Finding Vanished Routes: Applying a Multi-modelling Approach on Lost Route and Path Networks in the Veluwe Region, the Netherlands

It may state two separate claims as one.

The extracted hollow ways can be divided into two main groups: a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine, and a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part of the study area.

“Looking at the directionality of the extracted hollow ways, they can be divided into two main groups: 1) a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine; 2) a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part of the study area.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For each of the comparison datasets a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development.

“For each of the comparison datasets a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development (Table 4).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agreement results for the LCP model were lower compared to the NFM but did show the necessity of incorporating multiple landscape variables when calculating individual LCP routes.

“Agreement results for the LCP model were lower compared to the NFM but did show the necessity of incorporating multiple landscape variables when calculating individual LCP routes, i.e. different sections within one route can have different forcing factors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the entire NFM 66.9% of the grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).

“it should be noted that in the entire NFM 66.9% of the grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The more traditional LCP model was especially successful in determining different forcing factors behind route development, but agreement results with comparison data on route network are generally low.

“The more traditional LCP model was especially successful in determining different forcing factors behind route development, but agreement results with comparison data on route network are generally low.”

• Also stated in: § 8. Conclusion · plain

  “The more traditional LCP model was especially successful in determining different forcing factors behind route development, but agreement results with comparison data on route network are generally low.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “The more traditional LCP model was especially successful in determining different forcing factors behind route development, but agreement results with comparison data on route network are generally low.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The overlap between high NFM accessibility and the location of ALS-extracted hollow ways is 99.0%, and with AD 1600 routes is 81.8%.

“The high percentage of overlap between high NFM accessibility and the location of ALS-extracted hollow ways and AD 1600 routes, 99.0% and 81.8% respectively (Table 4), point towards a strong link between route networks and (combined) landscape setting.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay) in these parts.

“The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, which is probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay) in these parts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

It is possible to increase the grid-cell resolution of a NFM to 100 × 100 m, but much is to be gained by increasing the resolution of geoscientific and cultural input data.

“This study shows that it is possible to increase the grid-cell resolution of a NFM to 100 × 100 m, but that much is to be gained by increasing the resolution of geoscientific and cultural input data.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “This study shows that it is possible to increase the grid-cell resolution of a NFM to 100 × 100 m, but that much is to be gained by increasing the resolution of geoscientific and cultural input data.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The lowest agreement of the TMK-1850 routes with well-accessible areas was 76.8%, while in the entire NFM 66.9% of grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).

“Although the lowest agreement of the TMK-1850 routes, being still quite high at 76.8%, ran through well-accessible areas, it should be noted that in the entire NFM 66.9% of the grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

53.0% of the extracted hollow ways correspond with routes shown on the TMK 1850, which suggests that local hollow ways are better preserved than long-distance ones.

“This is supported by the fact that 53.0% of the extracted hollow ways correspond with routes shown on the TMK 1850, which suggests that local hollow ways are better preserved than long-distance ones.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In contrast to the central part, the eastern and southern parts of the research area, where the rivers Rhine and IJssel and their floodplains constituted clear obstacles, were less accessible.

“This is in contrast to the eastern and southern parts, where the rivers Rhine and IJssel (and their floodplains) constituted clear obstacles.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For each of the comparison datasets, a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development.

“For each of the comparison datasets a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For each comparison dataset, a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development.

“For each of the comparison datasets a convincing agreement between local accessibility and the occurrence of routes can be identified, showing that a combined landscape setting clearly influences route-network development (Table 4).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the entire NFM, 66.9% of the grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).

“in the entire NFM 66.9% of the grid cells reflect well-accessible areas (n = 167,494).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agreement between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 route network is much higher, but still only 29.2%.

“Agreement between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 route network is much higher, but still only 29.2%”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The extracted hollow ways can be divided into two main groups: a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine, and a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part.

“Looking at the directionality of the extracted hollow ways, they can be divided into two main groups: 1) a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine; 2) a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part of the study area.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Both the NFM and the LCP model applied in this paper successfully modelled parts of the route networks around AD 1500.

“Both the NFM and LCP model we have applied in this paper successfully modelled parts of the route networks around AD 1500.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay).

“The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, which is probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay) in these parts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Comparison results are best with the TMK 1850, showing that 40.0% of the routes on this map correspond with the calculated NFM-route zones.

“Comparison results are best with the TMK 1850, showing that 40.0% of the routes on this map correspond with the calculated NFM-route zones.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agreement results for the LCP model were lower than for the NFM but showed the necessity of incorporating multiple landscape variables when calculating individual LCP routes, since different sections within one route can have different forcing factors.

“Agreement results for the LCP model were lower compared to the NFM but did show the necessity of incorporating multiple landscape variables when calculating individual LCP routes, i.e. different sections within one route can have different forcing factors.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Not all AD 1600 routes connect settlements, reflecting the fragmentary state of the AD 1600 route network.

“In this section, for example, it is clearly visible that not all AD 1600 routes connect settlements, reflecting the fragmentary state of AD 1600 route network.”

• Also stated in: § References · boosted

  “it is clearly visible that not all AD 1600 routes connect settlements, reflecting the fragmentary state of AD 1600 route network.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The AD 1600 road map by Horsten (2005) reliably represents the AD 1600 route network, so discrepancies with it indicate omissions in that dataset.

It may state two separate claims as one.

32.8% of the TMK 1850 routes correspond with the LCP routes, the highest agreement of the comparison datasets.

“agreement with the TMK 1850 is (not surprisingly) the highest: 32.8%”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agreement results with comparison datasets are highest for the NFM, which shows great potential in reconstructing past local accessibility and thoroughfares based on integrating multiple datasets.

“Agreement results with comparison datasets are highest for the NFM, which shows great potential in reconstructing past local accessibility and thoroughfares based on integrating multiple datasets.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, which is probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay) in these parts.

“The western and eastern parts of the study area show limited signs of hollow ways, which is probably due to different soil conditions (mainly peat and clay) in these parts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The extracted hollow ways divide into two main groups by directionality: a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine, and a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part of the study area.

“Looking at the directionality of the extracted hollow ways, they can be divided into two main groups: 1) a high number of west-east connections crossing the push moraine; 2) a lower number of north-south connections descending from the push moraine to the coastal plane, especially in the northern part of the study area.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

8.9% of the AD 1600 route network corresponds with the LCP routes, slightly more than with the ALS-extracted hollow ways.

“The agreement between the LCP routes and the AD 1600 network is slightly higher than with the ALS-extracted hollow ways: 8.9%”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively.

“The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

29.2% of the AD 1600 route network corresponds with the calculated NFM-route zones (100 m wide).

“Agreement with the AD 1600 network is notably higher: 29.2%”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Both the NFM and LCP model applied in this paper successfully modelled parts of the route networks around AD 1500.

“Both the NFM and LCP model we have applied in this paper successfully modelled parts of the route networks around AD 1500.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Hollow ways were primarily extracted for the sandy regions, with the exception of the sand-blown areas where past roads and paths are probably covered.

“Primarily these could be extracted for the sandy regions, with the exception of the sand-blown areas where past roads and paths probably are covered.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In dynamic lowlands relief probably was not a decisive factor for route orientation.

“Van Lanen et al. (2015a, 2015b) suggest that in dynamic lowlands relief probably was not a decisive factor for route orientation”

• cites Van Lanen et al. (2015a, 2015b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Many spatial and predictive modelling studies in archaeology are primarily theoretical exercises and have produced few results or limited impact.

“Many of these primarily are theoretical exercises of exploring (technological) possibilities (e.g. Van Leusen et al., 2005; Jiang and Eastman, 2000; Murietta-Flores, 2010). Moreover, many of these studies generally have produced few results or have had relatively limited impact (e.g. Gietl et al., 2008; Verhagen, 2013; Polla and Verhagen, 2014).”

• cites Gietl et al., 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Verhagen, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Polla and Verhagen, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Although the study area in general is well accessible, routes appear to have mainly run along the borders and not through its central part.

“Although the study area in general is well accessible, routes appear to have mainly run along the borders and not through its central part.”

• Also stated in: § 8. Conclusion · hedged

  “Although the study area in general is well accessible, routes appear to have mainly run along the borders and not through its central part.”

• Also stated in: § References · hedged

  “Although the study area in general is well accessible, routes appear to have mainly run along the borders and not through its central part.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The low overlap between ALS-extracted hollow ways and NFM-route zones might be explained by hollow ways reflecting a different chronological time frame or a different type of connection (i.e. more local paths within the network).

“This might be explained by the fact that hollow ways reflect a different chronological time frame or a different type of connection (i.e. more local paths within the network).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM calculates potential movement corridors for probable routes based on multiple geoscientific variables but does not predict routes or paths; it allows integration of large-scale archaeological data and calculation of supraregional route zones.

“Although the NFM calculates potential movement corridors for probable routes based on multiple geoscientific variables, in itself it does not predict routes or paths. The NFM however does allow for the integration of large-scale archaeological data and the calculation of supraregional route zones (Van Lanen et al., 2015b).”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The relatively minor overlap between LCP routes and the AD 1600 network is best explained by Horsten (2005) not reconstructing the complete route network and only focusing on the most important connections.

“This still relatively minor overlap is best explained by the fact that Horsten (2005) in his overview did not reconstruct the complete route network and only focussed on the most important connections.”

• Also stated in: § 6.2. Validating the LCP model · plain

  “This still relatively minor overlap is best explained by the fact that Horsten (2005) in his overview did not reconstruct the complete route network and only focussed on the most important connections.”

• cites Horsten (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Horsten, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Both modelling approaches show potential for route-network modelling on the Veluwe and could be further integrated in the future.

“Both modelling approaches show potential for route-network modelling on the Veluwe and could be further integrated in the future.”

• Also stated in: § References · hedged

  “Both modelling approaches show potential for route-network modelling on the Veluwe and could be further integrated in the future.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The relative high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. the hollow ways that still remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect the well-accessible movement corridors.

“The relative high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. the hollow ways that still remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect the well-accessible movement corridors.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Part of the ALS-extracted hollow ways could reflect preceding or postdating time frames because the NFM was designed for AD 1500 while the ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively.

“Second, the NFM specifically was designed to reconstruct route zones around AD 1500. The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively. Therefore part of the ALS-extracted hollow ways could actually reflect preceding or postdating time frames.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: ALS data is only useful for locations where features of these routes and paths are still preserved in the landscape, and preservation strongly depends on geomorphological stability and cultural conditions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the western, lower parts the presence of peat and clay must have limited route options, resulting in few and narrow movement corridors.

“In the western, lower parts the presence of peat and clay must have limited route options, resulting in few and narrow movement corridors.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM fails to reconstruct the thoroughfare reconstructed by Horsten (2005) running on top of the largest push moraine, which is best explained by more complex cultural variables (e.g. socio-economic) behind the route.

“Here the NFM fails to reconstruct the thoroughfare reconstructed by Horsten (2005) running on top of this moraine, which is best explained by more complex cultural variables (e.g. socio-economic) behind the”

• cites Horsten (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM models' outcome was validated against archaeological data on infrastructure and isolated finds and obtained good results.

“The models’ outcome was validated against archaeological data on infrastructure and isolated finds and obtained good results.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “The models’ outcome was validated against archaeological data on infrastructure and isolated finds and obtained good results.”

• cites Van Lanen et al. (2015b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

There is not one factor dominating route orientation in the Veluwe and each LCP route should be investigated individually.

“Consequently there is not one factor dominating route orientation in the Veluwe and each LCP route actually should be investigated individually.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The general results point towards the necessity of integrating the two applied methods, since a combination of these models best reflects the multiscale variability within regional route networks.

“However, the general results point towards the necessity of integrating the two applied methods, since a combination of these models best reflects the multiscale variability within regional route networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Other cost factors such as river crossings and different types of transport (e.g. by foot or carriage) were relatively important in the formation of past routes.

“Other studies point at the relative importance of other cost factors such as river crossings and different types of transport (e.g. by foot or carriage) in the formation of these past routes (Herzog, 2013).”

• cites Herzog, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Present-day settlement data can be used to recreate 16th-century habitation and to determine route-network persistence.

“Therefore present-day data can be used to recreate 16th-century habitation and to determine route-network persistence (Van Lanen et al., 2016).”

• Also stated in: § 3.4. Settlement data · plain

  “Therefore present-day data can be used to recreate 16th-century habitation and to determine route-network persistence (Van Lanen et al., 2016).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Therefore present-day data can be used to recreate 16th-century habitation and to determine route-network persistence”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Route zones are spatially more dynamic than roads, but in orientation they are very similar.

“As such, these route zones are spatially more dynamic than roads (which are much more fixed features connecting two places), but in orientation they are very similar (Van Lanen et al., 2016).”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Slope generally has not been the single decisive factor in past movement through the landscape.

“However, slope generally has not been the single decisive factor in past movement through the landscape (Howey, 2011).”

• Also stated in: § 2. Route networks and GIS modelling · plain

  “However, slope generally has not been the single decisive factor in past movement through the landscape (Howey, 2011).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “However, slope generally has not been the single decisive factor in past movement through the landscape”

• cites Howey, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Van Lanen et al. (2015a, 2015b) developed a new method for reconstructing large-scale (supraregional) route networks in the past.

“Van Lanen et al. (2015a, 2015b) developed a new method for reconstructing large-scale (supraregional) route networks in the past.”

• cites Van Lanen et al. (2015a, 2015b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Despite the low overlap percentage between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network, many parts do line up, and increasing route-zone widths would probably lead to much higher agreements.

“Figure 8, however, shows that despite the low overlap percentage between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network, many parts do line up, and increasing route-zone widths would probably lead to much higher agreements.”

• Also stated in: § References · hedged

  “despite the low overlap percentage between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network, many parts do line up, and increasing route-zone widths would probably lead to much higher agreements.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.

Most towns in the current Netherlands date back to before AD 1300.

“Rutte and IJsselstijn (2014) claim that most towns in the current Netherlands date back to before AD 1300.”

• Also stated in: § 3.4. Settlement data · plain

  “Rutte and IJsselstijn (2014) claim that most towns in the current Netherlands date back to before AD 1300.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “claim that most towns in the current Netherlands date back to before AD 1300.”

• cites Rutte and IJsselstijn (2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rutte and IJsselstijn, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM does not predict the location of individual hollow ways but does calculate regions where remnants of these landscape features can be expected.

“Although the NFM does not predict the location of individual hollow ways it does calculate regions where remnants of these landscape features can be expected.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Because regional and micro-regional route networks are characterized by multi-scale variability, studying these spatial structures requires a more integrated multi-proxy approach.

“Because regional and micro-regional route networks are characterized by multi-scale variability, i.e. supraregional, regional and micro-regional connections are all entwined, studying these spatial structures requires a more integrated multi-proxy approach.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Because regional and micro-regional route networks are characterized by multi-scale variability, i.e. supraregional, regional and micro-regional connections are all entwined, studying these spatial structures requires a more integrated multi-proxy approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Non-environmental factors probably greatly influenced past route-network development.

“which probably greatly influenced past route-network development (Bell and Lock, 2000; Llobera, 2000; Van Lanen et al., 2015b).”

• cites Bell and Lock, 2000; Llobera, 2000; Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Van Lanen et al. (2015a) developed a network-friction model (NFM) in order to reconstruct Roman and early-medieval route networks.

“Recently Van Lanen et al. (2015a) developed a network-friction model (NFM) in order to reconstruct Roman and early-medieval route networks.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “developed a network-friction model (NFM) in order to reconstruct Roman and early-medieval route networks.”

• cites Van Lanen et al. (2015a)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A new method for reconstructing large-scale (supraregional) route networks in the past has been developed.

“developed a new method for reconstructing large-scale (supraregional) route networks in the past.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

To the south and east accessibility was bound by the rivers Rhine and IJssel and to the north by the sea (Zuiderzee).

“To the south and east accessibility was bound by the rivers Rhine and IJssel and to the north by the sea (Zuiderzee).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The relative high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. hollow ways that remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect well-accessible movement corridors.

“The relative high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. the hollow ways that still remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect the well-accessible movement corridors.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

No detailed old maps are available dating before AD 1600, and after AD 1848 railway networks substituted many thoroughfares.

“Horsten (2005) choose these intervals since no detailed old maps are available dating before AD 1600, and after AD 1848 railway networks substituted many of these thoroughfares (Horsten, 2005).”

• cites Horsten, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The current NFM-route zones lack a differentiation between different types of routes (e.g. route hierarchy).

“Fourth, the current NFM-route zones currently lack a differentiation between different types of routes (e.g. route hierarchy); adding such detailed (historical) data to the model would probably benefit modelling results further.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The applicability and usefulness of the Veluwe NFM and LCP models were determined by comparing modelling outcomes with several other datasets on route networks (TMK 1850, AD 1600 route network, ALS-extracted hollow ways).

“In order to determine the applicability and usefulness of the Veluwe NFM and LCP models we compared the modelling outcomes with several other datasets on route networks in our study area.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The TMK 1850 is the oldest nationwide map of the Netherlands on a 1:50,000 scale, compiled for military purposes, and provides a high-resolution overview of the mid-19th-century landscape.

“The TMK 1850 first appeared between 1850 and 1864 (Van der Linden, 1973). The map constitutes the oldest nationwide map of the Netherlands on a 1:50,000 scale and was compiled for military purposes. Through thematic colouring the TMK 1850 provides a high-resolution overview of the mid-19th-century landscape.”

• cites Van der Linden, 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The openness visualization was chosen because other techniques are less suited for extraction purposes.

“Although some visualization techniques might provide better results for the reconstruction of microrelief in flat areas (Hesse, 2016), we chose for openness because other techniques are less suited for extraction purposes.”

• cites Hesse, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The overlap percentage between NFM-route zones and comparison routes reflects a minimum amount of corresponding routes, and actual overlap percentages might be higher.

“the overlap percentage reflects a minimum amount of corresponding routes and actual overlap percentages might be higher.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The LCP model allows calculation of routes and determination of the relative influence of specific landscape factors on route-network development.

“Therefore, the LCP model allows us to calculate routes and to determine the relative influence of specific landscape factors on route-network development.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “the LCP model allows us to calculate routes and to determine the relative influence of specific landscape factors on route-network development.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Route zones are spatially more dynamic than roads but in orientation they are very similar.

“As such, these route zones are spatially more dynamic than roads (which are much more fixed features connecting two places), but in orientation they are very similar (Van Lanen et al., 2016).”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

NFM-route zones were designed to reconstruct large-scale connection transport zones and not to model routes on a detailed regional scale.

“Second, NFM-route zones were designed to reconstruct large-scale connection transport zones (Section 2). The method was not designed to model routes on a detailed regional scale, which would require a more dense network with multiple connections between nodes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The geomorphological dataset contains information on individual geomorphological units and on relief, genesis and ages of landscape elements on a 1:50,000 scale.

“The dataset not only contains information on the individual geomorphological units, but also on relief, genesis and ages of the landscape elements on a 1:50,000 scale.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The palaeogeographical reconstructions by Vos et al. describe the genesis of the Dutch landscape over the last 11,000 years.

“describe the genesis of the Dutch landscape over the last 11,000 years.”

• cites Vos et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vos and De Vries, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vos, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Because the NFM is an accumulative model with a potentially endless number of input datasets, it is flexible and especially accurate in reconstructing past accessibility based on landscape prerequisites.

“Since the NFM is an accumulative model the number of input datasets can be potentially endless, making the model flexible and especially accurate in reconstructing past accessibility based on landscape prerequisites.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The usefulness of the two modelling approaches for reconstructing past route networks was assessed by comparing the reconstructions to the few existing spatial overviews of historical-route networks in the region and to hollow ways extracted from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data.

“The usefulness of these approaches for reconstructing past route networks and the general added value of these approaches was assessed by comparing the reconstructions to the few existing spatial overviews of historical-route networks in this region and hollow ways extracted from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The minor overlap between NFM-route zones and ALS-extracted hollow ways might be explained by hollow ways reflecting a different chronological time frame or a different type of connection (i.e. more local paths within the network).

“This might be explained by the fact that hollow ways reflect a different chronological time frame or a different type of connection (i.e. more local paths within the network).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The NFM was specifically designed to model landscape prerequisites for Roman and early-medieval route zones in dynamic lowlands where relief is often not a decisive factor for route or path orientation.

“This model was specifically designed to model landscape prerequisites for Roman and early-medieval route zones in dynamic lowlands where relief is often not a decisive factor for route or path orientation.”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The soil map of the Netherlands provides an overview of all current soil types (up to a depth of 1.20 metres) and contains data on average groundwater levels between 1958 and 1999.

“It provides an overview of all current soil types (up to a depth of 1.20 metres) in the Netherlands (Steur and Heijink, 1991; De Vries et al., 2003). Additionally, the datasets also contain data on the average groundwater levels between 1958 and 1999 (De Vries et al., 2003; Van de Gaast et al., 2010).”

• cites Steur and Heijink, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites De Vries et al., 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van de Gaast et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Both the NFM and the ALS-extracted hollow ways only reflect remnants of the old route networks.

“Third, both the NFM and the ALS-extracted hollow ways only reflect remnants of the old route networks.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “both the NFM and the ALS-extracted hollow ways only reflect remnants of the old route networks.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM-route zones were designed to model supraregional connections, while the ALS-extracted hollow ways appear to reflect a more local network of paths and tracks.

“Where the NFM-route zones were designed to model supraregional connections, the ALS-extracted hollow ways (based on orientation) appear to reflect a more local network of paths and tracks (Section 6.1).”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Optimal path modelling simulating the connections between contemporary archaeological sites helps to comprehend the chronology and hierarchy of former communication networks.

“Optimal path modelling simulating the connections between contemporary archaeological sites helps to comprehend the chronology and hierarchy of former communication networks (Fovet and Zakšek, 2014).”

• cites Fovet and Zakšek, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The flexibility of the LCP model allows expansion or change of the focus of the model.

“The flexibility of the model, i.e. the possibility of assigning different or new weight values to individual factors, allows us to easily expand or change the focus of the model.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Although the NFM does not predict the location of individual hollow ways, it does calculate regions where remnants of these landscape features can be expected.

“Although the NFM does not predict the location of individual hollow ways it does calculate regions where remnants of these landscape features can be expected.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Although the NFM does not predict the location of individual hollow ways it does calculate regions where remnants of these landscape features can be expected.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Despite the low overlap percentage between NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network, many parts do line up, and increasing route-zone widths would probably lead to much higher agreements.

“Figure 8, however, shows that despite the low overlap percentage between the NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network, many parts do line up, and increasing route-zone widths would probably lead to much higher agreements.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Route networks both reflect and influence large-scale cultural and landscape processes and are therefore key to understanding human-landscape interactions.

“Route networks both reflect and influence (large-scale) cultural and landscape processes and therefore are key to understanding human-landscape interactions.”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van Lanen, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The geomorphological map greatly adds to understanding of the past landscape, especially regarding higher, more stable Pleistocene regions.

“Therefore the map greatly adds to our understanding of the past landscape, especially regarding the higher, more stable Pleistocene regions.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There is not one factor dominating route orientation in the Veluwe, and each LCP route should be investigated individually.

“Consequently there is not one factor dominating route orientation in the Veluwe and each LCP route actually should be investigated individually.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Consequently there is not one factor dominating route orientation in the Veluwe and each LCP route actually should be investigated individually.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ALS-extracted hollow ways, the AD 1600 route network and the TMK 1850 routes are reliable and mutually comparable representations of past route networks, so that their agreement with the modelled route zones measures the models' accuracy.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Present-day terrain, slope and groundwater data are adequate proxies for the landscape conditions around AD 1500 in the study area.

It may state two separate claims as one.

ALS data is only useful for locations where features of routes and paths are still preserved, and preservation strongly depends on geomorphological stability and cultural conditions.

“ALS data is only useful for locations where features of these routes and paths are still preserved in the landscape, and preservation strongly depends on geomorphological stability (non-dynamic sandy areas) and cultural conditions (e.g. non-densely populated or cultivated areas).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Older local maps, for example for Gelderland, lack sufficient geographical precision to be used for this study.

“Although also older, local maps are available, for example for the current province of Gelderland, these maps lack sufficient geographical precision to be used for this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The geomorphological map was created by combining field observations, bore-hole data and surveys with detailed elevation models.

“The map was created by combining field observations, bore-hole data and surveys with detailed elevation models”

• cites Koomen and Maas, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NFM allows for the integration of large-scale archaeological data and the calculation of supraregional route zones.

“The NFM however does allow for the integration of large-scale archaeological data and the calculation of supraregional route zones”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many spatial and predictive modelling studies in archaeology are primarily theoretical exercises of exploring technological possibilities.

“Many of these primarily are theoretical exercises of exploring (technological) possibilities”

• cites Van Leusen et al., 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jiang and Eastman, 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites Murietta-Flores, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Route-network modelling enables calculation of the probable location of many vanished routes, because not every region is equally suitable for travel and transport and therefore for hosting persistent route networks.

“However, these same dynamics through route-network modelling enable us to calculate the probable location of many of these vanished routes, since not every region is equally suitable for travel and transport and therefore for hosting (persistent) route networks”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Over time many routes have disappeared mainly through dynamic geomorphological (e.g. erosion) and human-induced processes (e.g. agricultural and building activities).

It may state two separate claims as one.

The relatively high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. the hollow ways that still remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect well-accessible movement corridors.

“The relative high number of ALS-extracted hollow ways located in well-accessible areas (99.0%) is best explained by preservation circumstances, i.e. the hollow ways that still remain today are best preserved in higher and dryer areas, which often also reflect the well-accessible movement corridors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Other studies point at the relative importance of other cost factors such as river crossings and different types of transport (e.g. by foot or carriage) in the formation of past routes.

“Other studies point at the relative importance of other cost factors such as river crossings and different types of transport (e.g. by foot or carriage) in the formation of these past routes”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Through its accumulative nature the NFM integrates multiple geoscientific datasets and provides dynamic local accessibility values for entire route trajectories, which allows it to compensate for changing forcing factors.

“Through the accumulative nature, the NFM integrates multiple geoscientific datasets and provides dynamic local accessibility values for entire route trajectories, which allows to compensate for changing forcing factors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The calculated NFM-route zones were modelled using a relatively straight-forward efficient path computation, i.e. the shortest distance between two settlements following the most accessible areas.

“However, the calculated NFM-route zones were modelled using a relatively straight-forward efficient path computation, i.e. the shortest distance between two settlements following the most accessible areas”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

It is important to include the Veluwe's immediate surroundings in the model since habitation in this area is largely clustered on the edges of the Veluwe.

“It is important to include the latter since habitation in this area is largely clustered on the edges of the Veluwe.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

NFM route-zone calculations probably benefit from more detailed geoscientific input data (<1:50,000), including high-resolution vegetation reconstructions, and from modelling techniques from network and least-cost path analyses.

“agreement percentages (Table 5) show that NFM route-zone calculations probably benefit from a) more detailed geoscientific input data (<1:50,000), including high-resolution vegetation reconstructions, and b) modelling techniques from network and least-cost path analyses.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For the route Dieren-Barneveld the forcing factor is difficult to assess, and cultural factors especially appear to have been in play.

“In some cases, like the route Dieren – Barneveld the forcing factor is difficult to assess and cultural factors especially appear to have been in play (Appendix B).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The palaeogeographical reconstructions are multi-disciplinary in origin, combining numerous datasets from the Humanities and Geosciences (e.g. archaeology, geology, palaeoecology, onomastics and soil sciences).

“The reconstructions are multi-disciplinary in origin, combining numerous datasets from the Humanities and Geosciences, e.g. archaeology, geology, palaeoecology, onomastics and soil sciences.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The next necessary steps for the network-friction method are to test its applicability on a more detailed regional level and for a different historical period, and to compare the models' outcome with results from other route-network reconstruction methods.

“the next necessary steps for the network-friction method are to: 1) test its applicability on a more detailed regional level and for a different historical period and 2) to compare the models’ outcome with results from other route-network reconstruction methods, such as the extraction of roads and paths from ALS data, and the study of historically attested routes.”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The flexibility of the LCP model, i.e. the possibility of assigning different or new weight values to individual factors, allows easy expansion or change of the model's focus.

“The flexibility of the model, i.e. the possibility of assigning different or new weight values to individual factors, allows us to easily expand or change the focus of the model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The palaeogeographical reconstructions by Vos et al. (2011, 2013) and Vos (2015) describe the genesis of the Dutch landscape over the last 11,000 years.

“The palaeographical reconstructions by Vos et al. (2011, 2013) and Vos (2015) describe the genesis of the Dutch landscape over the last 11,000 years.”

• cites Vos et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vos et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vos, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

A variety of different and complementary models is needed to reconstruct historical reality.

“For this reason a variety of different and complementary models is needed to reconstruct historical reality (Verhagen and Whitley, 2012; Citter, 2012; Herzog, 2013; Fovet and Zakšek, 2014).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “For this reason a variety of different and complementary models is needed to reconstruct historical reality”

• cites Verhagen and Whitley, 2012 sourceNot checked yet
• cites Citter, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Herzog, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By integrating cultural and environmental factors in the NFM, Van Lanen et al. (2015b) modelled possible route zones on a supraregional level for the present-day Netherlands.

“modelled possible route zones on a supraregional level for the present-day Netherlands (Appendix A).”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A nationwide, digital geomorphological map became available in 2003.

“A nationwide, digital geomorphological map became available in 2003”

• cites Koomen and Exaltus, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Koomen and Maas, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In dynamic lowlands relief probably was not a decisive factor for route orientation, and combined local and surrounding landscape conditions (e.g. soil types, groundwater levels) were much more decisive.

“suggest that in dynamic lowlands relief probably was not a decisive factor for route orientation, and that combined local and surrounding landscape conditions (e.g. soil types, groundwater levels) were much more decisive.”

• cites Van Lanen et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The soil map does not provide chronological information about the ages of individual soils, so its use for historical periods requires expert judgement.

“In contrast to the geomorphological dataset, the soil map does not provide any chronological information about the ages of individual soils. Since soils change through time, the use of the soil map for historical periods requires expert judgement.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Veluwe NFM is based on the method presented by Van Lanen et al. (2015a), excludes data postdating AD 1600, and uses a 100 × 100 m grid-cell resolution.

“The Veluwe NFM is based on the method presented by Van Lanen et al. (2015a; see Appendix A for more background information). It excludes data postdating AD 1600 and exclusively uses a 100 × 100 m grid-cell resolution.”

• cites Van Lanen et al., 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively, so part of them could reflect preceding or postdating time frames.

“The ALS-extracted hollow ways lack chronological differentiation and can only be dated relatively. Therefore part of the ALS-extracted hollow ways could actually reflect preceding or postdating time frames.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The overlap percentage between NFM-route zones and the AD 1600 network reflects a minimum amount of corresponding routes and actual overlap percentages might be higher because 100 m wide route zones were used despite many zones being several hundreds of metres wide.

“First, in our agreement calculations we used 100 m wide route zones, despite the fact that many of these zones could actually be several hundreds of metres wide (Section 2). In this respect, the overlap percentage reflects a minimum amount of corresponding routes and actual overlap percentages might be higher.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Past routes in the research area almost always were unpaved, so tracks may have wandered within route zones following broad movement corridors often several hundred metres wide.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.