Müller Glia in Retinal Innate Immunity: A Perspective on Their Roles in Endophthalmitis
Open accessAbstract
Muller cells are the predominant glial cell type in the retina and have a unique anatomy, with processes that span the entire retinal thickness. Although extensive morphological and physiological studies of Muller glia have been performed, much less is known about their role in retinal innate immunity, specifically in infectious endophthalmitis. They were found to express toll-like receptors (TLRs), a major family of pattern recognition receptors that mediate innate responses and provide an important mechanism by which Muller glia are able to sense both pathogen- and host-derived ligands in the vitreous and the retina. An increasing body of evidence suggests that TLR-signaling mediates beneficial effects in the retina via production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, and neuroprotective growth factors to restore tissue homeostasis. In this review, we discussed retinal innate immunity in general with emphasis on the role of Muller glia in initiating retinal innate defense.
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Microglial cells are assisted by the complement system, a few resident macrophages and other retinal cells that perform immune surveillance and can act as antigen-presenting cells.
“Microglial cells are assisted by the complement system, a few resident macrophages and other retinal cells that perform immune surveillance and can act as APCs: Müller glia, astrocytes, or RPE cells [25,26].”
From Risk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [70]Shamsuddin N Kumar A TLR2 mediates the innate response of retinal Muller glia to Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 2011 186 7089 7097 21602496 PMC3110513
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Risk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy
Varin, J., Morival, C., Maillard, N., Adjali, O., & Cronin, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222312818 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kumar, A., Pandey, R. K., Miller, L. J., Singh, P. K., & Kanwar, M.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Ashok
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Immunology
- Publisher
- Begell House
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-135
- ISSN
- 0197-3355 (ISSN-L)
- 1040-8401
- PMC
- PMC3697845
- OpenAlex
- W2054162710
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY019888)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- Müller cells, infectious endophthalmitis, Toll-like receptors, pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor signaling, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, retinal homeostasis, vitreous humor
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Neuroglia, Endophthalmitis, Retina, Inflammation Mediators, Toll-Like Receptors, Host-Pathogen Interactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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