A Persona-Based Neural Conversation Model
Open accessAbstract
Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Georgios Spithourakis, Jianfeng Gao, Bill Dolan. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2016.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Li et al. (2016) developed persona-based neural conversation models with a notion of speakers' style, identity and consistency.
“Li et al. (2016) developed persona-based neural conversation models with a notion of speakers' style, identity and consistency [18].”
From Memory Fabric for Conversational AI Agents: Enabling Shared and Persistent Memory Across Users (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Once the speaker embedding is injected into the decoder, responses are more stable and consistent over conversations.
“Once the speaker embedding is injected into the decoder, the responses are more stable and consistent over conversations.”
From Memory Fabric for Conversational AI Agents: Enabling Shared and Persistent Memory Across Users (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Each speaker is assigned a vector embedding representing their persona, learned together with other aspects of the model during training.
“Each speaker is assigned a vector embedding that represents their persona.These are learned together with other aspects of the model during training.”
From Memory Fabric for Conversational AI Agents: Enabling Shared and Persistent Memory Across Users (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Provenance tracking based on recency and reliability with algorithms for reconciling contradictory information can help maintain consistency and prevent propagation of errors.
“Provenance tracking based on recency and reliability with algorithms for reconciling contradictory information can help maintain consistency and prevent propagation of errors [18,30].”
From Memory Fabric for Conversational AI Agents: Enabling Shared and Persistent Memory Across Users (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The Introduction and §6.4 discuss consistency of a conversational agent’s responses, not provenance tracking. Searches for recency, source reliability, reconciliation of contradictory information, and error propagation found no passage addressing the claimed approach. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735 · Cited by 102,318 · see citing works
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., & Zhu, W.-J. (2001) · Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '02 · doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135 · Cited by 21,344 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 32
- David Ameixa, Luisa Coheur, Pedro Fialho, and Paulo Quaresma. 2014. Luke, I am your father: dealing with out-of-domain requests by using movies sub- titles. In Intelligent Virtual Agents, pages 13-21. Springer.
- Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Ben- gio. 2015. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In Proc. of the Inter- national Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).
- Rafael E Banchs and Haizhou Li. 2012. IRIS: a chat- oriented dialogue system based on the vector space model. In Proc. of the ACL 2012 System Demonstra- tions, pages 37-42.
- Yun-Nung Chen, Wei Yu Wang, and Alexander Rud- nicky. 2013. An empirical investigation of sparse log-linear models for improved dialogue act classifi- cation. In Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2013 IEEE International Conference on, pages 8317-8321. IEEE.
- Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Alessandro Sordoni, Yangfeng Ji, Michael Auli, Chris Quirk, Margaret Mitchell, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2015. ∆BLEU: A discriminative metric for generation tasks with intrinsically diverse targets. In Proc. of ACL-IJCNLP, pages 445-450, Beijing, China, July.
- Jianfeng Gao, Xiaodong He, Wen-tau Yih, and Li Deng. 2014. Learning continuous phrase representations for translation modeling. In Proc. of ACL, pages 699-709, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Alfred Kobsa. 1990. User modeling in dialog systems: Potentials and hazards. AI & society, 4(3):214-231.
- Esther Levin, Roberto Pieraccini, and Wieland Eckert. 2000. A stochastic model of human-machine inter- action for learning dialog strategies. IEEE Transac- tions on Speech and Audio Processing, 8(1):11-23.
- Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016. A diversity-promoting ob- jective function for neural conversation models. In Proc. of NAACL-HLT.
- Grace I Lin and Marilyn A Walker. 2011. All the world's a stage: Learning character models from film. In Proceedings of the Seventh AAAI Confer- ence on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digi- tal Entertainment (AIIDE).
- Thang Luong, Ilya Sutskever, Quoc Le, Oriol Vinyals, and Wojciech Zaremba. 2015. Addressing the rare word problem in neural machine translation. In Proc. of ACL, pages 11-19, Beijing, China, July.
- Lasguido Nio, Sakriani Sakti, Graham Neubig, Tomoki Toda, Mirna Adriani, and Satoshi Nakamura. 2014. Developing non-goal dialog system based on exam- ples of drama television. In Natural Interaction with Robots, Knowbots and Smartphones, pages 355-361. Springer.
- Franz Josef Och. 2003. Minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Compu- tational Linguistics, pages 160-167, Sapporo, Japan, July. Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Alice H Oh and Alexander I Rudnicky. 2000. Stochas- tic language generation for spoken dialogue systems. In Proceedings of the 2000 ANLP/NAACL Workshop on Conversational systems-Volume 3, pages 27-32.
- Roberto Pieraccini, David Suendermann, Krishna Dayanidhi, and Jackson Liscombe. 2009. Are we there yet? research in commercial spoken dialog systems. In Text, Speech and Dialogue, pages 3-13. Springer.
- Adwait Ratnaparkhi. 2002. Trainable approaches to surface natural language generation and their appli- cation to conversational dialog systems. Computer Speech & Language, 16(3):435-455.
- Alan Ritter, Colin Cherry, and William B Dolan. 2011. Data-driven response generation in social media. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Meth- ods in Natural Language Processing, pages 583- 593.
- Jost Schatztnann, Matthew N Stuttle, Karl Weilham- mer, and Steve Young. 2005. Effects of the user model on simulation-based learning of dialogue strategies. In Automatic Speech Recognition and Un- derstanding, 2005 IEEE Workshop on, pages 220- 225.
- Iulian V Serban, Alessandro Sordoni, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, and Joelle Pineau. 2015. Building end-to-end dialogue systems using generative hierar- chical neural network models. In Proc. of AAAI.
- Lifeng Shang, Zhengdong Lu, and Hang Li. 2015. Neural responding machine for short-text conversa- tion. In ACL-IJCNLP, pages 1577-1586.
- Alessandro Sordoni, Michel Galley, Michael Auli, Chris Brockett, Yangfeng Ji, Meg Mitchell, Jian-Yun Nie, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2015. A neural network approach to context-sensitive generation of conversational responses. In Proc. of NAACL-HLT.
- Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V Le. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Advances in neural information processing sys- tems (NIPS), pages 3104-3112.
- Jörg Tiedemann. 2009. News from OPUS -a collec- tion of multilingual parallel corpora with tools and interfaces. In Recent advances in natural language processing, volume 5, pages 237-248.
- Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2015. A neural conver- sational model. In Proc. of ICML Deep Learning Workshop.
- Wolfgang Wahlster and Alfred Kobsa. 1989. User models in dialog systems. Springer.
- Marilyn A Walker, Rashmi Prasad, and Amanda Stent. 2003. A trainable generator for recommendations in multimodal dialog. In INTERSPEECH.
- Marilyn A Walker, Ricky Grant, Jennifer Sawyer, Grace I Lin, Noah Wardrip-Fruin, and Michael Buell. 2011. Perceived or not perceived: Film char- acter models for expressive nlg. In Interactive Story- telling, pages 109-121. Springer.
- Marilyn A Walker, Grace I Lin, and Jennifer Sawyer. 2012. An annotated corpus of film dialogue for learning and characterizing character style. In LREC, pages 1373-1378.
- William Yang Wang, Ron Artstein, Anton Leuski, and David Traum. 2011. Improving spoken dialogue understanding using phonetic mixture models. In FLAIRS Conference.
- Tsung-Hsien Wen, Milica Gasic, Nikola Mrkšić, Pei- Hao Su, David Vandyke, and Steve Young. 2015. Semantically conditioned LSTM-based natural lan- guage generation for spoken dialogue systems. In Proc. of EMNLP, pages 1711-1721, Lisbon, Portu- gal, September. Association for Computational Lin- guistics.
- Kaisheng Yao, Geoffrey Zweig, and Baolin Peng. 2015. Attention with intention for a neural network conversation model. CoRR, abs/1510.08565. · arXiv
- Steve Young, Milica Gašić, Simon Keizer, Franc ¸ois Mairesse, Jost Schatzmann, Blaise Thomson, and Kai Yu. 2010. The hidden information state model: A practical framework for pomdp-based spoken dia- logue management. Computer Speech & Language, 24(2):150-174.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation
Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., Ishii, E., Bang, Y. J., Madotto, A., & Fung, P. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3571730 · Cited by 5,025 · see citing works
Recent Trends in Deep Learning Based Natural Language Processing [Review Article]
Young, T., Hazarika, D., Poria, S., & Cambria, E. (2018) · IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine · doi:10.1109/mci.2018.2840738 · Cited by 2,921 · see citing works
Gatt, A., & Krahmer, E. (2018) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.5477 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
The design and implementation of Xiaoice, an empathetic social chatbot
Zhou, L., Gao, J., Li, D., & Shum, H.-Y. (2020) · Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/coli_a_00368 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a Human-like Open-Domain Chatbot
Adiwardana, D., Luong, M.-T., So, D. R., Hall, J., Fiedel, N., Thoppilan, R., Yang, Z., Kulshreshtha, A., Nemade, G., Lu, Y., et al. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.09977 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
A Survey on Dialogue Systems: Recent Advances and New Frontiers
Chen, H., Liu, X., Yin, D., & Tang, J. (2017) · ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter · doi:10.1145/3166054.3166058 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Arming the public with artificial intelligence to counter social bots
Yang, K., Varol, O., Davis, C. A., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.115 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“Recent developments of deep-learning models create opportunities to employ sequence-to-sequence models for automatic conversations (Li et al., 2015, 2016), deep reinforcement learning for controlling account behaviors (Mnih et al., 2015; He et al., 2016; Serban et al., 2017), and generative…”
MethodDialogue Natural Language Inference
Welleck, S., Weston, J., Szlam, A., & Cho, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1363 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder-Decoders
Kikuchi, Y., Neubig, G., Sasano, R., Takamura, H., & Okumura, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1140 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Beyond Goldfish Memory: Long-Term Open-Domain Conversation
Xu, J., Szlam, A., & Weston, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.356 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Conversational Agents: Goals, Technologies, Vision and Challenges
Allouch, M., Azaria, A., & Azoulay, R. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21248448 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Learning from Dialogue after Deployment: Feed Yourself, Chatbot!
Hancock, B., Bordes, A., Mazare, P.-E., & Weston, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1358 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
CorefQA: Coreference Resolution as Query-based Span Prediction
Wu, W., Wang, F., Yuan, A., Wu, F., & Li, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.622 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Goldfish Memory: Long-Term Open-Domain Conversation
Xu, J., Szlam, A., & Weston, J. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.07567 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Liu, B., Tür, G., Hakkani-Tür, D., Shah, P., & Heck, L. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1187 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Word meaning in minds and machines.
Lake, B. M., & Murphy, G. L. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000297 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Towards Knowledge-Based Personalized Product Description Generation in E-commerce
Chen, Q., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Zhou, J., & Tang, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining · doi:10.1145/3292500.3330725 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Neural Approaches to Conversational AI
Gao, J., Galley, M., & Li, L. (2018) · Proceedings of ACL 2018, Tutorial Abstracts · doi:10.18653/v1/p18-5002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, Y., Meng, F., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, J., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i15.17575 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Learning towards conversational AI: A survey
Fu, T., Gao, S., Zhao, X., Wen, J.-R., & Yan, R. (2022) · AI Open · doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2022.02.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Controlling hallucinations at word level in data-to-text generation
Rebuffel, C., Roberti, M., Soulier, L., Scoutheeten, G., Cancelliere, R., & Gallinari, P. (2022) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-021-00801-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Open-Domain Conversational Agents: Current Progress, Open Problems, and Future Directions
Roller, S., Boureau, Y.-L., Weston, J., Bordes, A., Dinan, E., Fan, A., Gunning, D., Ju, D., Li, M., Poff, S., et al. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.12442 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Yi, S., Goel, R., Khatri, C., Cervone, A., Chung, T., Hedayatnia, B., Venkatesh, A., Gabriel, R., & Hakkani-Tur, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Generation · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-8608 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Large scale multi-actor generative dialog modeling,
Boyd, A., Puri, R., Shoeybi, M., Patwary, M., & Catanzaro, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Refocusing on Relevance: Personalization in NLG
Dudy, S., Bedrick, S., & Webber, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.421 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Garcia, D. M. P., Lopez, S. S., & Donis, H. (2018) · Electronic Workshops in Computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2018.40 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Memory Fabric for Conversational AI Agents: Enabling Shared and Persistent Memory Across Users
Tiwari, A., & Gupta, V. (2025) · TechRxiv · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.176523350.08289935/v1
- Authors
- Li, J., Galley, M., Brockett, C., Spithourakis, G., Gao, J., & Dolan, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
- Published
- 2016
- Pages
- 994-1003
- ISSN
- 0736-587X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2964352131
- Cited by
- 898
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 60.71
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Keywords
- chatbots, dialogue modeling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review