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Cited by 115Indigenous Cultures and HistoryIndigenous Peoples' Rights and LawIndigenous Health, Education, and Rights

Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States

Open access
Rainie, Stephanie Carroll, Schultz, Jennifer Lee, Briggs, Eileen, Riggs, Patricia, Palmanteer-Holder, Nancy Lynn·2017·International Indigenous Policy Journal
DOI 10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.1
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Abstract

Data about Indigenous populations in the United States are inconsistent and irrelevant. Federal and state governments and researchers direct most collection, analysis, and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations. Indigenous Peoples’ justified mistrust further complicates the collection and use of these data. Nonetheless, tribal leaders and communities depend on these data to inform decision making. Reliance on data that do not reflect tribal needs, priorities, and self-conceptions threatens tribal self-determination. Tribal data sovereignty through governance of data on Indigenous populations is long overdue. This article provides two case studies of the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and their demographic and socioeconomic data initiatives to create locally and culturally relevant data for decision making.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The article argues that data about U.S. Indigenous populations are inconsistent, irrelevant, poor quality, mistrusted, and externally controlled, which threatens tribal self-determination. It uses two case studies—Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe—to show how community-engaged, nation-driven data collection and governance can produce trusted, relevant data for policy and resource allocation.

Key findings

  • The paper identifies five critical problems with Indigenous population data: they are often inconsistent, irrelevant, poor quality, collected/used in an environment of mistrust, and controlled by external actors. It cites 2010 Census counts of 5.2 million AIAN-heritage Americans (about 2% of the U.S. population) and 567 federally recognized tribal nations as of May 2016.
  • Ysleta del Sur Pueblo appended a socioeconomic survey to its annual enrollment update beginning in 2008; from 2008 to 2014 the survey had an average 90% response rate. The tribe used its data to successfully challenge HUD’s rejection of an Indian Community Development Block Grant application and win approval for the Tigua Technology Enterprise Center, and data supported an enrollment policy change from 1/8 blood quantum.
  • Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe’s Voices project conducted face-to-face surveys in 2012 and 2013 with 819 families in 547 structures (150 respondents consented to voice recording). It found 47% of residents unemployed, 42% of unemployed seeking work (about 2,000 adults), and 78% participating in traditional arts and crafts microenterprise, leading to a microloan program and a workforce survey with 428 participants.
  • Across both cases, community engagement, tribal control of methods/analysis/storage, and data use for internal and external decisions enhanced self-determination and governance; the authors argue data governance should begin with “What do we want to know?” rather than “What can we collect?”

Methods

  • Qualitative case study design, part of a larger research project on Indigenous health and tribal data sovereignty, examining two tribal data initiatives: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo’s demographic/socioeconomic data project and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe’s Tribal Ventures Voices Research Project.
  • Data sources included a review of relevant literatures, interviews and follow-up communications with Ysleta del Sur and Cheyenne River co-researchers, additional conversations with project participants, and analysis of documents/reports produced by both tribal data projects.
  • The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the case study process; both tribes agreed to participate and partnered in the research from conception to publication.

Limitations

  • Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper.
  • Evident limitations (not stated as such): the analysis covers only two selected, successful tribal data initiatives that agreed to participate, so findings may not generalize to other tribes or contexts; the study relies on literature, interviews/conversations, and project documents/reports rather than independent outcome measurement.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.1

Cites

20 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

10 of 100 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Researchers, local, state, and federal governments, as well as for-profit and non-profit entities, create data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples.

    “Researchers, local, state, and federal governments, as well as for and non-profit entities, create data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples (Bruhn, 2014;DeWeaver, 2010;Freemantle et al., 2015;Red Star Innovations, 2015;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bruhn, 2014 source

      The Other Jurisdictions section describes researchers and tribal governments collecting data in a U.S. community, and the section on the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board describes a tribal organization generating data about U.S. Indigenous peoples (pages not provided). The copy does not establish the claim’s full list of data creators—particularly U.S. local, state, and federal governments and for-profit entities. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites DeWeaver, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source

      The Introduction says data about tribal populations are developed by federal, state, and local governments, and “From data sovereignty to data dependence” identifies scholarly sources of Indian country data. The Introduction also mentions industry and NGOs as users of data generally, but the passages do not establish that for-profit and nonprofit entities create data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    For Indigenous populations and nations, standardized data often do not exist.

    “Yet for Indigenous populations and nations, standardized data often do not exist (Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source

      In “From data sovereignty to data dependence,” the paper says there is no statistical standard for collecting and reporting American Indian tribal population data across U.S. agencies. This supports the claim for U.S. tribes, but the passage does not establish it for Indigenous populations and nations generally; it also points to a New Zealand tribal data standard. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Snipp, 2016 source
    • cites Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    U.S. mortality data derived from vital statistics for Indigenous Peoples are not always available for tribal jurisdictions.

    “For example, U.S. mortality data derived from vital statistics for Indigenous Peoples are not always available for tribal jurisdictions (Anderson, Copeland, & Hayes, 2014;Freemantle et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Anderson, Copeland, & Hayes, 2014 source

      The paper (section headed “RACE/ETHNICITY REPORTING ON DEATH CERTIFICATES”; page unavailable in our copy) says vital statistics can produce mortality statistics for small areas, but AI/AN racial misclassification makes them unreliable. It proposes linking death certificates with tribal membership records to improve statistics for tribal populations. It does not establish that vital-statistics mortality data are unavailable for tribal jurisdictions. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Freemantle et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    The United States collects data for monitoring and surveillance purposes.

    “The United States collects data for monitoring and surveillance purposes (Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source

      In “From data sovereignty to data dependence” (page unavailable), the paper describes federal oversight of American Indians and mandatory federal grant reporting, which supports a narrower claim about data collection for oversight. It does not describe US data collection generally as being for surveillance purposes. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Snipp, 2016 source

      The “Data about what and for what? Data content” section says settler states may collect data to monitor and surveil Indigenous communities, in a discussion of American Indians in the United States. It does not establish as a general fact that the United States collects data for that purpose; the citing sentence removes both the qualification and the population scope. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Tribal use of tribal data, whether collected by the tribe or by others, lies at the heart of tribal data governance.

    “Tribal use of tribal data, whether collected by the tribe or by others, lies at the heart of tribal data governance (Smith, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith, 2016 source
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 53

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The use of self-reports of tribal affiliation rather than tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications inadequately characterizes populations and insufficiently informs policy and resource allocation decisions.

    “This inadequately characterizes populations and insufficiently informs policy and resource allocation decisions (Bruhn, 2014;Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2010DeWeaver, , 2013;;Freemantle et al., 2015;Red Star Innovations, 2013;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Todd, 2012;Westat, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bruhn, 2014 source

      In “The Lingering Effects of Colonialism” (page unavailable), Bruhn says externally imposed data can be of limited use for First Nations and government administrators and may not reflect community priorities. The discussion of the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board (page unavailable) also says incomplete or inaccurate tribe-specific data hindered health-service decisions. The copy does not establish the claimed comparison between self-reported tribal affiliation, tribal enrollment information, and tribally designed specifications. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Cross et al., 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Westat, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications are more adequate for characterizing Indigenous populations and informing policy than self-reports of tribal affiliation.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous nation data governance represents the comprehensive process by which tribes address the collection, ownership, control, and application of their data.

    “Indigenous nation data governance represents the comprehensive process by which tribes address the collection, ownership, control, and application of their data (Bruhn, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bruhn, 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The Department of the Interior cited inconsistencies and misunderstandings in reporting requirements and survey methodology errors as the reasons for the gap in BIA reporting.

    “The Department of the Interior cited inconsistencies and misunderstandings in reporting requirements and survey methodology errors as the reasons for the gap in reporting (Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008;Capriccioso, 2012;Laverdure, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Capriccioso, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Laverdure, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the Havasupai incident, researchers obtained consent and collected blood samples from Havasupai tribal citizens in Arizona to study the genetics of diabetes, then used these blood samples for purposes not listed on the consent form, such as analyzing the genetics of schizophrenia, and shared the data publicly as well as with personnel outside the research study, which violated the trust between

    “In a contemporary incident, researchers obtained consent and collected blood samples from Havasupai tribal citizens in Arizona to study the genetics of diabetes.Researchers then used these blood samples for purposes not listed on the consent form, such as analyzing the genetics of schizophrenia, and shared the data publicly as well as with personnel outside the research study, which violated the”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cochran et al., 2008 source
    • cites Shaffer, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    At the advice of an American Indian Advisory Committee, the U.S. Census Bureau implemented a comprehensive enumeration on reservations by oversampling households in reservation communities for the 2000 U.S. Census.

    “At the advice of an American Indian Advisory Committee, the Bureau implemented a comprehensive enumeration on reservations by oversampling households in reservation communities for the 2000 U.S. Census (Maury & Pemberton, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Maury & Pemberton, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The U.S. Census Bureau implemented changes to the ACS in 2011 to address issues of small sample size; the impact of these changes is yet uncertain.

    “The U.S. Census Bureau implemented changes to the ACS in 2011 to address issues of small sample size; the impact of these changes is yet uncertain-only the 2016 aggregated 5-year report will assess the impact of the 2011 change (DeWeaver, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DeWeaver, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Data are only shared with community members in technical language that is difficult to understand or not returned at all.

    “In large part, data are only shared with community members in technical language that is difficult understand or not returned at all.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The ACS sample size each year is smaller than the previous long-form U.S. Census sample size; the ACS samples fewer than four million individuals per year while the 2000 U.S. Census long-form sampled 17.5 million.

    “For example, the sample size each year is smaller than the previous long-form U.S. Census sample size; the ACS samples fewer than four million individuals per year while the 2000 U.S. Census long-form sampled 17.5 million.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    These 10 data sources had no less than seven ways of identifying tribes; four used U.S. Census self-report questions, and six others utilized sources that varied from Certificate Degree of Indian Blood from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to blood quantum to lineal descent.

    “These 10 data sources had no less than seven ways of identifying tribes.Four used U.S. Census self-report questions.Six others utilized sources that varied form Certificate Degree of Indian Blood from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to blood quantum to lineal descent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rodriquez-Lonebear, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The 2014 BIA report changed methodologies by combining tribally submitted data with U.S. Census data, stopped collecting some information, added information, and altered how tribes had to report other information.

    “Compared to previous reports, the 2014 release changed methodologies by combining tribally submitted data with U.S. Census data.The report also stopped collecting some information, added information, and altered how tribes had to report other information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    During the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census processes, the Bureau attempted to improve their data on Indigenous Peoples by directly contacting tribal governments to share information about the decennial Census process.

    “During the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census processes, the Bureau attempted to improve their data on Indigenous Peoples by directly contacting tribal governments to share information about the decennial Census process (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites U.S. Census Bureau, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The 2000 U.S. Census recorded the median household income of about $22,100 on the Cheyenne River reservation.

    “The 2000 U.S. Census recorded the median household income of about $22,100”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In 2005, the BIA reported 88% unemployment on the Cheyenne River reservation.

    “in 2005, the BIA reported 88% unemployment on the reservation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites U.S. Department of the Interior, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The housing inventory was augmented making affordable housing more available for citizens.

    “the housing inventory was augmented making affordable housing more available for citizens”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015c

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Ysleta del Sur leaders decided that community engagement was key to developing a comprehensive land-use plan for the community.

    “Ysleta del Sur leaders decided that community engagement was key to developing a comprehensive land-use plan for the community.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The Cheyenne River 2006 to 2016 poverty reduction plan, A Path for Our People, in partnership with the Northwest Area Foundation, seeks to create sustainable partnerships and strategies to address poverty on the Cheyenne River reservation.

    “The Cheyenne River 2006 to 2016 poverty reduction plan, A Path for Our People, in partnership with the Northwest Area Foundation, seeks to create sustainable partnerships and strategies to address poverty on the Cheyenne River reservation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2015a, n.d.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    With a reservation population over 10,000, this translates to approximately 2,000 adults seeking work, documenting the great need for jobs on the reservation.

    “With a reservation population over 10,000, this translates to approximately 2,000 adults seeking work, documenting the great need for jobs on the reservation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    From 2008 to 2014, the Ysleta del Sur survey had an average 90% response rate.

    “From 2008 to 2014, the survey had an average 90% response rate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The Ysleta del Sur land-use plan discusses non-Indigenous uses for lands and describes the relationships between people and the land, individuals' roles in the community, and the importance of land for cultural continuity.

    “As a result, the land-use plan discusses non-Indigenous uses for lands and describes the relationships between people and the land, individuals' roles in the community, and the importance of land for cultural continuity (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The data helped to justify a microloan program from the tribe's community development fund to support the arts and crafts producers and to assist the artists in creating small businesses.

    “The data helped to justify a microloan program from the tribe's community development fund to support the arts and crafts producers and to assist the artists in creating small businesses”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2011b, 2015e

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In 2008, Ysleta del Sur implemented its Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy.

    “In 2008, Ysleta del Sur implemented its Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (hereafter, Development Strategy).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Ysleta del Sur provided HUD with the pueblo's 2010 socioeconomic profile data and information about the survey design and methodology.

    “Ysleta del Sur provided HUD with the pueblo's 2010 socioeconomic profile data, as well as information about the survey design and methodology”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Based on a review of the literature, the paper identified five critical problems with Indigenous population data today.

    “Based on a review of the literature, we have identified five critical problems with Indigenous population data today.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Non-profits and others validated and trusted these data, providing much needed resources to develop the sector.

    “Non-profits and others validated and trusted these data, providing much needed resources to develop the sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Voices staff members have begun conversations with leadership and departments about improving data stewardship and management.

    “The tribe has a Tribal Research Review Board ordinance in the approval process, and Voices staff members have begun conversations with leadership and departments about improving data stewardship and management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The census data failed to reflect the serious decline in the pueblo's economy triggered by the State of Texas' 2002 closure of the Ysleta del Sur's gaming operations.

    “The census data failed to reflect the serious decline in the pueblo's economy triggered by the State of Texas' 2002 closure of the Ysleta del Sur's gaming operations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Voices also generated interest in tribal regulation and governance of research and data and in research as an activity by and for Cheyenne River people.

    “Voices also generated interest in tribal regulation and governance of research and data and in research as an activity by and for Cheyenne River people.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In the face of poor quality socioeconomic data as a result of shifting economic conditions, Ysleta del Sur collected and used their own data to successfully challenge HUDs reliance on U.S. Census data.

    “In the face of poor quality socioeconomic data as a result of shifting economic conditions, Ysleta del Sur collected and used their own data to successfully challenge HUDs reliance on U.S. Census data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Data about Indigenous populations in the United States are inconsistent and irrelevant.

    “Data about Indigenous populations in the United States are inconsistent and irrelevant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 1928 Meriam Report cited the lack of accurate statistics about Indians as a major problem and suggested the need for additional questions to better reflect the population.

    “In 1928, the Meriam Report cited the lack of accurate statistics about Indians as a major problem and suggested the need for additional questions to better reflect the population (Lewis Meriam and Associates, 1928).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lewis Meriam and Associates, 1928

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Federal and state governments and researchers direct most collection, analysis, and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations.

    “Federal and state governments and researchers direct most collection, analysis, and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Lack of consistent and relevant data that meets the needs and visions of Indigenous nations limits the ability of policymakers to make informed decisions, thereby hampering tribal self-determination and capable governance.

    “Lack of consistent and relevant data that meets the needs and visions of Indigenous nations limits the ability of policymakers to make informed decisions, thereby hampering tribal self-determination and capable governance (Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2013;Freemantle et al., 2015;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cross et al., 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites DeWeaver, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Indigenous nations may have far different information needs that reflect Indigenous perceptions of vibrant, sustainable communities and nations.

    “Indigenous nations may have far different information needs that reflect Indigenous perceptions of vibrant, sustainable communities and nations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The U.S. Census Bureau and tribes have taken a number of steps to improve census counts.

    “The U.S. Census Bureau and tribes have taken a number of steps to improve census counts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    External control of data leads to inconsistent and irrelevant U.S. Indigenous population data, and Indigenous Peoples' mistrust of data.

    “External control of data leads to inconsistent and irrelevant U.S. Indigenous population data, and Indigenous Peoples' mistrust of data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Indigenous Peoples' justified mistrust complicates the collection and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations.

    “Indigenous Peoples' justified mistrust further complicates the collection and use of these data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The comprehensive enumeration on reservations for the 2000 U.S. Census enhanced tribal data and statistical reports.

    “This process enhanced tribal data and statistical reports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    With the migration to collecting socioeconomic data using the American Community Survey (ACS) after the 2000 U.S. Census, the U.S. Census Bureau lost ground in their pursuit of improved socio-economic data.

    “However, with the migration to collecting socioeconomic data using the American Community Survey (ACS) after the 2000 U.S. Census, the U.S. Census Bureau lost ground in their pursuit of improved socio-economic data (DeWeaver, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DeWeaver, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reliance on data that do not reflect tribal needs, priorities, and self-conceptions threatens tribal self-determination.

    “Reliance on data that do not reflect tribal needs, priorities, and self-conceptions threatens tribal self-determination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Contaminant exposure calculations and guidelines are based on mainstream consumption rates.

    “Contaminant exposure calculations and guidelines are based on mainstream consumption rates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Inconsistent data on Indigenous populations in the U.S. are largely collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, federal and state agencies, tribes, and other entities.

    “Inconsistent Data on Indigenous populations in the U.S. are largely collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, federal and state agencies, tribes, and other entities (Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2010DeWeaver, , 2013;;Freemantle et al., 2015;Todd, 2012;Westat, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cross et al., 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites DeWeaver, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Westat, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Changes in BIA reporting make it difficult for tribes to rely on these data for decision-making and effectively prohibit analysis of changes over time.

    “Such changes make it difficult for tribes to rely on these data for decision-making and effectively prohibit analysis of changes over time (U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples gathered and administered for purposes defined by others rarely meet tribes' data needs because data do not exist to inform tribal needs.

    “Gathered and administered for purposes defined by others, this information rarely meets tribes' data needs in two important ways: a. Data do not exist to inform tribal needs, and b.Existing data cannot be aggregated in ways meaningful to tribes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A data revolution is afoot in Indigenous nations and communities worldwide.

    “A data revolution is afoot in Indigenous nations and communities worldwide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The U.S. federal government no longer issues reports on Indigenous populations with the same consistency as before, or at all.

    “Where once the U.S. government and others reported data regularly-such as the biennial Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) labor force reports, Indian Health Service (IHS) statistics every two to three years, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) annual data on American Indians and crime-the federal government no longer issues those reports with the same consistency or at all (Shalala, Trujillo, Harry, Sk”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Shalala, Trujillo, Harry, Skupien, & D'Angelo, 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites U.S. Department of Justice, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A master's-level data specialist employed by Ysleta del Sur and University of Texas El Paso consultants brought Western scientific knowledge about sociology and economics to the process.

    “A master's-level data specialist employed by the Ysleta del Sur and University of Texas El Paso consultants brought Western scientific knowledge about sociology and economics to the process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A committee composed of community members, leaders, and department heads provided guidance to the Ysleta del Sur Economic Development Department staff.

    “A committee composed of community members, leaders, and department heads provided guidance to the Economic Development Department staff.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Indigenous nations have begun asserting Indigenous data sovereignty and instituting governance over their data.

    “Indigenous nations have begun asserting Indigenous data sovereignty and instituting governance over their data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To meet the Development Strategy goals, Ysleta del Sur needed demographic and socioeconomic data to establish a baseline, monitor progress toward objectives, and implement changes as needed.

    “To meet the Development Strategy goals, Ysleta del Sur needed demographic and socioeconomic data to establish a baseline, monitor progress toward objectives, and implement changes as needed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The research employed a random, stratified, disproportionate sample; researchers contacted every fourth house in each reservation community and surveyed up to five families per structure.

    “The research employed a random, stratified, disproportionate sample; researchers contacted every fourth house in each reservation community and surveyed up to five families per structure”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The project's principal investigator and advisory committee reviewed and approved each analysis.

    “The project's principal investigator and advisory committee reviewed and approved each analysis”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Development Strategy vision of economic development fostered cultural preservation and improved quality of life.

    “The Development Strategy vision of economic development fostered cultural preservation and improved quality of life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gomez et al., 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Inherent in Indigenous nations' rights to the information is the implied responsibility to govern data.

    “Inherent in Indigenous nations' rights to the information is the implied responsibility to govern data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The Ysleta del Sur Economic Development Department gathered citizen input through focus groups and planning sessions, and held community meetings to educate citizens and descendants on data terminology, explain how Ysleta del Sur's data differs from and expands on other available data, and share how Ysleta del Sur's government uses the data to make decisions.

    “The department gathered citizen input through focus groups and planning sessions, and held community meetings to educate citizens and descendants on data terminology, to explain how Ysleta del Sur's data differs from and expands on other available data, and to share how Ysleta del Sur's government uses the data to make decisions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The Ysleta del Sur department's director, an Ysleta del Sur citizen, contributed community and cultural knowledge as well as management and business expertise.

    “The department's director, an Ysleta del Sur citizen, contributed community and cultural knowledge as well as management and business expertise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Both Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe agreed to participate in the research and became partners in the entire process from conception to publication.

    “Both tribes agreed to participate in the research and became partners in the entire process from conception to publication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Extensive community engagement through meetings and focus groups guided the selection of survey variables, the length of the survey, question wording, and data collection methods.

    “Extensive community engagement through meetings and focus groups guided the selection of survey variables, the length of the survey, question wording, and data collection methods”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, n.d.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    An interdisciplinary team informed the creation of survey questions that wove together cultural and local knowledge with Western epistemologies.

    “An interdisciplinary team informed the creation of survey questions that wove together cultural and local knowledge with Western epistemologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    In 2012 and 2013, the project conducted face-to-face surveys with 819 families living in 547 structures; 150 respondents consented to voice recording of their interviews.

    “In 2012 and 2013, the project conducted face-to-face surveys with 819 families living in 547 structures; 150 respondents consented to voice recording of their interviews”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A 14-member advisory committee guided the community-based project, including creation of the research protocol, survey questions, marketing, surveying, data analysis, and community and public presentations.

    “A 14-member advisory committee guided the community-based project, including creation of the research protocol, survey questions, marketing, surveying, data analysis, as well as community and public presentations of project findings”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Canada, discussions of data sovereignty and data governance for Indigenous nations have resulted in developing Indigenous owned and controlled national datasets, as well as community-based, nation-driven data governance.

    “In Canada, discussions of data sovereignty and data governance for Indigenous nations have resulted in developing Indigenous owned and controlled national datasets (First Nations Information Governance Centre, 2012, 2016;Martens et al., 2010;Smylie et al., 2011), as well as community-based, nation-driven data governance (British Columbia First Nations' Data Governance Initiative, 2015, n.d.;Mustim”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites First Nations Information Governance Centre, 2012, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Martens et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Smylie et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Demonstrating the benefits of data and including the community in the process yielded support from leaders and citizens and trust in the socioeconomic profile plan at Ysleta del Sur.

    “Demonstrating the benefits of data and including the community in the process yielded support from leaders and citizens and trust in the socioeconomic profile plan.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The tribal enrollment office serves as the main data storage facility for all data at Ysleta del Sur.

    “The tribal enrollment office serves as the main data storage facility for all data at Ysleta del Sur (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015e).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015e

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Only tribal nations can exercise Indigenous data sovereignty and practice data governance.

    “Only tribal nations can exercise Indigenous data sovereignty and practice data governance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Through Voices, the tribe developed the capacity to collect its own data, to tell its own stories, and to formulate creative solutions for the problems facing Cheyenne River communities.

    “Through Voices, the tribe developed the capacity to collect its own data, to tell its own stories, and to formulate creative solutions for the problems facing Cheyenne River communities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such an approach enhances community trust in data.

    “Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is not enough for tribes simply to take over data collection, even if they have the resources to do so.

    “But they also demonstrate that it is not enough for tribes simply to take over data collection, even if they have the resources to do so.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control.

    “Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The tribal data initiatives offered in this article argue for the self-determination, sovereignty, and governance benefits of investing in a different and more strategic approach to data for Indigenous nations.

    “The tribal data initiatives offered in this article argue for the self-determination, sovereignty, and governance benefits of investing in a different and more strategic approach to data for Indigenous nations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The two tribal data projects resulted in higher quality and relevant population data that their citizens trust and the respective nation controls.

    “The two tribal data projects resulted in higher quality and relevant population data that their citizens trust and the respective nation controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Tribal sovereignty with respect to data and Indigenous nation governance of data includes both data generated by tribes as well as data about tribal nations, communities, and citizens generated by others.

    “However, tribal sovereignty with respect to data and Indigenous nation governance of data includes both data generated by tribes as well as data about tribal nations, communities, and citizens generated by others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such an approach may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.

    “Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Cheyenne River Voices research project exemplifies a large-scale, in-depth survey to provide local, relevant population data to guide tribal decisions and to direct funding.

    “The Cheyenne River Voices research project exemplifies a large-scale, in-depth survey to provide local, relevant population data to guide tribal decisions and to direct funding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increasing data relevance, availability, and quality for all users of data on Indigenous Peoples, lands, and resources requires broad collaboration.

    “Increasing data relevance, availability, and quality for all users of data on Indigenous Peoples, lands, and resources requires broad collaboration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Once that knowing is in hand, data governance also implies using the information to enhance self-determination.

    “Once that knowing is in hand, data governance also implies using the information to enhance self-determination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    At the crux of Indigenous nation data governance is data use.

    “At the crux of Indigenous nation data governance is data use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the case study process.

    “The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the case study process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
77 of 77

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two case studies of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe are representative enough to support general conclusions about U.S. tribes embracing Indigenous data sovereignty and data governance.

    “As we show with two case studies here, U.S. tribes have begun to interact with and embrace Indigenous data sovereignty and data governance as a means to assert their rights to create data by and for their nations and peoples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications are more adequate for characterizing Indigenous populations and informing policy than self-reports of tribal affiliation.

    “As a result, the data from the U.S. Census, administrative databases, and many surveys include self-reports of tribal affiliation, rather than tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications.This inadequately characterizes populations and insufficiently informs policy and resource allocation decisions”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indigenous individuals and communities mistrust of data, its collection, and use is the result of past negative experiences with data collection and research, as well as lack of community involvement in data processes.

    “Indigenous individuals and communities mistrust of data, its collection, and use is the result of past negative experiences with data collection and research, as well as lack of community involvement in data processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Much of the data that tribes can access or use has been collected or organized by others.

    “Much of the data that tribes can access or use has been collected or organized by others.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Persistent data inaccuracies exist across sectors.

    “Persistent data inaccuracies exist across sectors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Available data do not inform the questions tribes have nor is it available at the level of aggregation that tribes need.

    “Available data do not inform the questions tribes have nor is it available at the level of aggregation that tribes need.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The answers to data governance questions may be very different from answers in non-Indigenous communities.

    “However, the answers may be very different from answers in non-Indigenous communities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These questions are not unique to the two tribes or to communities in general.

    “These questions are not unique to the two tribes or to communities in general.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.

    “The two tribal data initiatives summarized in these case accounts demonstrate that community-based, nation-driven strategic data initiatives can yield previously unavailable information for policy decisions and resource allocation.”
9 of 9

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Single-race AIAN share does not match the reported population totals

    Minor

    The stated 2.9 million people are about 55.8% of the stated 5.2 million reporting AIAN heritage, not 49%.

    Reported 49 · recomputed 55.769231

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Todd, R. M. (2012, August 27). Indian Country economic development: Data and data gaps. Paper presented at the Conference on the Law and Economics of Indian Country Economic Development, Minneapolis, MN.
  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). Trends in Indian health 2000-2001. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service.
  3. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2008). Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 2008 socio-economic profile. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department.
  4. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2009). Small business profile. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department. Retrieved from http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/economic_development.sstg?id=1&sub1=40
  5. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2010). Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 2009 socio-economic assessment. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department. Retrieved from http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/economic_development.sstg?id=1&sub1=40
  6. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2012a). Land use survey: Community report. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department. Retrieved from http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/economic_development.sstg?id=1&sub1=40
  7. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2012b). Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 2010 socio-economic profile. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department. Retrieved from http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/economic_development.sstg?id=1&sub1=40
  8. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2012c). Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 2012 socio-economic rofile. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department.
  9. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. (2013). Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Alternative Renewable Energy Community Engagement Survey. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, TX: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Economic Development Department. Retrieved from http://www.ysletadelsurpueblo.org/economic_development.sstg?id=1&sub1=40

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Rainie, S. C., Schultz, J. L., Briggs, E., Riggs, P., & Palmanteer-Holder, N. L.
Affiliations
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • Bush Foundation (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
Venue
International Indigenous Policy Journal
Publisher
University of Western Ontario, Western Libraries
Published
2017-03-10
Volume
8
Issue
2
ISSN
1916-5781 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.1
OpenAlex
W2612250463
Semantic Scholar
95ff89feb27455101e04cd727c7393951d85242c
Cited by
114
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
FWCI
29.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Indigenous Policy Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Udall Foundation
  • W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
  • Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
  • Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Keywords
Indigenous data sovereignty, tribal self-determination, data governance, Indigenous data, Indigenous governance, Indigenous decision-making, demographic data, socioeconomic data

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-30.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-30.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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