The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas
Open accessAbstract
Morphological particularities of the digestive tract are insuf iciently studied; more emphasis is put on digestive physiology.Due to the major importance of the cecum in the digestive strategy of rabbits and chinchillas, we consider appropriate a detailed and comparative anatomical description of this organ.Ten rabbits and ten chinchillas were studied using gross dissection.Following dissection, using routine anatomical techniques, the organs were photographed, measured and recorded.All phases of the study were conducted in accordance to the current regulations.In rabbits, the cecum occupies the biggest part of the abdominal cavity compared with chinchillas in which the cecum was located on the left of the median plane.Particularly, in rabbits we noticed a spiral arrangement of the cecum, between the base and body being placed the proximal loop of ascending colon and the ileum.These three anatomical segments form the ileo-ceco-colic complex, a distinct anatomical entity in rabbits.In chinchillas the cecum consists of two segments, the irst having a folded appearance and the second a tubular appearance.The ileo-ceco-colic junction in rabbits was obvious, compared to chinchillas.An ileocecal valve and another ceco-colic one which directs digesta were identi ied in both species.Compared to chinchillas, rabbits show two speci ic anatomical structures: sacculus rotundus located at the junction of the ileum with the cecum and vermiform appendix in the cecum extension.
Overview
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TL;DR
This gross anatomical study compares the cecum of rabbits and chinchillas, finding a voluminous sacculated cecum in both but major species differences in topography, internal structure, and accessory lymphoid/appendicular features. Rabbits show a spiral cecum with a vermiform appendix and sacculus rotundus, while chinchillas lack an appendix and have a two-segment cecum located left of the median plane.
Key findings
- In rabbits, the cecum occupied almost the entire ventral abdominal cavity and had a spiral shape coiled once and a half; the appendix was 10–12 cm long, and a spiral fold extended along the cecum with 20–30 turns.
- In chinchillas, the cecum was located on the left side of the median plane and consisted of two segments: a first coiled segment with sacculations and a second tubular, slightly pleated segment.
- Rabbits had a sacculus rotundus at the ileum–cecum junction and a vermiform appendix; chinchillas showed no appendix.
- Both species had an ileocecal valve and a cecocolic valve directing digesta, but the ileocecocolic junction was obvious in rabbits and not observed in chinchillas.
Methods
- Ten rabbits and ten chinchillas of varying weights and age were studied using gross dissection after euthanasia by isoflurane overdose.
- The abdominal cavity was opened, organs were observed in situ, photographed, and measured; the entire gastrointestinal tract was removed, peritoneal attachments dissected, and the length of each component measured.
- Anatomical terminology followed NAV (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria) 2012.
Limitations
- The paper does not state limitations.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (10 rabbits and 10 chinchillas) and animals varied in weight and age, with no statistical analysis reported.
- Evident from the text: the study is descriptive gross anatomy only; histology and physiology are discussed mainly by reference to other studies.
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Claims the paper makes
15 Own result · 8 No full text of the sources · 7 Own interpretation · 5 Sources not found · 4 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Morphological description of digestive system is well represented in humans and large animals, but in small animals there are a few data in scienti ic literature regarding each component (Stan, 2013;Irimescu et al., 2014).”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stan, 2013 source
The Introduction says that most studies of the digestive tract in rabbits and rodents describe it as a whole rather than defining the particularities of each segment. Results and Discussions likewise says that most publications about these animals do not describe each component individually. The supplied passages have section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites Irimescu et al., 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cecum has a spiral shape, coiled on itself once and a half.”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The chinchilla's cecum showed no appendix.”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ileo-ceco-colic junction in rabbits was obvious, compared to chinchillas.”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cecum morphology showed the same characteristic regarding the presence of a voluminous, sacullated pattern, both in rabbit and chinchilla.”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
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Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > Abstract
“An ileocecal valve and another ceco-colic one which directs digesta were identi ied in both species.”
§ Anatomical Particularities of the Cecum in Rabbits and Chinchillas > RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
“The colon exit was marked only by a conspicuous change in calibre without changing of colour, rather as a conical passage between the cecum and the proximal ascendant ansa of the colon.”
Citations
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“Keywords: anatomy, rabbit, chinchilla, cecum, digestive tract INTRODUCTION Rabbit and chinchillas are true non ruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion, so called hind gut fermentation (Holtenius and Björnhag, 1985: Davies and Davies 2003; Sakaguchi 2003).”
BackgroundComparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix
SMITH, H. F., FISHER, R. E., EVERETT, M. L., THOMAS, A. D., RANDAL BOLLINGER, R., & PARKER, W. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x · Cited by 138 · cited 2×
“The appendix in mammals is mentioned in humans, lagomorphs and some rodents sharing the same ontogenetic origin and high lymphoid concentration (Smith et al., 2009).”
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SAKAGUCHI, E. (2003) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1344-3941.2003.00124.x · Cited by 125 · cited 2×
“Keywords: anatomy, rabbit, chinchilla, cecum, digestive tract INTRODUCTION Rabbit and chinchillas are true non ruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion, so called hind gut fermentation (Holtenius and Björnhag, 1985: Davies and Davies 2003; Sakaguchi 2003).”
BackgroundPerrin, M. R., & Curtis, B. A. (1980) · South African Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1080/02541858.1980.11447680 · Cited by 101 · cited 2×
“The cecum of lagomorphs and rodents has been divided into three distinct anatomical segments: ampulla ceci (the base of the cecum), corpus ceci and apex ceci (Perrin and Curtis 1980; Snipes 1981, 1982a,b; Perez 2005, 2007, 2008).”
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LANGER, P. (2002) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00101.x · Cited by 89
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“This is in accordance with the results of another researcher (Snipes, 1978; Franz et al., 2010; Calamar et al., 2014).”
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EBINO, K. Y. (1993) · Experimental Animals · doi:10.1538/expanim1978.42.1_1 · Cited by 60 · cited 2×
“Relative to other non ruminant herbivores such as horse, the rabbits and chinchillas digestive tube has an increased development to provide the nutrient requirements and increases the ef iciency of utilization of ibrous nutrients (Ebino 1993; Boellinger 2007; Kohles 2014).”
BackgroundHoltenius, K., & Björnhag, G. (1985) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(85)90429-3 · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“Keywords: anatomy, rabbit, chinchilla, cecum, digestive tract INTRODUCTION Rabbit and chinchillas are true non ruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion, so called hind gut fermentation (Holtenius and Björnhag, 1985: Davies and Davies 2003; Sakaguchi 2003).”
BackgroundAnatomy of the cecum of the laboratory mouse and rat
Snipes, R. L. (1981) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00301871 · Cited by 51 · cited 4×
“The cecum of lagomorphs and rodents has been divided into three distinct anatomical segments: ampulla ceci (the base of the cecum), corpus ceci and apex ceci (Perrin and Curtis 1980; Snipes 1981, 1982a,b; Perez 2005, 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnatomy of the guinea-pig cecum
Spines, R. L. (1982) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00304586 · Cited by 36
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology of Select Exotic Companion Mammals
Kohles, M. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2014.01.010 · Cited by 30 · cited 2×
“Relative to other non ruminant herbivores such as horse, the rabbits and chinchillas digestive tube has an increased development to provide the nutrient requirements and increases the ef iciency of utilization of ibrous nutrients (Ebino 1993; Boellinger 2007; Kohles 2014).”
BackgroundKotzé, S. H., der Merwe, E. L. V., Bennett, N. C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10778 · Cited by 26 · cited 2×
“However, the species belonging of the Rodent and Lagomorphs have great noticeable differences in their intestinal anatomy, particularly in cecum anatomy (Snipes 1981, 1982a, 1982b,Kotze et al., 2006, 2010).”
BackgroundKotzé, S. H., der Merwe, E. L. V., & O'Riain, M. J. (2006) · Anatomia Histologia Embryologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00676.x · Cited by 25
Anatomy of the cecum of the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae)
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(2014) · doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:71:1:9495 · Cited by 17 · cited 1×
“Also, the sacculus rotundus, the last segment of the rabbit ileum that is markedly extended in the rabbit (Barrone 1997; Stan et al., 2013) is absent in chinchilla (Langer 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparative study of the stomach morphology in rabbit and chinchilla
STAN, F. (2013) · AgroLife Scientific Journal · doi:10.17930/agl2013212 · Cited by 12 · cited 1×
“Morphological description of digestive system is well represented in humans and large animals, but in small animals there are a few data in scienti ic literature regarding each component (Stan, 2013; Irimescu et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 11
Aspectos morfológicos, morfométricos e topográficos do aparelho digestório de Chinchilla lanigera
de Castro, T. F., Dummer, R. J., Rickes, E. M., et al. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science · doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26852 · Cited by 11
Effects of Prevention of Coprophagy on Pregnant Mice
Ebino, K. Y., YOSHINAGA, K., Suwa, T., et al. (1989) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim1978.38.3_245 · Cited by 11
Peritoneal Folds of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Pérez, W., Möller, R., & Martin, E. (2005) · Anatomia Histologia Embryologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00587.x · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“Perez et al., 2005 mentioned the existence of a small narrow fossa in the left sheet of the mesentery between the vermiform appendix and the distal loop of ascending colon, feature that we do not observed.”
Background(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Anatomy of the Gross Intestine of the Capybara (Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris)
Pérez, W., Senos, R., & Vázquez, N. (2012) · American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2012.92.95 · Cited by 7
Sadeghinezhad, J., Tootian, Z., Akbari, G. H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022012000200027 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“Regarding the muscular tenia which were mentioned in the nutria (Perez, 2008), persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) (Sadeghinezhad et al., 2012), guinea pig (Cavia porecellus) (Quesenberry, and Carpenter, 2012) in the rabbit and chinchilla we describe only a conjunctive structure (axis), which being…”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- NAV, 2012,International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature, Fifth Edition (revised version), (ICVGAN).
Cited by
Gugołek, A., Strychalski, J., Juśkiewicz, J., et al. (2019) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.19-0072 · Cited by 9
“Similarly to rabbits, chinchillas are true non-ruminant herbivores with a specific digestion pattern referred to as large bowel fermentation [29, 31].”
BackgroundJekl, V., Piskovská, A., Drnkova, I., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.779517 · Cited by 7
Macroscopical and Histological Aspects of the Cerebellum in Chinchillas
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Feng, Y., Shi, H., & Gun, S. (2020) · Animal Bioscience · doi:10.5713/ajas.20.0540 · Cited by 5
“Rabbits are true nonruminant herbivores with a particular type of digestion called cecum fermentation [26].”
BackgroundThe impact of dietary neem leaf on the growth and biochemical traits of rabbits
Ali, A. H. H., Adawy, A. M. G., Ismaiel, Z., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06905-x · Cited by 2
“This could explain the reduction in live weight, carcass weight and abdominal fat weight because the cecum is very important in the digestion of feed to highly nutritive elements in rabbits 28 .”
Metadata
- Authors
- STAN, F. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca (RO)
- Corresponding author
- STAN, Florin Gheorghe
- Venue
- Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine
- Published
- 2014-11-28
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1843-5270 (ISSN-L)
- 1843-5378
- OpenAlex
- W2023701267
- Semantic Scholar
- 01c1bf24c99b0b197ce655b8b0fae22acbbf1fb4
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Rabbits: Nutrition, Reproduction, Health
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
- Keywords
- cecum, rabbits, chinchilla, ileocecal junction, ileocecal valve, appendix, cecal morphology, comparative anatomy, hindgut
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