Indigenous Peoples and research: self-determination in research governance

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Implementation of "G.R.E.A.T. Research" requires researchers to ensure that their research goals are understood by the community, that findings are shared and not siloed, and that the community benefits from the collaboration.

“Implementation of “G.R.E.A.T. Research” requires researchers to ensure that their research goals are understood by the community, that findings are shared and not siloed, and that the community benefits from the collaboration.”

• cites Tauali‘i et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Research sovereignty is a form of Indigenous self-determination concerned with securing Indigenous Peoples' control over acquisition, use, storage, and reuse of their data not only under their authority but especially in the custody of researchers and research institutions.

“Accordingly, we view research sovereignty as a form of Indigenous self-determination concerned with securing Indigenous Peoples' control over acquisition, use, storage, and reuse of their data not only under their authority but especially in the custody of researchers and research institutions, e.g., funders, sponsors, repositories, publishers (AIATSIS, 2020; Carroll et al., 2021).”

• cites AIATSIS, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Carroll et al., 2021 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Most documents analyzed employ approaches developed at the turn of the millennium mainly in response to advances in genetics.

“For example, most documents analyzed employ approaches developed at the turn of the millennium mainly in response to advances in genetics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Institutional policies governing storage, access, use, and disposition of research samples, materials, and data must protect Indigenous Peoples and their individual members from improper uses, such as those by unsanctioned third-parties or for unauthorized commercial ends.

“Institutional policies governing storage, access, use, and disposition of research samples, materials, and data must protect Indigenous Peoples and their individual members from improper uses, such as those by unsanctioned third-parties or for unauthorized commercial ends (Tribes 4, 24, and 21).”

• cites Tribes 4, 24, and 21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Researchers need to notify relevant Indigenous authorities of plans for commercialization and respect restrictions on commercialization.

“Researchers also need to notify relevant Indigenous authorities of plans for commercialization and respect restrictions on commercialization (Tribes 18 and 4).”

• cites Tribes 18 and 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous Peoples employ a variety of governance measures (laws, policies, processes, practices) to oversee self-determined research.

“As noted earlier, Indigenous Peoples employ a variety of governance measures (laws, policies, processes, practices) to oversee self-determined research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These enforcement tools include administrative actions effected through Indigenous government agencies as well as judicial penalties, fines, and orders issued by Indigenous courts.

“These enforcement tools include administrative actions effected through Indigenous government agencies as well as judicial penalties, fines, and orders issued by Indigenous courts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Benefits should be framed in collective terms from project inception to completion, and can include co-authorship, acknowledgment and attribution, intellectual property, and royalties or other monetary compensation.

“Benefits should be framed in collective terms from project inception to completion, and can include co-authorship, acknowledgment and attribution, intellectual property, and royalties or other monetary compensation (Tribe 25).”

• cites Tribe 25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Judicial enforcement includes equitable relief, a court-granted remedy that requires parties to act or refrain from performing particular acts.

“Judicial enforcement also includes equitable relief, a court-granted remedy that requires parties to act or refrain from performing particular acts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The documents call for researchers to comply with review processes that govern collection, storage, and publication of data to protect Indigenous persons from adverse effects and facilitate access to research benefits.

“The documents call for researchers to comply with review processes that govern collection, storage, and publication of data to protect Indigenous persons from adverse effects and facilitate access to research benefits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Researchers should partner with Indigenous Peoples to design processes for data collection, storage, access, use, and disposition before, during, and after research projects, recognizing that Indigenous Peoples have the right to know and control how their data is being collected, stored, accessed, shared, and disposed of.

“Researchers should partner with Indigenous Peoples to design processes for data collection, storage, access, use, and disposition before, during, and after research projects, recognizing that Indigenous Peoples have the right to know and control how their data is being collected, stored, accessed, shared, and disposed of (Tribes 18, 4, 11, and 14).”

• cites Tribes 18, 4, 11, and 14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Researchers show respect for participants, their families, and non-participating community members by clearly communicating relevant institutional policies that address collective risks, impacts, and protections.

“Researchers show respect for participants, their families, and non-participating community members by clearly communicating relevant institutional policies that address collective risks, impacts, and protections.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Research should maximize benefits while educating and empowering Indigenous Peoples.

“Research should maximize benefits while educating and empowering Indigenous Peoples (Tribe 4).”

• cites Tribe 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The documents analyzed require researchers to recognize the authority of Indigenous Peoples to control research involving their citizens, data, and resources both within and beyond their lands in alignment with their jurisdiction and ethics frameworks.

“The documents analyzed require researchers to recognize the authority of Indigenous Peoples to control research involving their citizens, data, and resources both within and beyond their lands in alignment with their jurisdiction and ethics frameworks.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous sovereignty is inherent and not granted through legal recognition by external entities, whether national or international.

May combine two claims.

Per sovereignty principles, researchers are to comply with Indigenous Peoples' requests to withdraw from projects and/or return all samples.

“Per sovereignty principles, researchers are to comply with Indigenous Peoples' requests to withdraw from projects and/or return all samples (Tribes 23, 25, 8, and 11).”

• cites Tribes 23, 25, 8, and 11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous authorities can expel and bar researchers from their territories and require that all collected or generated data be returned.

“Indigenous authorities can expel and bar researchers from their territories and require that all collected or generated data be returned (Tribes 8 and 11).”

• cites Tribes 8 and 11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Researchers are to respect the social, economic, political, cultural, and spiritual epistemologies of Indigenous Peoples by upholding their rights to control and protect their knowledges and intellectual property.

“Researchers are to respect the social, economic, political, cultural, and spiritual epistemologies of Indigenous Peoples by upholding their rights to control and protect their knowledges and intellectual property (ISE, 2006; AIATSIS, 2012, 2020; Campbell et al., 2015; Tribe 8).”

• cites ISE, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites AIATSIS, 2012, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Campbell et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Research goals, agreements, and activities should be relevant and responsive to Indigenous needs, reflect Indigenous philosophies and practices, and remain collaborative to center Indigenous-defined objectives.

“Research goals, agreements, and activities should be relevant and responsive to Indigenous needs, reflect Indigenous philosophies and practices, and remain collaborative to center Indigenous-defined objectives (Tribes 4 and 25).”

• cites Tribes 4 and 25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Such relief includes court orders to stop ongoing studies or to bar sponsors from funding further research with an Indigenous community.

“Such relief includes court orders to stop ongoing studies or to bar sponsors from funding further research with an Indigenous community (Tribes 23, 14, 24, 21, 2, and 13).”

• cites Tribes 23, 14, 24, 21, 2, and 13Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Researchers have a corresponding responsibility to address concerns raised and make amendments as appropriate.

“Researchers have a corresponding responsibility to address concerns raised and make amendments as appropriate (Tribes 19 and 22).”

• cites Tribes 19 and 22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous research review mechanisms can review research generally or in particular fields, can be specialized bodies operating with relative autonomy from elected Indigenous leadership or embedded in Indigenous government agencies, and in rare cases can be an administrative process without a specialized committee.

“These governance mechanisms can review research generally or in particular fields (e.g., health, environmental issues, culture). They can be specialized bodies operating with relative autonomy from elected Indigenous leadership or embedded in Indigenous government agencies. In rare cases, they can be an administrative process without a specialized committee to assess proposals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research with Indigenous Peoples requires assessment of collective risks and benefits.

“Research with Indigenous Peoples requires assessment of collective risks and benefits.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The documents analyzed require Indigenous Peoples to be included in communications and decision-making from project inception to completion.

“To ensure that Indigenous aspirations are included throughout research, Indigenous Peoples are to be included in communications and decision-making from project inception to completion (Tribe 15).”

• cites Tribe 15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Risk assessment focuses on the protection of people, culture, and natural resources.

“Risk assessment focuses on the protection of people, culture, and natural resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most documents analyzed for this article were obtained from third-party online sources compiled by non-Indigenous governments, universities, and other entities.

“For example, most documents analyzed for this article were obtained from third-party online sources compiled by non-Indigenous governments, universities, and other entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The emerging discourse around Indigenous Data Sovereignty has provoked discussions about decolonizing data practices and highlighted the importance of Indigenous Data Governance to support Indigenous decision-making and control of data.

“The emerging discourse around Indigenous Data Sovereignty has provoked discussions about decolonizing data practices and highlighted the importance of Indigenous Data Governance to support Indigenous decision-making and control of data.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Indigenous research governance and Indigenous Data Governance overlap because much data are generated from research.

“Given that much data are generated from research, Indigenous research governance and Indigenous Data Governance overlap.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous Peoples are reimagining their relationship with research and researchers through greater self-determination and involvement in research governance.

“Indigenous Peoples are reimagining their relationship with research and researchers through greater self-determination and involvement in research governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

An implication of this codified right is the need for this authority to be reflected in the practices of researchers and within institutional policy.

“An implication of this codified right is the need for this authority to be reflected in the practices of researchers and within institutional policy.”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous Peoples set agendas, determine methodologies, control processes, and direct outcomes of their research ecosystems.

“Indigenous Peoples set agendas, determine methodologies, control processes, and direct outcomes of their research ecosystems (Smith, 2012; Hudson et al., 2020).”

• cites Smith, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hudson et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The responsibility of aligning institutional policies and procedures with Indigenous self-determination is founded on the deeper principle, running through UNDRIP, of restoring respectful, equitable relationships with Indigenous Peoples after centuries of unequal and exploitative engagements.

“It is founded on the deeper principle, running through UNDRIP, of restoring respectful, equitable relationships with Indigenous Peoples after centuries of unequal and exploitative engagements.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This Indigenous conception of lands refers to physical lands and waters, including longitude and latitude data, as well as the environmental, ethical, and spiritual relationships embedded in these physical spaces.

“This Indigenous conception of lands refers to physical lands and waters, including longitude and latitude data, as well as the environmental, ethical, and spiritual relationships embedded in these physical spaces (Liboiron, 2021).”

• cites Liboiron, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An implication of this right is the creation of complementary measures at research institutions to facilitate such review and implement such controls.

“An implication of this right is the creation of complementary measures at research institutions to facilitate such review and implement such controls.”

May combine two claims.

IDGov and Indigenous research governance overlap; some data are research-derived and are subject to both data and research governance.

“IDGov and Indigenous research governance overlap; some data are research-derived and are subject to both data and research governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are currently 574 distinct Indigenous Peoples in the US with explicit status under the federal recognition framework, while over 60 maintain such status with states.

“There are currently 574 distinct Indigenous Peoples in the US with explicit status under the federal recognition framework, while over 60 maintain such status with states (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2016; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2023).”

• cites National Conference of State Legislatures, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites US Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Implementation of IDSov approaches extends Indigenous Peoples' expectations around the responsible use of their data beyond the geographic, political, and social limits imposed by historical and ongoing colonial law and policy.

“Importantly, such implementation extends Indigenous Peoples' expectations around the responsible use of their data beyond the geographic, political, and social limits imposed by historical and ongoing colonial law and policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Researchers and institutions need to understand that Indigenous Peoples have the sovereign right to regulate all research conducted on lands to which they relate, that incorporates their knowledges, and that involves their people.

“Researchers and institutions need to understand that Indigenous Peoples have the sovereign right to regulate all research (1) conducted on lands to which they relate, (2) that incorporates their knowledges, and (3) that involves their people (AIATSIS, 2012, 2020; Kukutai et al., 2023).”

• cites AIATSIS, 2012, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kukutai et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Recognizing Indigenous Peoples' "Authority to control" research requires respecting Indigenous Peoples' rights and interests in research and data, and creating data governance mechanisms in external institutions that reflect Indigenous Peoples' expectations.

“Recognizing Indigenous Peoples' “Authority to control” research requires (1) respecting Indigenous Peoples' rights and interests in research and data, and (2) creating data governance mechanisms in external institutions that reflect Indigenous Peoples' expectations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Indigenous research governance is an exercise of CARE's "Authority to control" Principle in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous research environments.

“In other words, Indigenous research governance is an exercise of CARE's “Authority to control” Principle in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous research environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Subsequent changes in research practice catalyzed by big data, open science, digital storage, and open data may call for further revisions to ensure that Indigenous Peoples' data remain under Indigenous control.

“However, subsequent changes in research practice catalyzed by big data, open science, digital storage, and open data may call for further revisions to ensure that Indigenous Peoples' data remain under Indigenous control.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Research practice has undergone subsequent changes catalyzed by big data, open science, digital storage, and open data.

May combine two claims.

Explicit or implicit status does not determine how Indigenous Peoples exercise sovereignty within their communities, but it does impact how they engage external entities that collect and use Indigenous data.

“While explicit or implicit status does not determine how Indigenous Peoples exercise sovereignty within their communities, it does impact how they engage external entities (e.g., governments, non-profits, corporations, research institutions) that collect and use Indigenous data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Given the governance gap, Indigenous Peoples' sovereign actions in data governance are foundational.

“Given this governance gap, Indigenous Peoples' sovereign actions in data governance are foundational.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The data revolution has outpaced effective regulation by governments, Indigenous and otherwise.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Wide-ranging changes implicating a spectrum of data actors beyond Indigenous jurisdiction are needed to make data fair, accountable, and responsive to Indigenous Peoples' rights, interests, and responsibilities.

“However, wide-ranging changes implicating a spectrum of data actors beyond Indigenous jurisdiction are needed to make data fair, accountable, and responsive to Indigenous Peoples' rights, interests, and responsibilities (White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2022).”

• cites White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Consistent compliance with Indigenous Peoples' research requirements calls for researchers and institutions to be aware of Indigenous Peoples' expectations.

“Consistent compliance with Indigenous Peoples' research requirements calls for researchers and institutions to be aware of Indigenous Peoples' expectations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A key justification for Indigenous self-determination is the collective ability to respond to external currents driven by nation-state priorities and global trends.

“A key justification for Indigenous self-determination is the collective ability to respond to external currents driven by nation-state priorities and global trends.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The need for awareness of Indigenous Peoples' expectations is amplified by practice trends driven by big data and open science involving large scale pooling of data as well as collaboration among researchers and entities.

“The need for such awareness is amplified by practice trends driven by big data and open science involving large scale pooling of data as well as collaboration among researchers and entities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Practice trends driven by big data and open science involve large scale pooling of data as well as collaboration among researchers and entities.