The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Organizational Structure of Local Environmentalism
Abstract
Based on a survey of the population of local environmental organizations in North Carolina, this article addresses fundamental questions about how local organizations are structured, their orientation toward strategy and social change, their activities, and their perceived impacts. By comparing subsets of local organizations in terms of their geographic scope, degree of professionalization, and tactical repertoires, we identify important patterns. First, locally oriented organizations that focus on a neighborhood, city, or county are more likely to be affiliated with a national organization than regional or state organizations, but they are less likely to participate in coalitions than groups working at the regional or state level. Second, organizations relying on a mixture of volunteers and professionals are more formalized and report higher levels of success at mobilizing people than those that rely exclusively on volunteers or professionals. However, groups that are volunteer-based are more likely to engage in partisan activity and have diverse environmental philosophies, but less likely to use conventional advocacy tactics like lobbying and less likely to have a nonprofit tax status. Finally, organizations engaging in disruptive and routinized protest strategies tend to be more similar to one another than they are to organizations that rely exclusively on moderate tactical repertoires such as lobbying or environmental education.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The local affiliates of federated national civic associations comprise an estimated 25% of all local social movement organizations in the United States”
From Leadership, Membership, and Voice: Civic Associations That Work (2010) · cites this paper as Andrews and Edwards 2005
In the citing paper
“their connections to larger national organizations provide them with important visibility and continuity in their communities”
From Leadership, Membership, and Voice: Civic Associations That Work (2010) · cites this paper as Andrews and Edwards 2005
Citations
Cites
Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory
McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226464 · Cited by 7,381
Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems
Weick, K. E. (1976) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391875 · Cited by 5,142
The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis
White, L. (1967) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.155.3767.1203 · Cited by 4,573
The Strategy of Social Protest.
Lewis, J. M., & Gamson, W. A. (1975) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063633 · Cited by 2,120
Chambers, C. A., Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1978) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1862054 · Cited by 2,004
Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality.
Wade, B. H., & Bullard, R. D. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076191 · Cited by 1,506
The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place
Molotch, H. L. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470752814.ch2 · Cited by 1,363
Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency
McAdam, D. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095322 · Cited by 1,016 · cited 1×
“A long line of research has examined the causes and consequences of tactical repertoires within social movements (Gamson 1990; Ganz 2000; McAdam 1982, 1983, Minkoff 1999, Piven and Cloward 1979, Tarrow 1998, Zald and Ash 1966).”
BackgroundSocial Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change
Zald, M. N., & Ash, R. (1966) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/44.3.327 · Cited by 757
McCarthy, J. D., McPhail, C., & Smith, J. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096360 · Cited by 677
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–199 of 199
Lubbers, M. J., & Molina, J. L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.052 · Cited by 4
Three Decades of Research into Social Capital: Achievements, Blind Spots, and Future Directions
Völker, B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.023 · Cited by 4
Shepherd, H. R., & Garip, F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.048 · Cited by 4
Perry, B. L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.046 · Cited by 4
Small, M. L., Pescosolido, B. A., Perry, B. L., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.001 · Cited by 4
National and Other Supra-Local Associations: Meso-Associations
Smith, D. H., Pospíšilová, T., & Fengshi, W. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_33 · Cited by 3
Lee, C. (2017) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2017.1319267 · Cited by 3
Civil Society and Extreme-Right Collective Action in Poland 1990–2013
Płatek, D., & Płucienniczak, P. (2016) · Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest · doi:10.3917/receo.474.0117 · Cited by 3
Specialization and the Survival of Self‐Help Organizations
Rankin, C. P., & Archibald, M. E. (2015) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12227 · Cited by 3
Connecting Environmentalism to Democracy through Environmental Stewardship
Fisher, D. R., & Galli, A. M. (2016) · Revue des sciences sociales · doi:10.4000/revss.1953 · Cited by 3
Individuals, Groups, and Networks: Implications for the Study and Practice of Democratic Politics
Huckfeldt, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.035 · Cited by 3
Civil society strategies on urban waterways : stewardship, contention, and coalition building
Campbell, L. K. (2006) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3
Vlast i Elity (Power and Elites)
(2019) · Vlast i Elity (Power and Elites) · doi:10.31119/pe.2018.5 · Cited by 3
Fischer, C. S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.017 · Cited by 3
Beyond Petroleum? The Diffusion of Alternative Fuels in the United States, 1994–2015
Vasi, I. B., & Sauder, M. (2024) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2024.2344533 · Cited by 2
Mao, W., & Nishide, Y. (2025) · Nonprofit Policy Forum · doi:10.1515/npf-2024-0031 · Cited by 2
Kimport, K. (2012) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1108/s0163-786x(2012)0000033009 · Cited by 2
On J. Clyde Mitchell’s “The Concept and Use of Social Networks”
Borgatti, S. P., & Halgin, D. S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.007 · Cited by 4
From Nan Lin, “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.036 · Cited by 5
From Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.032 · Cited by 2
From Claude S. Fischer,To Dwell among Friends
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.016 · Cited by 2
McCarthy, J. D. (2013) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements · doi:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm194 · Cited by 2
Erickson, B. H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.050 · Cited by 1
Introduction to the Concept of Social Movement
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Networks and globalization policies
White, D. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511842481.011 · Cited by 1
Velez, A. K., & McCartha, E. B. (2018) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21341 · Cited by 1
The Green Marketplace: Applying a Model of Church and Sect to the Environmental Movement
Bose, F. (2018) · Journal for the Study of Radicalism · doi:10.14321/jstudradi.12.2.0131 · Cited by 1
From Elizabeth Bott, “Urban Families: Conjugal Roles and Social Networks”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.008 · Cited by 1
The legitimisation of local environmental organisations by community members
Navarro, M. Á. L., & Tortosa-Edo, V. (2023) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2023.2187361 · Cited by 1
Bastidas, J. V., Akchurin, M., Garbarski, D., & Doherty, D. (2023) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2023.2250394 · Cited by 1
Çan, Ö., & Gönenç, D. (2024) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02208-5 · Cited by 1
Networks of institutional capture: a case of business in the State apparatus
Lazega, E., & Mounier, L. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511842481.008 · Cited by 1
Marsden, P. V., Fekete, M., & Baum, D. S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.038 · Cited by 2
A Network Pilgrim’s Progress: Twenty-Six Realizations in Fifty-Five Years
Wellman, B., Hampton, K. N., Quan‐Haase, A., & Harper, M.-G. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.021 · Cited by 1
From James S. Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.022 · Cited by 2
From Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back, Social Pressures in Informal Groups
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.010 · Cited by 1
Commentary on Bott’s “Family and Social Network”
Bidart, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.009 · Cited by 1
McCarthy, J. D. (2022) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements · doi:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm194.pub2 · Cited by 1
Why Change? Organizational Adaptation and Stability in a Social Movement Field
Larson, J. A. (2009) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Towery, D., & Nathaniel, S. (2014) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Greenspan, I. (2012) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Carter, D. B. (2011) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware)
The Effects of Competition on SMO Strategy and Survival
Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2007)
Olzak, S., Soule, S. A., Coddou, M., & Muñoz, J. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2384197
The study of grassroots environmental movements: the history, theoretical approaches, methodology
Мищенко, А. (2018) · Vlast i Elity (Power and Elites) · doi:10.31119/pe.2018.5.19
Close, S. L., Fisher, D. R., Yagatich, W., & Robertson, A. G. (2016)
Cultivating Effectiveness: Leadership and Participation in Local, Voluntary Groups
Cote, S. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/w0sc-ty93
Festinger, Schachter, and Back’sSocial Pressures in Informal Groups
Martin, J. L., & Kwon, H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.011
Smith, S. S., & Sanders, J. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.044
Implications of Informant Accuracy Research for Ego Networks
McCarty, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.013
From Scott L. Feld, “The Focused Organization of Social Ties”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.026
Mische, A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.015
From Barry Wellman and Scot Wortley, “Different Strokes from Different Folks”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.020
From Ronald S. Burt,Structural Holes
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.028 · Cited by 1
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.059
From Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, “Networks in Context”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.034
From J. Clyde Mitchell, “The Concept and Use of Social Networks”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.006
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.058
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.002
From Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.018
From Bernice A. Pescosolido, “Beyond Rational Choice”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.024
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.030
From Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld,Personal Influence
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.004
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.012
From Harrison C. White,Identity and Control
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.014
Back to the Theoretical Approach
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0008
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.002.0004
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.002.0006
Social Movements as Actors and Systems
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0003
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.002.0007
General Sociological Foundations
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0002
The Historical and Process Dimension
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0006
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0004
Rucht, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.003.0005
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198877400.002.0003
Green distractions? When did environmental politics become a matter of personal responsibility?
Karpf, D., Lacombe, M. J., & Flum, M. (2023) · Interest Groups & Advocacy · doi:10.1057/s41309-023-00192-5
Strengthening partnerships across the landscape: Bridger-Teton National Forest STEW-MAP report 2021
Campbell, L. K., Johnson, M. L., Svendsen, E. S., Goldberg, B., Guzik, E., Archual, P., McCollister, C., Plitt, S., & Radwell, M. (2023) · doi:10.2737/nrs-gtr-213
Auti, N. A. (2023) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2023.56509
Centralization of NGO Management Sites
Parhad, P. S., Pusadkar, O. N., Patil, I. P., Shinde, V. B., & Nalge, R. V. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-15232
Burgold, J., Moser, E., Bahrami, R., Burgold, J., Mölders, M., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.1515/9783839469118 · Cited by 2
Burgold, J., Mölders, M., Selivanova, G., Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-toc
6. Philanthropische Inklusionen
Moser, E. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-007 · Cited by 1
4. Entrepreneure der Evolution?
Mölders, M. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-005
Burgold, J., Mölders, M., Selivanova, G., Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.1515/9783839469118-010
Burgold, J. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-004
Burgold, J., Mölders, M., Selivanova, G., Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-001
2. Die Organisation der Stiftung
Goeke, P., & Moser, E. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-003
5. ›100 Resilient Cities‹ auf dem Weg zu einer resilienten Welt
Goeke, P., & Selivanova, G. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-006 · Cited by 1
1. Stiftungen der Gesellschaft
Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Mölders, M. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-002 · Cited by 1
Burgold, J., Mölders, M., Selivanova, G., Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-011
8. Umweltstiftungen in Deutschland und weltweit
Selivanova, G., & Weber, T. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-009
7. Stiftungen als Wissenschaftsgestalterinnen
Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-008
Burgold, J., Mölders, M., Selivanova, G., Goeke, P., Moser, E., & Bahrami, R. (2024) · Global studies & theory of society · doi:10.14361/9783839469118-fm
The Climate Environment: The Landscape of US Environmental Nonprofits in the Climate Change Era
DiRago, N. V., Lee, S., & Paxton, P. M. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0733-558x20260000102006
Organizational Resources and Civic Organizing for Climate Action in Disinvested Regions
Almeida, P., Naseif, R., & Haddad, I. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0733-558x20260000102011
Civil society and extreme-right collective action in Poland 1990–2013
Płatek, D., & Płucienniczak, P. (2016) · Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest · doi:10.3917/e.receo.474.0117
Castonguay, S., & Bugden, D. (2026) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.70082
Schusler, T. M., Akchurin, M., & Dahal, D. (2026) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-026-10922-5
Echavarría, E., Tremblay‐Boire, J., Dolšak, N., & Prakash, A. (2026) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.70184
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrews, K., & Edwards, B.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Venue
- Mobilization: An International Quarterly
- Publisher
- Mobilization Journal
- Published
- 2005-06-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-234
- ISSN
- 1086-671X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W35084577
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mobilization An International Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › American Environmental and Regional History
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Environmental Movements and Political Ecology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Keywords
- organizational structure, professionalization, volunteer-based organizations, protest tactics, lobbying, coalition building, environmental advocacy, North Carolina
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review