28
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataTechnology gratification did not significantly influence YouTube content viewing and content creation.
“whereas technology gratification did not significantly influence them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good.
“The model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataA total of 410 Indian students participated in the survey, of which 243 were men (59.3%) and 167 were women (40.7%).
“A total of 410 Indian students participated in a survey study, of which 243 were men (59.3%) and 167 were women (40.7%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningContent gratifications had a significant positive relationship with YouTube content creation affinity, but there was no significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity.
“In this research, it was found that content gratifications had a significant positive relationship with YouTube content creation affinity, but there was no significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTechnology gratification was found to have an insignificant relationship with both YouTube content creation and content viewing inclination.
“Technology gratification was found to have an insignificant relationship with both YouTube content creation and content viewing inclination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth content creation and viewing were found to have considerable effect on addiction, with content creation having a slightly higher coefficient of influence.
“Both content creation and viewing were found to have considerable effect on addiction, with content creation having a slightly higher coefficient of influence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe study respondents spent an average of 44.66 min daily on YouTube during working hours and 70.55 min daily on YouTube during non-working hours.
“The study respondents spent an average of 44.66 min daily on YouTube during working hours and 70.55 min daily on YouTube during non-working hours.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTechnology gratifications had no mediation or strong total effect toward YouTube addiction.
“Consequently, analysis also demonstrated that technology gratifications had no mediation or strong total effect toward YouTube addiction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningProcess gratification had a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity but not with YouTube content creation affinity.
“Process gratification was found to have a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity but not with YouTube content creation affinity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSocial media use has become a potential problematic, compulsive, and/or addictive habit for a small minority of users.
“Social media is increasingly being used for communicating, learning, and collaborating, and for a small minority has become a potential problematic, compulsive, and/or addictive habit (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kuss & Griffiths, 2017
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PremisecitationOnline addictions are primarily addictions to online content rather than to the Internet itself, and most people with online problematic behavior are addicted to the online content rather than the Internet itself.
“Griffiths (1999) noted many years ago that online addictions are primarily about addictions on the Internet rather than addiction to the Internet, and that most of those with online problematic behavior are addicted to the online content rather than the Internet itself”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Griffiths (1999)
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Interpretationown dataThe good model fit and variance extracted further validated the results of the analysis.
“which further validated the results of the analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAll four gratifications (content, social, process, and technology) are important in both YouTube content viewing and content creation and may lead to YouTube addiction.
“All these four gratifications are important in both content viewing and content creation and may lead to YouTube addiction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA structural equation modeling program is effective when the latent variables and paths are well defined, since total and direct effects are calculated separately and indirect effect and mediation can be calculated effectively.
“A structural equation modeling program is effective when the latent variables and paths are well defined, since the total and direct effects are calculated separately in the model, and the indirect effect and mediation can be calculated effectively (Preacher & Hayes, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Preacher & Hayes, 2004
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Study design and conductcitationThe factor loadings of all constructs were more than 0.6, thus satisfying the necessary condition of content validity.
“The factor loadings of all constructs were more than 0.6, thus satisfying the necessary condition of the content validity (Nunnally, 1978).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nunnally, 1978
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Study design and conductcitationThe values in the diagonal demonstrate that most cases are larger than the respective construct correlation with other factors and therefore satisfy the condition of discriminant validity to a greater extent.
“The values in the diagonal demonstrate that most cases are seen to be larger than the respective construct correlation with other factors and therefore satisfy the condition of discriminant validity to a greater extent (Sánchez-Franco & Roldán, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sánchez-Franco & Roldán, 2005
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Study design and conductcitationItems for YouTube content creation, content sharing, and addiction scales were derived from previous research.
“Items for YouTube content creation, content sharing, and addiction scales were derived from previous research (Andreassen et al., 2012; Haridakis & Hanson, 2009; Rubin, 1983).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Andreassen et al., 2012
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- cites Haridakis & Hanson, 2009
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- cites Rubin, 1983
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PremisecitationReal-life difficulties, such as introversion and difficulty in social expression, are overcome in the virtual medium of social networking, which can potentially lead to addiction.
“Real-life difficulties, such as introversion and difficulty in social expression, are overcome in the virtual medium of social networking, which can potentially lead to addiction (Ferris, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ferris, 2001
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PremisecitationPrevious literature has examined information sharing as a dependent behavior to flow and satisfaction experienced by users.
“Previous literature has examined information sharing as a dependent behavior to flow and satisfaction experienced by users (Lu, Lin, Hsiao, & Cheng, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lu, Lin, Hsiao, & Cheng, 2010
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Study design and conductown dataThe results of the first-order measurement model satisfied the requirements of convergent and discriminant validity.
“The results of the first-order measurement model satisfied the requirements of convergent and discriminant validity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationown dataThe finding that technology gratification is unrelated to YouTube content viewing and creation is a unique observation for YouTube and warrants further investigation.
“The results of technology gratification are a unique observation with reference to YouTube, which warrants further investigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThere is a potential risk of a minority of YouTube users becoming addicted to YouTube.
“In either case, there is a potential risk of a minority of users becoming addicted to YouTube.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStafford et al. (2004) proposed three gratifications (content, process, and social gratification); Liu et al. (2010) later added technology gratification to their research.
“Stafford et al. (2004) proposed three gratifications (i.e., content, process, and social gratification); Liu et al. (2010) later added technology gratification to their research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Stafford et al. (2004)
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- cites Liu et al. (2010)
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PremisecitationHaridakis and Hanson (2009) consider YouTube content creation as a "co-viewing" activity, but the assessment of "co-viewing" is more concerned with engagement and participation with family and friends.
“Haridakis and Hanson (2009) consider YouTube content creation as a “co-viewing” activity, but the assessment of “co-viewing” is more concerned with engagement and participation with family and friends.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Haridakis and Hanson (2009)
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PremisecitationCaplan and High (2010) postulate that online users compensate for their real-life disappointments through online messages and networking.
“Caplan and High (2010) postulate that online users compensate for their real-life disappointments through online messages and networking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Caplan and High (2010)
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Study design and conductown dataYouTube content creation inclination (r2 = .410) and YouTube content viewing inclination (r2 = .300) had adequate values to validate the model.
“However, YouTube content creation inclination (r2 = .410) and YouTube content viewing inclination (r2 = .300) had adequate values to validate the model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe fit indices of first-order and second-order measurement models met the ideal satisfactory values.
“The fit indices of first-order and second-order measurement models met the ideal satisfactory values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTechnology acceptance is subjective to the experience of users, user beliefs, usage pattern, usefulness, system design, trust, risk, etc.
“Technology acceptance is subjective to the experience of users, user beliefs, usage pattern, usefulness, system design, trust, risk, etc. (Davis, 1993; Pavlou, 2003; Venkatesh, 2000; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Davis, 1993
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- cites Venkatesh, 2000
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Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by the first author's university ethics committee.
“The study was approved by the first author’s university ethics committee.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationIn all cases, average variance extracted was more than 0.50, and maximum shared squared variance and average shared squared variance further validate the convergent validity requirements.
“In all cases, average variance extracted was more than 0.50, maximum shared squared variance and average shared squared variance, which further validates the convergent validity requirements (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fornell & Larcker, 1981
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InterpretationreasoningThe possibility of getting addicted is equal to, if not more, in YouTube than in the traditional television medium.
“Thus, the possibility of getting addicted is equal to, if not more, in YouTube than in the traditional television medium.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.
- Rests on an assumption: The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationContent viewing is like hedonic activity, but content creation is an informing and self-explaining activity.
“Content viewing is like hedonic activity (Olney, Holbrook, & Batra, 1991), but content creation is an informing and self-explaining activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olney, Holbrook, & Batra, 1991
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Study design and conductnone givenThe study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
“The study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough users tend to spend more time on viewing YouTube content, their involvement and passion in content creation in YouTube can lead users to addiction in a minority of cases.
“Although users tend to spend more time on viewing YouTube content, their involvement and passion in content creation in YouTube can lead users to addiction in a minority of cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was confined to content viewing and content creation as major variables of YouTube addiction.
“First, the study was confined only to content viewing and content creation as major variables of YouTube addiction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study used a non-clinical convenience sample of Indian students aged 16 to 34 years, which may limit generalizability across age, culture, and clinical perspectives.
“This study utilized a non-clinical convenience Indian-student sample with age group from 16 to 34 years, which may affect the generalizability of the study results from an age, cultural, and clinical perspective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe data were self-report and self-selected, and subject to biases such as recall and social desirability biases.
“In addition, the data were self-report and self-selected, and subject to biases (such as recall biases and social desirability biases).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataYouTube content viewing affinity is more of an entertainment and passing time activity, whereas content creation may be more than merely entertaining.
“YouTube content viewing affinity is more of an entertainment and passing time activity, whereas content creation may be more than merely entertaining”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
PremisereasoningContent creation is a passionate activity rather than a mere entertaining activity.
“As discussed earlier, content creation is a passionate activity rather than mere entertaining activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe results are consistent with past research, and there is no major deviation from past literature.
“The results are consistent with past research, and there is no major deviation from past literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
YouTube allows two major user functions: content creation and content seeking.
“YouTube allows two major user functions (i.e., content creation and content seeking).”
The paper relies on this without support.
There have been few studies that have analyzed user gratification and addiction to YouTube use.
“There have been few studies that have analyzed user gratification and addiction to YouTube use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.
“The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.
“The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is a dynamic activity that incorporates both personal satisfaction and social approval.
“Content creation is a dynamic activity that incorporates both personal satisfaction and social approval.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is an enhanced function of user engagement.
“Content creation is an enhanced function of user engagement.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.
“Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communication and content are the basics for building a social interpersonal relationship.
“Communication and content are the basics for building a social interpersonal relationship.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-documentation is dependent upon content.
“Similarly, self-documentation is dependent upon content.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Although there is no monetary reward associated with content creation, users create video content on YouTube to create and share videos exhibiting their interest and passion and comment on those that pique their interest.
“Although there is no monetary reward associated with content creation, users create video content on YouTube to create and share videos exhibiting their interest and passion and comment on those that pique their interest.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.
“Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students are the relevant sample for the study objectives.
“Although students are considered to be the relevant sample for the study objectives”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous studies investigating YouTube use from U> perspective reported motivations such as content creation and viewing, social gratification, relaxing entertainment, social interaction, and information seeking.
“Previous studies investigating YouTube use from the U> perspective have reported different motivations such as content creation and viewing, social gratification, relaxing entertainment, social interaction, and information seeking (Balakrishnan and Griffiths 2017;Haridakis and Hanson 2009;Khan 2017).”
From Uses and Gratifications of Problematic Social Media Use Among University Students: a Simultaneous Examination of the Big Five of Personality Traits, Social Media Platforms, and Social Media Use Motives (2020) · cites this paper as Balakrishnan and Griffiths 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Content-gratification coefficient disagrees with Table 5
MajorThe text gives the content-gratification-to-creation coefficient as 0.569, whereas Table 5 gives 0.660 for that relationship.
“The relationship between content gratification and YouTube content creation affinity was identified to have highest coefficient (β = 0.569, p < .05).”
“| | Content gratification | 0.660*** | | H1 – supported |”
Social-gratification coefficients disagree with Table 5
MajorThe text reports coefficients of 0.256 for content creation and 0.281 for content viewing. Table 5 reports 0.294 and 0.277, respectively.
“Social gratification was the only exogenous construct that had a significant relationship with both YouTube content creation affinity (β = 0.256, p < .05) and content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05).”
“| YouTube content creation inclination | Social gratification | 0.294*** | .410 | H3 – supported |”
Content-viewing variance is reported as both .300 and .207
MajorThe structural-model text reports r2 = .300 for YouTube content viewing inclination, but Table 5 reports .207 for the same outcome.
“YouTube content creation inclination (r2 = .410) and YouTube content viewing inclination (r2 = .300) had adequate values to validate the model.”
“| YouTube content viewing inclination | Social gratification | 0.277*** | .207 | H4 – supported |”
Self-expression √AVE disagrees with its reported AVE
MinorTable 2 reports self-expression AVE as .623, whose square root is about .789. Table 3 instead lists its √AVE as .831.
“| Self-expression | Show my personality | 3.14 (1.18) | 0.86*** | 0.817 | 0.623 (0.399, 0.234) |”
“| Self-expression (V8) | 0.569 | −0.113 | −0.020 | −0.057 | 0.368 | 0.283 | 0.500 | 0.831 |”
Process gratification's indirect effect is smaller than its direct effect
MinorThe discussion says indirect effects are higher than direct effects for content, process, and social gratifications. For process gratification, Table 6 gives an indirect effect of 0.366 and a direct effect of −0.487, which is larger in magnitude.
“the indirect effects are relatively higher with the aforementioned three gratifications, which imply strong partial mediation.”
“| Effect b | −0.413*** | −0.068ns | −0.487*** | 0.096** | 0.936*** | 0.528*** |”
Addiction variance is reported as 30% despite r2 = .404
MinorThe sentence assigns YouTube addiction an r2 of .404 but says its predictors account for 30% of the variance. An r2 of .404 represents 40.4%, not 30%.
“YouTube addiction (r2 = .404), the end endogenous construct accounted for 30% of the total variance extracted via its two immediate exogenous constructs.”
“| YouTube addiction | YouTube content creation inclination | 0.512*** | .404 | H9 – supported |”
Social-gratification viewing coefficient also differs from Table 5
MinorThe reported viewing coefficient of 0.281 differs from the 0.277 shown for the same relationship in Table 5.
“content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05)”
“| YouTube content viewing inclination | Social gratification | 0.277*** | .207 | H4 – supported |”
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- Authors
- Balakrishnan, J., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- 1 Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, India
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Mark D.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 364-377
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC5700732
- OpenAlex
- W2756435224
- Semantic Scholar
- 629959749148f00bf1de3dc53f7a04d8f50912ba
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 30.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Keywords
- social media addiction, content creation, user gratification, social gratification, online video platforms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Communication, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Social Behavior, Students, Video Recording, Multivariate Analysis, Likelihood Functions, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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