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Cited by 66Bioeconomy and Sustainability DevelopmentThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesBiofuel production and bioconversion

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Smart integrated biorefineries in bioeconomy: A concept toward zero-waste, emission reduction, and self-sufficient energy production

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Marzban, Nader, Psarianos, Marios, Herrmann, Christiane, Schulz-Nielsen, Lisa, Olszewska-Widdrat, Agata, Arefi, Arman, Pecenka, Ralf, Grundmann, Philipp, Schlüter, Oliver K., Hoffmann, Thomas, Rotter, Vera Susanne, Nikoloski, Zoran, Sturm, Barbara·2025·Biofuel Research Journal
DOI 10.18331/brj2025.12.1.4
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Abstract

Integrated biorefineries play a transformative role in sustainable development by converting biomass and biogenic residues into high-value products while minimizing waste, emissions, and resource inefficiencies. This review explores innovations in biorefinery processes, emphasizing the synergy between thermochemical, biochemical, and biological technologies such as pyrolysis, fermentation, anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization, and algae and insect systems. Recent advancements, including hydrothermal humification and fulvification, enhance nutrient recovery, carbon sequestration, and near-zero waste production by generating artificial humic substances. Smart integrated biorefineries and the sustainable and circular bioeconomy systems are introduced as frameworks that promote synergy, interconnectivity, and resource optimization. These concepts emphasize that biomass valorization should be maximized before its final use. Biochar plays a multifaceted role beyond carbon sequestration. Rather than premature burial, it can be derived from fermented residues for lactic acid production or used to enhance fermentation and methane yields in anaerobic digestion. Additionally, nutrient-loaded biochar serves as a slow-release fertilizer, mitigating runoff, and GHG emissions. Meanwhile, heat from biochar production can generate electricity, and CO₂ emissions can support algae cultivation. Bio-oil, another byproduct, can be upgraded into platform chemicals, forming a closed-loop system that optimizes biomass utilization and minimizes environmental impact. Conventional biomass treatment methods, such as incineration, combustion, and composting, waste valuable resources and contribute to environmental degradation. Instead, a closed-loop, self-optimizing approach ensures full biomass utilization while addressing planetary boundaries. By integrating machine learning, digital twins, and decision-support systems, smart integrated biorefineries enhance resource efficiency, adapt to market demands, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon, resource-efficient future.

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  • Beyond the primary fuel product, 4G biofuel processes often target the co-production of a diverse range of valuable compounds, such as bio-based materials, specialty chemicals, or pharmaceuticals, within an integrated biorefinery concept.

    “Beyond the primary fuel product, 4G biofuel processes often target the co-production of a diverse range of valuable compounds, such as bio-based materials, specialty chemicals, or pharmaceuticals, within an integrated biorefinery concept [177,178].”

    From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [178]

    Section 3.1 describes biorefineries producing fuels and chemicals, and Section 3.4.3 describes biological processes producing biofuels and biomaterials. The paper therefore supports diversified products within a biorefinery, but the cited passages and searches do not establish that this is characteristic of 4G biofuel processes or that pharmaceuticals are co-produced. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Integrated biorefineries play a crucial role in the 4G context, functioning to maximize value extraction from the biomass or CO2 feedstock through the diversification of the product portfolio beyond just fuels.

    “Integrated biorefineries play a crucial role in the 4G context, functioning to maximize value extraction from the biomass or CO 2 feedstock through the diversification of the product portfolio beyond just fuels [168,174,178].”

    From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [178]

    Sections 3.1 and 4.1 describe integrated biorefineries maximizing value from biomass and producing chemicals and biomaterials alongside fuels. Section 3.6 also describes using CO₂ from fermentation for algae cultivation and protein extraction. The cited passages do not place these functions specifically in a 4G context. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The integrated biorefinery concept inherently contributes to waste reduction and enhanced sustainability by aiming for complete feedstock valorization and promoting closed-loop systems within a circular bioeconomy framework.

    “Furthermore, this integrated biorefinery concept inherently contributes to waste reduction and enhanced sustainability by aiming for complete feedstock valorization and promoting closed-loop systems within a circular bioeconomy framework [177,178].”

    From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [178]

  • This integrated production of diverse co-products is anticipated to significantly enhance overall process sustainability and improve economic feasibility by creating multiple revenue streams and maximizing value extraction from the feedstock.

    “This integrated production of diverse co-products is anticipated to significantly enhance overall process sustainability and improve economic feasibility by creating multiple revenue streams and maximizing value extraction from the feedstock [177,178].”

    From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [178]

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Metadata

Authors
Marzban, N., Psarianos, M., Herrmann, C., Schulz-Nielsen, L., Olszewska-Widdrat, A., Arefi, A., Pecenka, R., Grundmann, P., Schlüter, O. K., Hoffmann, T., Rotter, V. S., Nikoloski, Z., & Sturm, B.
Affiliations
  • Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (DE)
  • Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
  • Technische Universität Berlin (DE)
  • University of Potsdam (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Biofuel Research Journal
Publisher
Alpha Creation Enterprise
Published
2025-03-01
Volume
12
Issue
01
Pages
2319-2349
ISSN
2292-8782 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.18331/brj2025.12.1.4
OpenAlex
W4408074214
Cited by
66
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 48 · 2025: 18
FWCI
116.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Biofuel Research Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
Keywords
integrated biorefinery, bioeconomy, zero waste, biomass valorization, biochar, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization, carbon sequestration, nutrient recovery, bio-oil upgrading, platform chemicals, algae cultivation, insect farming, fermentation, methane yield, slow-release fertilizer, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, digital twin, machine learning, circular economy

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