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Cited by 527

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition

Open access
Kaaks, R, Rinaldi, S, Key, T J, Berrino, F, Peeters, P H M, Biessy, C, Dossus, L, Lukanova, A, Bingham, S, Khaw, K-T, Allen, N E, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H B, van Gils, C H, Grobbee, D, Boeing, H, Lahmann, P H, Nagel, G, Chang-Claude, J, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Fournier, A, Thiébaut, A, González, C A, Quirós, J R, Tormo, M-J, Ardanaz, E, Amiano, P, Krogh, V, Palli, D, Panico, S, Tumino, R, Vineis, P, Trichopoulou, A, Kalapothaki, V, Trichopoulos, D, Ferrari, P, Norat, T, Saracci, R, Riboli, E·2005·Endocrine-Related Cancer
DOI 10.1677/erc.1.01038
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Abstract

Considerable experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that elevated endogenous sex steroids — notably androgens and oestrogens — promote breast tumour development. In spite of this evidence, postmenopausal androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or testosterone has been advocated for the prevention of osteoporosis and improved sexual well-being. We have conducted a case–control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Levels of DHEA sulphate (DHEAS), (Δ4-androstenedione), testosterone, oestrone, oestradiol and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in prediagnostic serum samples of 677 postmenopausal women who subsequently developed breast cancer and 1309 matched control subjects. Levels of free testosterone and free oestradiol were calculated from absolute concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and SHBG. Logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risks of breast cancer by quintiles of hormone concentrations. For all sex steroids –the androgens as well as the oestrogens – elevated serum levels were positively associated with breast cancer risk, while SHBG levels were inversely related to risk. For the androgens, relative risk estimates (95% confidence intervals) between the top and bottom quintiles of the exposure distribution were: DHEAS 1.69 (1.23–2.33), androstenedione 1.94 (1.40–2.69), testosterone 1.85 (1.33–2.57) and free testosterone 2.50 (1.76–3.55). For the oestrogens, relative risk estimates were: oestrone 2.07 (1.42–3.02), oestradiol 2.28 (1.61–3.23) and free oestradiol (odds ratios 2.13 (1.52–2.98)). Adjustments for body mass index or other potential confounding factors did not substantially alter any of these relative risk estimates. Our results have shown that, among postmenopausal women, not only elevated serum oestrogens but also serum androgens are associated with increased breast cancer risk. Since DHEAS and androstenedione are largely of adrenal origin in postmenopausal women, our results indicated that elevated adrenal androgen synthesis is a risk factor for breast cancer. The results from this study caution against the use of DHEA(S), or other androgens, for postmenopausal androgen replacement therapy.

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Authors
Kaaks, R., Rinaldi, S., Key, T. J., Berrino, F., Peeters, P. H. M., Biessy, C., Dossus, L., Lukanova, A., Bingham, S., Khaw, K.-T., Allen, N. E., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., van Gils, C. H., Grobbee, D., Boeing, H., Lahmann, P. H., Nagel, G., Chang-Claude, J., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Fournier, A., Thiébaut, A., González, C. A., Quirós, J. R., Tormo, M.-J., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Krogh, V, Palli, D., Panico, S., Tumino, R., Vineis, P., Trichopoulou, A., Kalapothaki, V, Trichopoulos, D., Ferrari, P., Norat, T., Saracci, R., & Riboli, E.
Venue
Endocrine-Related Cancer
Publisher
Bioscientifica
Published
2005-12
Volume
12
Issue
4
Pages
1071-1082
ISSN
  • 1351-0088 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-6821
DOI
10.1677/erc.1.01038
OpenAlex
W2119237938
Cited by
527
References
3
FWCI
13.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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