The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 69 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 61 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Calculating connectivity patterns in delta landscapes: Modelling Roman and early-medieval route networks and their stability in dynamic lowlands
Open accessAbstract
River landscapes can be regarded as amongst the most densely populated regions in the world. Despite their dynamic nature and their susceptibility to natural hazards, pull factors such as fertile soils and trade connections always have attracted people to these regions. During the Roman (12 BCE – 450 CE) and early-medieval periods (450 CE–1050) the Rhine-Meuse delta in the Netherlands underwent significant simultaneous cultural and environmental changes such as changing settlement patterns, the collapse of the Roman limes, changing flooding regimes and river avulsions. Past route networks are influenced by both cultural and natural dynamics and are therefore a useful tool to better understand the complex interaction between these dynamics. By applying and enhancing recently-developed methods of modelling route networks in dynamic lowlands, this study reconstructs connectivity patterns in the Rhine-Meuse delta. Based on newly-available high-resolution geoscientific and archaeological data, network-friction maps and route networks were calculated for three time slices: 100 CE, 500 and 900. These modelled networks were validated using archaeologically-excavated infrastructural and isolated finds. Additionally the amount of network stability between these networks was calculated. Results show that for each of the route zones a clear correlation exist between the modelled network and the occurrence of infrastructural and isolated finds. Although clear periodic differences between these correlations percentages are visible. Despite the dynamic nature of the research area the routes show clear signs of network stability, with 80% of the 500 CE network being persistent with their 100 CE counterparts. Between 500 CE and 900 CE the persistence percentage slightly rises to 81% indicating a similar level of network stability. This shows that large parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta were persistently used during the Roman period and Early Middle Ages despite local settlement dynamics and changing natural settings.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper applies and enhances network-friction modelling to reconstruct Roman and early-medieval route networks in the Rhine-Meuse delta for 100, 500, and 900 CE, validating them against archaeological infrastructural and isolated finds. It finds high route-network persistence despite the dynamic delta landscape, with about 80% persistence between successive networks and 70.9% long-term persistence in the 900 CE network.
Key findings
- Modelled route networks correlate with archaeological finds: infrastructural finds within 500 m route zones were 89.6% (100 CE), 95.2% (500 CE), and 90.9% (900 CE); isolated finds within 500 m zones were 79.5%, 75.1%, and 66.9%, respectively. Gain values were mostly above 0.5, e.g. infrastructural 100 m gains 0.87–0.92 and isolated-find 100 m gains 0.82–0.86.
- Persistence was high: 79.8% of the 500 CE network persisted from the 100 CE network, and 80.5% of the 900 CE network persisted from the 500 CE network. Long-term persistence within the 900 CE network was 70.9% of the complete network, and 88.1% of the 900 CE persistent-route network was in use during all three periods.
- Route-zone surface area decreased over time: 100 m zones covered 211.9 km² (6.4%) at 100 CE, 173.3 km² (5.2%) at 500 CE, and 167.1 km² (5.1%) at 900 CE; 500 m zones covered 906.5 km² (27.4%), 779.7 km² (23.6%), and 762.8 km² (23.1%), respectively.
- Accessibility was highest in the eastern and central delta; the western delta was less accessible and more affected by avulsions, especially of the Waal, Maas, and Lek. The southwest showed low route-network persistence, while most other movement corridors remained persistently used.
Methods
- The authors created a network-friction model (NFM) using high-resolution geoscientific data: geomorphological reconstructions and a palaeoDEM at 100 × 100 m grid-cell resolution, with 331,800 grid cells and 21 data fields. Five network-friction classes were used, and land and water routes were calculated separately.
- Archaeological data came from ARCHIS, DCCD, EASY, regional overviews, and the LGL World Heritage Database, covering settlements, burial sites, shipping, and isolated finds. Data were converted to three time slices—100 CE, 500 CE, and 900 CE—and land routes were modelled as shortest paths between nearest neighbouring settlements or burial sites, while water routes were modelled between water-adjacent settlements and shipwrecks along reconstructed active rivers.
- Persistence was calculated by converting networks into unique line sections no longer than 200 m and comparing 100 m-wide route-zone sections across periods. Validation used infrastructural and isolated finds within 100 m, 250 m, and 500 m route zones, with gain values calculated following Kvamme (1988).
Limitations
- The paper states that the current approach is best suited for supra-regional analyses and would benefit from combination with other route-network modelling techniques for regional or micro-regional reconstructions. It also states that archaeological data originate from supraregional overviews and ARCHIS was not developed for this level of detail, creating a disbalance with the high-resolution geomorphological data.
- The paper states that detailed flooding-frequency data per NFM grid cell and the general influence of flooding on the cultural landscape are still unknown, and that settlement data constraints—demographic decline and later settlement clustering—hamper route-network modelling for post-Roman periods, mainly reconstructing primary connections and missing local secondary paths. It also states that 100 m route-zone accuracy is relatively low, 250 m is probably most suited, and the data can accurately reconstruct route location within 500 m but are less suitable for 100 m accuracy.
- Evident in the reported results, though not framed as limitations by the authors: validation for isolated finds is generally lower than for infrastructural finds, and 33.1% of isolated finds in the 900 CE network fall outside the 500 m route zone; for 100 CE, only 48.8% of infrastructural finds fall within the 100 m route zone. The model also assumes lower areas were wetter and more flood-prone without incorporating per-cell flood-frequency data.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 61 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Between 500 CE and 900 CE the persistence percentage is 81%.
“Between 500 CE and 900 CE the persistence percentage slightly rises to 81% indicating a similar level of network stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
80% of the 500 CE network is persistent with the 100 CE network.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the research area the routes show clear signs of network stability, with 80% of the 500 CE network being persistent with their 100 CE counterparts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For each of the route zones, a clear correlation exists between the modelled network and the occurrence of infrastructural and isolated finds.
“Results show that for each of the route zones a clear correlation exist between the modelled network and the occurrence of infrastructural and isolated finds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The NFM for the Rhine-Meuse delta shows a clear intra-regional variability between the eastern and western parts.
“The NFM for the Rhine-Meuse delta shows a clear intra-regional variability between the eastern and western parts (Fig. 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Towards the west, in the central part of the delta, land routes mainly ran towards the northwest and the southwest.
“Towards the west, in the central part of the delta, land routes mainly ran towards the northwest and the southwest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingreasoning
The correlation between the spatial layout of isolated finds and the modelled route zones is generally lower for all periods.
“When comparing the validation for the infrastructural and isolated finds the following differences are observed: the correlation between the spatial layout of isolated finds and the modelled route zones is generally lower for all periods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Despite the dynamic nature of the delta landscape, its modelled route networks between 100 CE and 900 were characterized by a surprising degree of stability.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the delta landscape, its modelled route networks between 100 CE and 900 were characterized by a surprising degree of stability (Table 6; Fig. 9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
80.5% of the 900 CE route sections show persistence with their 500 CE predecessors.
“In the subsequent period persistence slightly increased, resulting in 80.5% of the 900 CE route sections showing persistence with their 500 CE predecessors (Table 5; Fig. 9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the Roman period, many open residual channels caused water routes in the study area to be oriented in line with many land routes on the alluvial ridges.
“In the Roman period, the presence of many open residual channels caused water routes in the study area to be oriented in line with many land routes on the alluvial ridges (Figs. 3 and 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The majority of the alluvial ridges had been formed before 100 CE.
“The majority of the alluvial ridges had been formed before 100 CE (blue to red alluvial ridges in Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
With the exception of the eastern and central parts of the delta during the Roman period, water routes running north-south were almost non-existent.
“With the exception of the eastern and central parts of the delta during the Roman period, water routes running north-south were almost non-existent (Figs. 3 and 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the route-zone width is increased from 100 m to 250 m, the validation results greatly increase.
“When the route-zone width is increased from 100 m to 250 m, the validation results, i.e. the number of infrastructural and isolated finds located in the route-zone buffers, greatly increase (Fig. 11B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Within these core regions the majority of the persistent settlement were situated.
“Within these regions the majority of the persistent settlement were situated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The NFM shows that most accessible regions in 100 CE, 500 and 900 were located in the eastern and central part of the study area.
“The NFM shows that most accessible regions in 100 CE, 500 and 900 were located in the eastern and central part of the study area (Fig. 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The performance of the model appears to be better than gain values calculated for the Indicative Map of Archaeological Values of the Netherlands (IKAW).
“The performance of our model appears to be better than gain values calculated for the Indicative Map of Archaeological Values of the Netherlands (IKAW; Verhagen, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Verhagen, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In the western part of the study area, small and less-accessible alluvial ridges and rivers formed narrow movement corridors for land or water routes to the west.
“In the western part, which was dominated by clayey and peaty flood basins, small and less-accessible alluvial ridges and rivers formed narrow movement corridors for land or water routes to the west.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
70.9% of the complete 900 CE network is long-term persistent.
“This equals to 70.9% of the complete 900 CE network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Most notable are the relatively low validation percentages for the 900 CE network, with 33.1% of the isolated finds located outside the 500 m route zone.
“Most notable are the relative low validation percentages for the 900 CE network, with 33.1% of the isolated finds located outside the 500 m route zone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The results demonstrate a strong link between settlement location, route orientation and the physical landscape.
“The results demonstrate the strong link between settlement location, route orientation and the physical landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
For infrastructural finds within the route zones, validation percentages are lowest for the 100 CE time slice.
“Results show that for infrastructural finds derived from locations within the route zones the validation percentages are lowest for the 100 CE time slice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The delta could be crossed in a north-south direction in the eastern part of the study area, most notably near Arnhem and Nijmegen.
“The delta could be crossed in a north-south direction in the eastern part of the study area, most notably on the movement corridors near the current cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen (Figs. 3 and 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The most western option to switch route zones and cross the entire delta in a north-south direction was in the centre of the research area, near Dorestad and Tiel.
“The most western option to switch route zones and cross the entire delta in a north-south direction appears to have been in the centre of our research area, near the early-medieval towns of Dorestad and Tiel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The eastern parts of the delta landscape were relatively well accessible throughout the first millennium AD.
“The eastern parts of the delta landscape were relatively well accessible throughout the first millennium AD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
79.8% of the modelled 500 CE network shows persistence with route sections from the 100 CE network.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the study area, 79.8% of the modelled 500 CE network shows persistence with route sections from the 100 CE network (Table 5; Fig. 9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In general, validation results for 100 CE are high but slightly lower than for 500 CE and 900.
“In general validation results for 100 CE are high but slightly lower than for 500 CE and 900.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
During the first millennium AD route networks connected almost all parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta.
“During the first millennium AD route networks connected almost all parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At the 100 m route-zone level, results for the 500 CE and 900 CE time slices are more-or-less comparable.
“At this 100 m route-zone level results for the 500 CE and 900 time slices are more-or-less comparable (Table 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The models' accuracy using the most detailed route zone of 100 m is relatively low compared to the other modelled route zones.
“The models' accuracy using the most detailed route zone of 100 m is relatively low compared to the other modelled-route zones (Table 6; Fig. 11A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
88.1% of the 900 CE persistent-route network is long-term persistent, i.e. in use during all three periods.
“By comparing 500 CEe900 persistence (80.5%;Table 5) to 100 CE and 500 persistence we calculated that 88.1% of the 900 CE persistent-route network is long-term persistent, i.e. in-use during all three periods (Table 5; Fig. 10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Gain values show that the models' performance in locating infrastructural and isolated finds is generally higher than the scores calculated by Verhagen (2007) for the national predictive model in the area, the IKAW.
“Gain values however show that the models' performance in locating infrastructural and isolated finds is generally higher than the scores calculated by Verhagen (2007) for the national predictive model in the area, the IKAW (Section 4.3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Verhagen (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The natural levees in the south-western part were not mature yet, as underlined by the lack of archaeological finds on these relatively young landscape units.
“Here the natural levees were not mature yet, which is underlined by the lack of archaeological finds on these relatively young landscape units.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Roman-route zones around 100 CE covered the most land.
“Results show that the Roman-route zones around 100 CE covered the most land.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
When new rivers formed, older channels silted up leaving only a few navigable connections towards the north-west and south-west from the centre of the study area.
“When new rivers formed, these older channel silted up leaving only a few navigable connections towards the north-west and south-west from the centre of the study area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A decreasing trend in route-zone surface area is visible towards the 500 CE and 900 CE time slices.
“A decreasing trend in route-zone surface area is visible towards the 500 CE and 900 CE time slices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Validation percentages for finds located outside the 500 m route zones are more comparable for the 100 CE and 900 networks.
“In contrast, the validation percentages for finds located outside the 500 m route zones are more comparable for the 100 CE and 900 networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Fig. 11B shows an almost linear trend for correctly located infrastructure during the Roman period as compared to the post-Roman periods.
“Fig. 11B also shows the most notable, almost linear trend for correctly located infrastructure during the Roman period as compared to the post-Roman periods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Despite the dynamic nature of the landscape in the Rhine-Meuse delta, persistence between the route networks is remarkably high.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the landscape in the Rhine-Meuse delta, persistence between the route networks is remarkably high.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
With the exception of the southwestern part of the study area, the majority of the movement corridors remained in use throughout the Roman and early-medieval periods.
“Results showed that with the exception of the southwestern part of the study area, the majority of the movement corridors remained in use throughout the Roman and early-medieval periods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The overarching connectivity patterns in the other parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta are relatively stable, as shown by the calculated route-network stability.
“The overarching connectivity patterns in the other parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta appear to be relatively stable as became clear by the calculated route-network stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The models' validation results showed that the NFM is able to calculate the link between route networks, settlement patterns and the physical landscape.
“The models' validation results showed that the NFM is able to calculate the link between route networks, settlement patterns and the physical landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Large parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta were persistently used during the Roman period and Early Middle Ages despite local settlement dynamics and changing natural settings.
“This shows that large parts of the Rhine-Meuse delta were persistently used during the Roman period and Early Middle Ages despite local settlement dynamics and changing natural settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The persistence percentage between 500 CE and 900 CE indicates a similar level of network stability as between 100 CE and 500 CE.
“Between 500 CE and 900 CE the persistence percentage slightly rises to 81% indicating a similar level of network stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
During the late-Roman and early-medieval periods (270 CE-1050), large-scale cultural and natural changes occurred in the fluvial-dominated part of the Rhine-Meuse delta.
“During the late-Roman and early-medieval periods (270 CEe1050), large-scale cultural and natural changes occurred in the fluvial-dominated part of the Rhine-Meuse delta (e.g.Hendrikx, 1983;Willems, 1986;Van Es and Verwers, 2010;Jansma et al., 2014;Van Dinter et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Hendrikx, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Willems, 1986
- cites Van Es and Verwers, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The routes show clear signs of network stability despite the dynamic nature of the research area.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the research area the routes show clear signs of network stability, with 80% of the 500 CE network being persistent with their 100 CE counterparts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The pattern between 100 CE and 500 CE is best explained by demographic decline during the post-Roman periods.
“The pattern between 100 CE and 500 CE is best explained by demographic decline during the post-Roman periods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For the Rhine-Meuse delta well-documented archaeological and detailed landscape reconstructions are now available and allow the study of these spatial patterns on delta-covering scales using multi- and interdisciplinary approaches.
“For the Rhine-Meuse delta well-documented archaeological and detailed landscape reconstructions are now available and allow us to for the first time to study these spatial patterns on delta-covering scales using multiand interdisciplinary approaches (e.g.Van Dinter, 2013;Van Dinter et al., 2017;Pierik et al., 2017;Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Van Dinter, 2013 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Van Dinter et al., 2017 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Pierik et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Changes in accessibility during the first millennium AD were linked to meander migration and avulsion activity.
“Changes in accessibility during the first millennium AD appear to have been linked to meander migration and avulsion activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
250 m as a route zone is the most accurate resolving resolution for route-width reconstructions.
“This suggests that 250 m as a route zone is the most accurate resolving resolution for routewidth reconstructions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Landscape settings clearly influenced regional accessibility during the first millennium AD.
“Landscape settings clearly influenced regional accessibility during the first millennium AD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The relatively low 100 m route-zone validation percentages for the 100 CE time slice are best explained by Roman infrastructural works often being issued by a central government despite less favourable landscape settings.
“The relatively low 100 m route-zone validation percentages for the 100 CE time slice are best explained by the fact that during the Roman occupation infrastructural works were often issued by a central government despite less favourable landscape settings (e.g.Van der Heijden, 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van der Heijden, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The relatively high number of infrastructural and isolated finds located within the reconstructed route zones confirms that natural setting was a key factor for route-network development.
“The relatively high number of infrastructural and isolated finds located within the reconstructed route zones confirms the hypothesis that natural setting, i.e. the occurrence of alluvial ridges and navigable channels, was a key factor for route-network development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The modelled route zones show potential for predicting yet undiscovered archaeology.
“Showing potential for predicting yet undiscovered archaeology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The demographic decline in the early-post Roman periods, combined with increased size and clustering of settlements during the EMPC and EMPD, further hampers route-network modelling using network friction, since fewer nodes are available.
“The demographic decline that characterized the early-post Roman periods (i.e.LRP to EMPB; Verhagen et al., 2016), combined with the increased size and clustering of settlements during the EMPC and EMPD (e.g.Dekker, 1983;Rutte and Abrahamse, 2015;Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue) further hampers route-network modelling using network friction, since less nodes are available.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Verhagen et al., 2016 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Dekker, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Rutte and Abrahamse, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Certain parts of the study area (region A) were continuously inhabited during each of the cultural subperiods.
“They have shown that certain parts of our study area (Fig. 10: region A) were continuously inhabited during each of the cultural subperiods (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hendriks et al. (in press)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The presence of the largest river in the delta made the area more prone to floods.
“Second, the presence of this largest river in the delta made the area more prone to floods (Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Natural-forcing factors appear to have been of little influence on the persistence of the networks.
“Although natural forcings, such as floods, must have led to countless local adaptations in settlements patterns (e.g.Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue; Hendriks et al., in press) and route sections on a local scale, natural-forcing factors, appear to have been of little influence on the persistence of the networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The current NFM does not include variables sufficiently to model these deviations correctly.
“The current NFM does not include these variables sufficiently to model these deviations correctly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
This pattern was also visible in the supra-regional analysis by Van Lanen et al. (2015b).
“This pattern also was visible in the supra-regional analysis by Van Lanen et al. (2015b: Table 4 and Fig. 13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Lanen et al. (2015b)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The south-western part of the delta is more sensitive to physical-landscape changes.
“There are several reasons to classify this part of the delta as more sensitive to physical-landscape changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Within the available data resolution, the route-zone width of 250 m is probably most suited for route-network modelling using a NFM.
“Fig. 11B shows that within the available data resolution the route-zone width of 250 m is probably most suited for route-network modelling using a NFM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Although movement corridors might have gotten narrower through landscape dynamics such as flooding, they will have persisted in the landscape.
“Although movement corridors might have gotten narrower through landscape dynamics such as flooding, they will have persisted in the landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Spatial structures such as route networks and settlement patterns in the Rhine-Meuse delta point towards a persistence in overarching connectivity patterns in the area.
“Spatial structures such as route networks and settlement patterns in the Rhine-Meuse delta point towards a persistence in overarching connectivity patterns in the area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Areas with abundant accessible alluvial ridges that were well connected to each other facilitated multiple movement corridors.
“Areas with abundant accessible alluvial ridges that were well connected to each other on the other hand facilitated multiple movement corridors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Areas with extensive flood basins not interrupted by accessible alluvial ridge corridors formed a large barrier in the landscape.
“Areas which contained extensive flood basins, which were not interrupted by accessible alluvial ridge corridors (e.g.western delta), formed a large barrier in the landscape (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The reconstructed route networks indicate a remarkably high level of connectivity in the Rhine-Meuse delta.
“The reconstructed route networks point towards a remarkable high level of connectivity in the Rhine-Meuse delta.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This is mainly due to the regional scale and archaeological data applied in the current NFM.
“This is mainly due to the regional scale and archaeological data applied in the current NFM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The relatively high number of settlements in the Rhine-Meuse delta requires a spatially more detailed approach in order to accurately calculate route zones.
“The relatively high number of settlements, i.e. the ratio of settlements per km2 higher than the national average, requires a spatially more detailed approach in order to accurately calculate route zones (Van Lanen et al., 2015b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Lanen et al., 2015b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Our results are in agreement with findings by Hendriks et al. (in press), who used a detailed regional approach to study changing Roman and early-medieval settlement patterns in the central and southern Netherlands.
“Our results are in agreement with findings by Hendriks et al. (in press: Table 7.12), who used a detailed regional approach to study changing Roman and early-medieval settlement patterns in the central and southern Netherlands.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hendriks et al. (in press)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The route networks were generally located on the older, more stable alluvial ridges.
“The main reasons for this are: (1) the route-networks were generally located on the older, more stable alluvial ridges;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This is probably because interconnecting route zones and movement corridors function on a more regional scale and therefore appear to have been persistently reused throughout the first millennium AD.
“This is probably due to the fact that interconnecting route zones and movement corridors function on a more regional scale and therefore appear to have been persistently reused throughout the first millennium AD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Older river courses silted up and became less accessible for water transport.
“The older river courses must have silted up and therefore became less accessible for water transport.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
By combining a NFM with large-scale archaeological data it is possible to calculate and validate Roman and early-medieval route networks on a supra-regional scale.
“By combining a NFM with largescale archaeological data it is possible to calculate and validate Roman and early-medieval route networks on a supra-regional scale.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: More elevated areas had lower groundwater levels and were less prone to floods.
- Premisecitation
With the exception of the Roman limes road, there is little evidence for the presence of Roman and early-medieval roads in the Rhine-Meuse delta.
“With the exception of the Roman limes road, there is little evidence for the presence of Roman and early-medieval roads in the Rhine-Meuse delta (e.g.Van der Heijden, 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van der Heijden, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Data quality between the different input datasets is crucial.
“When the validation outcomes are compared with the supraregional analysis by Van Lanen et al. (2015b), it becomes clear that data quality between the different input datasets is crucial.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The new river Waal cut through all existing corridors, i.e. through land routes as well as water routes.
“First, the new river Waal cut through all existing corridors, i.e. through land routes as well as water routes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Route networks were formed by a combination of cultural and natural factors.
“Equal to settlements, route networks were formed by a combination of cultural and natural factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The accessibility changes can be attributed to avulsions of the river Waal, Maas and Lek, which especially affected the western part of the study area.
“These changes can be attributed to avulsions of the river Waal, Maas and Lek, which especially affected the western part of the study area (Stouthamer and Berendsen, 2001;Stouthamer et al., 2011;Cohen et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
Additional movement corridors calculated by the NFM, which based on geoscientific data were well suited for route zones but lacked reliable archaeological data, were not part of the route-network reconstructions.
“Therefore additional movement corridors calculated by the NFM, which based on geoscientific data were well suited for route zones but lacked (reliable) archaeological data, were not part of the route-network reconstructions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Landscape settings strongly limited route orientation in the western part of the study area.
“In this area landscape settings strongly must have limited route orientation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This might explain the relatively low validation results for the isolated finds in these later periods.
“This might explain the relatively low validation results for the isolated finds in these later periods (Table 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The geomorphological maps developed by Pierik et al. (2017) represent reconstructions of the extent, distribution and orientation of the alluvial ridges present in the past landscape for the time slices 100 CE, 500 and 900.
“The geomorphological maps developed by Pierik et al. (2017) represent reconstructions of the extent, distribution and orientation of the alluvial ridges present in the past landscape for the time slices 100 CE, 500 and 900.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The consistent pattern between 500 CE and 900 CE is most likely due to increased settlement size and clustering of settlements towards the Middle Ages.
“Despite a probable population increase after 500 CE, the pattern between 500 CE and 900 CE is still rather consistent, this is most likely due to increased settlement size and the clustering of settlements towards the Middle Ages (e.g.Dekker, 1983;Rutte and Abrahamse, 2015;Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Dekker, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Rutte and Abrahamse, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Since the route networks in this paper were calculated based on the spatial distribution of settlements, differences in settlement patterns directly influence the models' outcome.
“Since the route networks in this paper were calculated based on the spatial distribution of settlements, differences in settlement patterns directly influence the models' outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Compared to existing supra-regional reconstructions for the first millennium AD by Vos (2015), the maps include an additional time step, 500 CE.
“Compared to existing supra-regional reconstructions for the first millennium AD by Vos (2015) they include an additional time step, 500 CE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vos (2015) source
- Interpretationreasoning
Avulsions were extremely influential on route-network development, most notably through the newly-formed river Waal and Meuse in the south-western part of the study area.
“Avulsions appear to have been extremely influential on routenetwork development, most notably through the newly-formed river Waal and Meuse in the south-western part of the study area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These stable movement corridors increase the likelihood of persistent-route sections occurring in these areas.
“As such these stable movement corridors increase the likelihood of persistent-route sections occurring in these areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
By integrating high-resolution archaeological and geoscientific data, the authors created a regional NFM showing the complex interaction between route networks and landscape dynamics in densely populated areas.
“By integrating high-resolution archaeological and geoscientific data we created a regional NFM showing the complex interaction between route networks and landscape dynamics in densely populated areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The network-friction method can be applied on a regional scale to obtain high-resolution NFMs able to model route networks and network stability in the past.
“The network-friction method can be applied on a regional scale in order to obtain high-resolution NFMs able to model route networks and network stability in the past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The approach is very well suited for locating movement corridors and obstacles in past landscapes.
“The approach proves itself to be very well suited for locating movement corridors and obstacles in past landscapes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In the southwest of the research area, the exceptional scale and orientation of the newly-developed river Waal led to great changes in the physical and cultural landscape, which are reflected in route-network instability in this area.
“In the southwest of the research area, the exceptional scale and orientation of the newly-developed river Waal will have led to great changes in the physical as well as the cultural landscape, which are reflected in route-network instability in this area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 53
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAfter the collapse of the Roman limes around 275 CE, large-scale depopulation and settlement relocation took place.
“After the collapse of the Roman limes around 275 CE large-scale depopulation and settlementrelocation took place (e.g.Alf€ oldi, 1967;Willems, 1986;Van Dinter, 2013;Heeren, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Alf€ oldi, 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Willems, 1986
- cites Van Dinter, 2013 source
The Roman occupation section (page not provided) says that occupation of most Old Rhine forts and their associated settlements is generally assumed to have ended in the third century CE. It does not specify a collapse around 275 CE or report large-scale depopulation and settlement relocation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenClear periodic differences between the correlation percentages are visible.
“Although clear periodic differences between these correlations percentages are visible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataMost graphs show a slight flattening-out between rz250 and rz500 and reach good results for the latter.
“Most graphs show a slight flattening-out between rz250 and rz500 and reach good results for the latter.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn the south-western part of the study area, route-network persistence is low and settlement density after the Roman period is decreasing.
“Here we see route-network persistence is low and settlement density after the Roman period decreasing (Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataNone of the gain values are lower than 0.5 and most are relatively close to 1, meaning that the modelled route zones are a good representation of human activity in the landscape.
“None of the gains are lower than 0.5 and most values relatively close to 1, meaning that the modelled route zones are a good representation of human activity in the landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBetween 500 CE and 900 accessibility changes were less severe, with the largest changes restricted to the north-western, south-western and north-eastern part of the Rhine-Meuse delta.
“Between 500 CE and 900 accessibility changes appear to have been less severe, with the largest changes being restricted to the north-western, southwestern and north-eastern part of the Rhine-Meuse delta.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationDorestad and Tiel were characterized by well-connected land routes running north-south and east-west and by abundant water-transport possibilities because they were located on important river bifurcations.
“These two locations were characterized not only by well-connected land routes running north-south and east-west, but also by abundant water-transport possibilities as they were located on important river bifurcations (Kosian et al., 2016;Oudhof et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kosian et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Oudhof et al., 2013
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn the Rhine-Meuse delta settlement patterns thinned out but remained situated on movement corridors, i.e. the higher and accessible alluvial ridges.
“In the Rhine-Meuse delta settlement patterns thinned out but remained situated on movement corridors, i.e. the higher and accessible alluvial ridges (Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningDuring periods with strong demographic decline (LRP, EMPA and EMPB), habitation clustered within these parts of the movement corridors and route-zone orientation remained relatively stable.
“During periods with strong demographic decline, i.e. the LRP, EMPA and EMPB periods, habitation appears to have clustered within these parts of the movement corridors and route-zone orientation remained relatively stable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningThe results show that route location can be accurately reconstructed within 500 m, but the data is less suitable for modelling route zones with 100 m accuracy.
“Furthermore the results show that we can accurately reconstruct the route location within 500 m, but the data is less suitable for modelling route zones with 100 m accuracy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataMost parts of the modelled route networks in the study area show clear signs of long-term persistence, with the exception of the southwest of the study area.
“Most parts of the modelled route networks in the study area show clear signs of long-term persistence, with the exception of the southwest of the study area (Fig. 10: red arrows).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe most notable accessibility changes occurred between 100 CE and 500, especially in the south-western and north-western parts of the study area.
“The most notable changes occurred between 100 CE and 500, especially in the south-western and north-western parts of the study area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenLand routes were mainly east-west oriented and located on the alluvial ridges.
“Land routes were mainly east-west oriented and located on the alluvial ridges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe highest percentages of isolated finds within the route zones occur in the Roman period, whereas infrastructural finds in this period show the lowest correlation.
“Additionally, the highest percentages of isolated find within the route zones occur in the Roman period, whereas the infrastructural finds in this period show the lowest correlation (Table 6; Fig. 11A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe test results increase drastically between the 100 m and 250 m route zone validations, with the best results for the 900 CE network.
“The test results increase drastically between the 100 m and 250 m route zone validations, with the best results for the 900 CE network.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe majority of route sections in the first millennium AD were persistent and located in movement corridors that form core regions within the study area.
“Results show that the majority of the route sections in the first millennium AD were persistent and located in movement corridors that appear to form core regions within the study area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe NFM located regions where accessibility changed between 100 CE, 500 and 900 and calculated the severity of these changes.
“Through the NFM we were able to locate regions where accessibility changed between 100 CE, 500 and 900 and calculate the severity of these changes (Fig. 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningAlmost all movement corridors contain one or more route zones, suggesting that the delta landscape was used to its full potential.
“Almost all movement corridors contain one or more route zones, which suggests that the delta landscape was used to its full potential.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe western parts generally were less accessible and appear to have been much more susceptible to landscape dynamics, mainly avulsion, most notably between 100 CE and 500.
“The western parts generally were less accessible and appear to have been much more susceptible to landscape dynamics, mainly avulsion, most notably between 100 CE and 500 (Figs.6 and 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThese cultural and natural changes affected settlement patterns and must have had a significant impact on the geographical position and functioning of route networks and on resulting cultural connectivity patterns.
“These cultural and natural changes clearly affected settlement patterns (Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue) and also must have had a significant impact on the geographical position and functioning of route networks in the landscape and on resulting cultural connectivity patterns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThese cultural and natural changes corresponded with large-scale landscape changes such as the avulsion of the Rhine to its southern course, the river Waal, and increasing flooding frequency and intensity.
“These developments corresponded with large-scale landscape changes such as the avulsion of the Rhine to its southern course, the river Waal (Weerts and Berendsen, 1995), and increasing flooding frequency and intensity (Toonen et al., 2013;Cohen et al., 2016;Van Dinter et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Weerts and Berendsen, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Toonen et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Cohen et al., 2016
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationA network-friction model (NFM) calculates local accessibility based on a combination of high-resolution geoscientific datasets and shows the potential movement corridors in the past.
“A network-friction model (NFM) calculates local accessibility based on a combination of highresolution geoscientific datasets (e.g.palaeogeography, geomorphology, soil map, elevation model) and shows the potential movement corridors in the past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Lanen et al. (2015a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- The authors state this as an assumption: More elevated areas had lower groundwater levels and were less prone to floods.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningAlthough the high-resolution geomorphological data used in the NFM were specifically designed for the study area, the archaeological data in the model originate from supraregional overviews and as such create a disbalance.
“Although the high-resolution geomorphological data used in the NFM were specifically designed for the study area, the archaeological data in the model originate from supraregional overviews and as such create a disbalance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAs environmental conditions changed, the accessibility of alluvial ridges may be expected to have changed, and in this manner the movement corridors and settlements situated there.
“As environmental conditions changed, the accessibility of these alluvial ridges also may be expected to have changed and in this manner the movement corridors and settlements situated there.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThis especially holds true for past delta landscapes due to the relatively large number of settlements and because the dynamic-fluvial environment forced people to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions.
“This especially holds true for past delta landscapes due to the relatively large number of settlements and because the dynamic-fluvial environment forced people to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationStrong population decline following the Roman period led to decreasing demographic pressure on the landscape, but settlements shifted locally rather than disappearing completely.
“although strong population decline following the Roman period must have led to decreasing demographic pressure on the landscape, in the study region settlements shifted locally rather than disappearing completely as was also shown by Verhagen et al. (2016) and Pierik and Van Lanen (this issue);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Verhagen et al. (2016) source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Pierik and Van Lanen (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe central and upper Rhine-Meuse delta can be regarded as a transport hub characterized by east-west corridors as well as several north-south connections.
“Therefore this region can be regarded as a transport hub characterized by east-west corridors as well as several north-south connections (Fig. 10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAs a result, many parts of the route networks remained in use and the impact of increased flooding frequencies on the development of the route networks appears to have been limited.
“As a result, many parts of the route networks remained in use and the impact of increased flooding frequencies on the development of the route networks appears to have been limited.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationVan Lanen et al. (2015b) found that their supra-regional approach is unsuitable for application to the Rhine-Meuse delta due to high settlement density in this region during the first millennium AD.
“One of the findings was that this approach is unsuitable for application to the Rhine-Meuse delta, due to high settlement density in this region during the first millennium AD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Lanen et al., 2015b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationown dataThe presented results contributed to refining route-network modelling in delta landscapes.
“The presented results contributed to refining route-network modelling in delta landscapes (Section 3.1; Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSince Roman and early-medieval burial sites always were located near settlements (at a minimum distance of 300 m), in case of missing settlement data burial sites were used as an indication of nearby habitation.
“Since Roman and early-medieval burial sites always were located near settlements (i.e. at a minimum distance of 300 m from the settlement; Van Es, 1981;Verlinde, 1987;Verwers, 1998;Hiddink, 2003;Heeren, 2009;Van Beek, 2009), in case of missing settlement data we used burial sites as an indication of nearby habitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Van Es, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Verlinde, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Verwers, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningIn order to study connectivity patterns, which are defined by cultural and natural processes, models combining multiple proxies are required.
“In order to study connectivity patterns, which are defined by cultural and natural processes, such models combining multiple proxies are required.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe modelled network shows a minimum amount of probable connections to settlements, since only settlements dating to specific subperiods were included in route calculations.
“In this respect the modelled network shows a minimum amount of probable connections to settlements, since only settlements dating to specific subperiods were included in route calculations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningData stored in ARCHIS have not been developed for studies with this level of detail, and should be improved upon when applying a regional or smaller approach to route-network modelling.
“Data stored in ARCHIS have not been developed for studies with this level of detail, and should be improved upon when applying a regional or smaller approach to route-network modelling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationSuch an approach would probably more accurately reconstruct the multi-scale variability within route networks, i.e. thoroughfares versus more local secondary routes.
“Such an approach would also probably more accurately reconstruct the multi-scale variability within route networks, i.e. thoroughfares versus more local secondary routes (cf.Vletter and Van Lanen, in review).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vletter and Van Lanen, in review
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAlmost all Roman and early-medieval routes were unpaved and hence not rigidly anchored in space.
“Almost all Roman and early-medieval routes were unpaved and hence not rigidly anchored in space (e.g.Bell and Lock, 2000;Horsten, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bell and Lock, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Horsten, 2005
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe current lack of detailed flooding data is not a problem for the reconstruction of connectivity patterns, since network persistence will probably only slightly decrease as archaeological data are key and settlement dynamics occur on local scales only.
“However the current lack of these data is not a problem for the reconstruction of connectivity patterns, since network persistence will probably only slightly decrease as the archaeological data, i.e. mainly settlements, are key for these analyses and settlement dynamics occur on local scales only (Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Lower areas are generally wetter and more prone to inundation during floods.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningNew river courses cut off older routes but provided new opportunities for water routes and eventually for land routes when natural levees matured.
“The new river courses must have cut off older routes, but at the same time must have provided new opportunities for water routes and, when the natural levees matured, eventually for land routes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenThe maps have a higher spatial resolution than previous reconstructions, representing a higher level of accuracy and include more landscape elements.
“The maps have a higher spatial resolution than previous reconstructions, representing a higher level of accuracy and include more landscape elements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningRegions with abandoned routes or settlements appear to have been prone to be reused for similar functions in later periods, showing a degree of path dependency.
“Regions with abandoned routes or settlements appear to have been prone to be reused for similar functions in later periods (functioning as pull factor), showing a degree of path dependency to one another.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningFor post-Roman periods, route-network modelling based on the NFM will mainly reconstruct primary connections and have an increased chance of missing more local, secondary paths or tracks.
“For these post-Roman periods route-network modelling based on the NFM will mainly reconstruct primary connections and have an increased chance of missing more local, secondary paths or tracks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe current NMF successfully models changing connectivity patterns in the form of (persistent) movement corridors and connectivity patterns, but it would benefit from a more extensive analysis using traditional GIS-based route or path-modelling techniques.
“Although the current NMF successfully models changing connectivity patterns in the form of (persistent) movement corridors and connectivity patterns, it would benefit from a more extensive analysis using traditional GIS-based route or path-modelling”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationVletter and Van Lanen (in review) concluded that the network-friction method is most suited for the reconstruction of supra-regional connections, but less successful in the modelling of secondary paths or tracks.
“Vletter and Van Lanen (in review) already concluded that the network-friction method is most suited for the reconstruction of supra-regional connections, but less successful in the modelling of secondary paths or tracks, i.e. connections functioning on a finer scale then reconstructed in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vletter and Van Lanen (in review)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenMany studies modelling historical route networks using GIS focus on regions characterized by large elevation differences, i.e. mountainous areas, and focus mainly on slope calculations, limiting the usefulness of the developed techniques for application in delta landscapes.
“Many of these studies focus on regions characterized by large elevation differences, i.e. mountainous areas, and focus mainly on slope calculations, in this manner limiting the usefulness of the developed techniques for application in delta landscapes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the study area the higher and relatively dry alluvial ridges provided the best places to live and also functioned as the movement corridors in the landscape.
“In our study area the higher and relatively dry alluvial ridges provided the best places to live (e.g., Willems, 1986;Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue) and also functioned as the movement corridors in the landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Willems, 1986
- cites Pierik and Van Lanen, this issue
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe results of this integrated view, combining high-resolution archaeological and geoscientific data, are promising for route-network modelling since they show that local accessibility in the first millennium AD can considerably vary in space and time in this dynamic landscape.
“The results of this integrated view, combining high-resolution archaeological and geoscientific data, are promising for route-network modelling since they clearly show that local accessibility in the first millennium AD can considerately vary in space and in time in this dynamic landscape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThese continuously-inhabited regions cross the archaeologically defined chronological boundaries and can be useful to study long-term route-network development.
“As such these continuously-inhabited regions even cross the archaeologically defined chronological boundaries and can be useful to study long-term route-network development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningDespite landscape dynamics and floods, the area's pull factors continuously drew people to settle, resulting in all parts of the delta being well connected and isolated areas being non-existent.
“Despite the dynamic nature of the landscape and the likelihood of floods, the areas' pull factors (Section 1) appears to have continuously drawn people to settle in this area, resulting in all parts of the delta to be well connected and isolated areas to be non-existent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe avulsion of the river Rhine to its southern course, the river Waal, initially limited accessible land routes in the south-western part of the study area but facilitated new water-route connections towards the southwest.
“Major events such as the avulsion of the river Rhine to its southern course, the river Waal, initially will have limited the number of accessible land routes in the south-western part of the study area, but equally facilitated new water-route connections towards the southwest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIn this area existing land and water routes were cut off, affecting the stability of route networks, but the river provided new long-distance water-based connections.
“In this area existing land and water routes will have been cut off, effecting the stability of route networks (Section 4.1; Figs.7 and 10), but at same time this river provided new (long-distance) water-based connections.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationown dataThe network-friction method has proven very helpful in better understanding dynamics between these factors on varying spatial and chronological scales.
“The network-friction method has proven itself very helpful in better understanding dynamics between these factors on these varying spatial and chronological scales.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationLower demographic pressure after the Roman period allowed delta inhabitants to locate to the ideal (safest) settlement locations, probably partially forced by increased flooding between 270 CE and 850.
“and (3) the lower demographic pressure after the Roman period on the landscape allowed the delta inhabitants to locate to the ideal (i.e.safest) settlement locations, probably partially forced by increased flooding between 270 CEe850 (Toonen et al., 2013;Cohen et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Toonen et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Cohen et al., 2016
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningThe spatial layout of movement corridors through time has been influenced by both environmental and cultural factors.
“The spatial layout of these movement corridors through time has been influenced by both environmental as well as cultural factors and therefore their chronological development is key to understand the complex interaction between these dynamics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe abundance and orientation of the ridges determined the connectivity in the central and upper Rhine-Meuse delta and facilitated transport from and towards multiple directions.
“The abundance and orientation of the ridges determined the connectivity in the central and upper Rhine-Meuse delta and facilitated transport from and towards multiple directions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe network-friction method introduced by Van Lanen et al. (2015a) was specifically designed to model suitable areas for potential route networks, i.e. movement corridors, in dynamic lowland areas.
“This method was specifically designed to model suitable areas for potential route networks, i.e. movement corridors, in dynamic lowland areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Lanen et al. (2015a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIt is generally accepted that the (micro-)regional level is the optimal spatial entity to study the interaction between settlement and landscape dynamics from a long-term perspective using a landscape-archaeological approach.
“It is generally accepted that the (micro-)regional level is the optimal spatial entity to study the interaction between settlement and landscape dynamics from a long-term perspective using a landscape-archaeological approach (e.g.Spek, 2004;Kluiving et al., 2012;Kluiving and Guttmann-Bond, 2012;Van Beek and Groenewoudt, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe validation using infrastructural finds shows better results compared to the isolated-find validation, because infrastructural finds are a direct representation of active route networks.
“The validation using infrastructural finds show better results compared to the isolated-find validation, which is understandable since infrastructural finds are a direct representation of active route networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThis trend probably shows the deviating development of infrastructural works during the Roman period, i.e. infrastructural works located on less predictable locations because of Roman centralized governing.
“This trend probably shows the deviating development of infrastructural works during the Roman period, i.e. infrastructural works located on less predictable locations because of Roman centralized governing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
PremisecitationRecently, it has been suggested that especially in delta landscapes other environmental and non-environmental formative processes are of influence on the spatial layout of past route networks.
“Recently, it has been suggested that especially in these landscapes other environmental (e.g.soil type, groundwater levels) and non-environmental (e.g.political, socioeconomic, religious) formative processes are of influence on the spatial layout of past route networks (e.g.Bell and Lock, 2000;Llobera, 2000;Herzog, 2013a;Van Lanen et al., 2015b;Vletter and Van Lanen, in review).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bell and Lock, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Llobera, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Herzog, 2013a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningThe model is an important first step towards reconstructing overarching connectivity patterns within the study area.
“The model is an important first step towards reconstructing overarching connectivity patterns within the study area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenConnectivity patterns encompass more than route networks only.
“However, connectivity patterns encompass more than route networks only (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe current NFM showed the need for a quality balance between datasets.
“The current NFM was developed on a regional scale and showed the need for a quality balance between datasets, since the least accurate data determines the level of detail that can be obtained.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The least accurate data determines the level of detail that can be obtained.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe current approach appears to be best suited for supra-regional analyses and would benefit from a combination with other route-network modelling techniques to also allow regional or micro-regional reconstructions.
“However, the current approach appears to be best suited for supra-regional analyses and would benefit from a combination with other route-network modelling techniques in order to also allow regional or micro-regional reconstructions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe NFM showed the added value of, and need for, more evidence-based and multi-proxy approaches when researching connectivity patterns or solely route networks in the past.
“The NFM did however show the added value of, and need for, more evidence-based and multi-proxy approaches when researching connectivity patterns or solely route networks in the past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough floods appear to have been of limited influence on route-network evolution in the study area, the developed NFM could benefit from a more detailed analysis of the impact of severe floods on the landscape.
“Although floods appear to have been of limited influence on the route-network evolution in the study area, the developed NFM could benefit from a more detailed analysis of the impact of severe floods on the landscape.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationown dataStudying connectivity patterns increases understanding of the complex interplay between processes of change and persistence on varying scales.
“Our research shows that studying these patterns increases our understanding of the complex interplay between processes of change and persistence on varying scales.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe development of settlement patterns and route networks between the Roman period and Early Middle Ages shows possibly more continuity and at least a degree of path dependency.
“This points towards possibly more continuity and at least a degree of path dependency in the development of settlement patterns and route networks between the Roman period and Early Middle Ages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationPierik and Van Lanen (this issue) showed that settlement patterns, another factor within connectivity patterns, on the local scale show much less persistence than route networks.
“Pierik and Van Lanen (this issue) already showed that settlements patterns, another factor within connectivity patterns, on the local scale show much less persistence then route networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pierik and Van Lanen (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Large-scale spatial patterns (e.g. settlement patterns, route networks, land-use systems) and their dynamics through time on delta-covering scale have not been studied in detail.
“However, large-scale spatial patterns (e.g.settlement patterns, route networks, land-use systems) and their dynamics through time on delta-covering scale have not been studied in detail.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
More elevated areas had lower groundwater levels and were less prone to floods.
“We assumed that more elevated areas had lower-groundwater levels and were less prone to floods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study area reflects a region where settlement-density differences are minimal, i.e. settlements equally divided in the landscape.
“3) the study area reflects a region where settlement-density differences are minimal, i.e. settlements equally divided in the landscape.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Lower areas are generally wetter and more prone to inundation during floods.
“We assumed that lower areas are generally wetter and also more prone to inundation during floods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many shipwrecks have been accurately dated through dendrochronology, making them a high-resolution record of active transport routes.
“Through dendrochronology many shipwrecks have been dated accurately, and therefore this find category was used as a high-resolution record of active transport routes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Route zones or movement corridors, even if abandoned, are expected to survive in collective memory.
“Even if these route zones or movement corridors were at some point abandoned they are expected to survive in the collective memory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Infrastructural finds are indicative for the presence of past-route networks.
“Infrastructural finds, e.g.remnants of roads, tracks, jetties and harbours, are indicative for the presence of past-route networks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The least accurate data determines the level of detail that can be obtained.
“since the least accurate data determines the level of detail that can be obtained.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Accessibility value 3 is given the wrong class name
MinorThe methods call value 3 "reasonably accessible," whereas Table 2 assigns that name to value 4 and calls value 3 "moderately accessible."
“Next, all remaining landscape units were classified as reasonably accessible (Table 2: 3).”
“| Moderately accessible | 3 | | Reasonably accessible | 4 |”
Figure caption mislabels the 250 m and 500 m route zones
MinorThe Figure 11 caption pairs route-zone widths of 100 m, 250 m and 500 m with Rz100, Rz500 and Rz900, respectively. The methods instead define the corresponding labels as rz100, rz250 and rz500.
“For each of the route zones: 100 m, 250 m and 500 m (Rz100, Rz500 and Rz900 respectively)”
“each route zone of 100 m, 250 m and 500 m (rz100, rz250 and rz500 respectively)”
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Self-citationPierik, H. J., & van Lanen, R. J. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.010 · Cited by 30
Self-citationvan der Meulen, B., Cohen, K. M., Pierik, H. J., Zinsmeister, J. J., & Middelkoop, H. (2020) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107370 · Cited by 28
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Self-citationKootker, L. M., van Lanen, R. J., Groenewoudt, B. J., Altena, E., Panhuysen, R. G. A. M., Jansma, E., Kars, H., & Davies, G. R. (2017) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0565-7 · Cited by 13
Crabb, N., Carey, C., Howard, A. J., & Brolly, M. (2023) · Geoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/gea.21959 · Cited by 10
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- van Lanen, R. J., & Pierik, H. J.
- Venue
- Quaternary International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 501
- Pages
- 393-412
- ISSN
- 1040-6182 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2599753102
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c7cf3eb0dae86ead28f0508731360b9d1c37596
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Quaternary International (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NWO (360-60-110)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Viking Age and Medieval Scandinavia
- Keywords
- route network, connectivity patterns, Rhine-Meuse delta, Roman period, early Middle Ages, network stability, river landscape, Roman Limes, river avulsion, flood regime, settlement dynamics, trade routes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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