A Racial Comparison of Differences between Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Physical Activity among US Adults with Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To investigate: 1) the racial/ethnic disparities in meeting the recommended physical activity as measured by subjective vs objective measures in a national sample of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus; and 2) the racial/ethnic differences with respect to the magnitude of the discrepancy between self-reported and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity (MVPA). Methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-06 to calculate and compare the percentage of individuals with diabetes who achieved the recommended levels of physical activity as measured by subjective self-report (500 metabolic equivalents (MET)-minutes/week) and objective accelerometer measurement (150 minutes per week of MVPA) across racial/ ethnic groups. Results: 71.2%, 15.7%, and 13.1% of participants were White, African American, and Hispanic, respectively. Based on self-report, 67.1%, 39.2%, and 55.1% of Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics, respectively, met the 500 MET-minutes/week threshold of physical activity (P<.0001). Objective measurement by accelerometer showed that 44.2%, 42.6%, and 65.1% of Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics, respectively, met the threshold (P<.0003). Conclusions: Many individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus did not meet the recommended physical activity thresholds. African Americans had the lowest proportion of meeting both the self-reported and objectively measured thresholds. White patients with diabetes overestimated frequency of their physical activity, while their Hispanic counterparts significantly underestimated it. Also, the gap between the two measures of MVPA was largest among Hispanics. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(4):403-410; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.403.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Accelerometry data in 871 T2D patients showed that 55.8%, 57.4%, and 34.9% of White, African American, and Hispanic individuals did not meet the recommended threshold in guidelines.
“accelerometry data in 871 T2D patients showed that 55.8%, 57.4%, and 34.9% of White, African American, and Hispanic individuals did not meet the recommended threshold in guidelines24.”
From Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
Objective measurement by accelerometer in 871 individuals with type 2 diabetes showed that 44.2%, 42.6%, and 65.1% of White, African American, and Hispanic individuals, respectively, met the recommended threshold of exercise.
“Objective measurement by accelerometer in 871 individuals with type 2 diabetes showed that 44.2%, 42.6%, and 65.1% of White, African American, and Hispanic individuals, respectively, met the recommended threshold of exercise ( 241).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [241]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526 · see citing works
Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer
TROIANO, R. P., BERRIGAN, D., DODD, K. W., MÂSSE, L. C., TILERT, T., & MCDOWELL, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3 · Cited by 7,638 · see citing works
Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012
Menke, A., Casagrande, S., Geiss, L., & Cowie, C. C. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029 · Cited by 2,362 · see citing works
Assessment of physical activity by self-report: Status, limitations, and future directions
Sallis, J. F., & Saelens, B. E. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.11082780 · Cited by 2,351 · see citing works
Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes
Hamman, R. F., Wing, R. R., Edelstein, S. L., Lachin, J. M., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L., Hoskin, M., Kriska, A. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Pi-Sunyer, X., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0560 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Hilpert, M., Brockmeier, K., Dordel, S., Koch, B., Weiß, V., Ferrari, N., Tokarski, W., & Gräf, C. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000464105 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
Physical Activity in U.S. Adults
Tucker, J. M., Welk, G. J., & Beyler, N. K. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.016 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2017 Abridged for Primary Care Providers
American Diabetes Association (2017) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd16-0067 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Evolution of accelerometer methods for physical activity research
Troiano, R. P., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., & Chen, K. Y. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093546 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes
Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., & White, R. D. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-9910 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Physical Activity of Moderate Intensity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Jeon, C. Y., Lokken, R. P., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1842 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Colberg (2010) · doi:10.2337/dc10-1548 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016 abridged for primary care providers
American Diabetes Association (2016) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.34.1.3 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Recommendations for physical activity in older adults
Sparling, P. B., Howard, B. J., Dunstan, D. W., & Owen, N. G. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h100 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Evenson, K. R., Buchner, D. M., & Morland, K. B. (2011) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd9.110109 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Silsbury, Z., Goldsmith, R. H., & Rushton, A. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008430 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Fully proportional actigraphy: A new instrument
Tryon, W. W., & Williams, R. E. (1996) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200519 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Accelerometer-based Physical Activity
Bassett, D. R., Troiano, R. P., McClain, J. J., & Wolff, D. L. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000468 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Hawkins, M., Storti, K. L., Richardson, C. R., King, W. C., Strath, S. J., Holleman, R. G., & Kriska, A. M. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-31 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Joseph, J. J., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Golden, S. H., Chen, H., Jenny, N. S., Carnethon, M. R., Jacobs, D. R., Burke, G. L., Vaidya, D. M., Ouyang, P., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000185 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Assessing Physical Activity
Kriska, A. M. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.11082786 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Physical Activity in Individuals at Risk for Diabetes
Kriska, A. M., Edelstein, S. L., Hamman, R. F., Otto, A. D., Bray, G. A., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Wing, R. R., Horton, E. S., Haffner, S. M., & Regensteiner, J. G. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000218138.91812.f9 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Dunton, G. F., Dzubur, E., Kawabata, K., Yanez, B., Bo, B., & Intille, S. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00012 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what next?
Joseph, J. J., & Golden, S. H. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000044 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Golay, A., Brock, E., Gabriel, R., Konrad, T., Lalic, N. M., Laville, M., Mingrone, G., Petrie, J. R., Phan, T., Pietiläinen, K. H., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12114 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Freene, N., Waddington, G. S., Chesworth, W., Davey, R., & Cochrane, T. (2013) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Loprinzi, P. D., & Sng, E. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [15]15. Freene N, Waddington G, Chesworth W, Davey R, Cochrane T Validating two selfreport physical activity measures in middleaged adults completing a group exercise or home-based physical activity program. J Sci Med in Sport / Sports Medicine Australia. 2014;17:611-6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
5. Lifestyle Management:<i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Eichorst, B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s005 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Cao, Z., Min, J., Chen, H., Hou, Y., Yang, H., Si, K., & Xu, C. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49542-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
de Oliveira, V. L. P., de Paula, T. P., & Viana, L. V. (2024) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.11.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sharp, L. K., Biggers, A., Perez, R., Henkins, J., Tilton, J., & Gerber, B. S. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17170 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Arroyo, J. S., Hsia, S., Brojeni, N. R., & Pan, D.
- Affiliations
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (US)
- St. Vincent Charity Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Ethnicity & Disease
- Publisher
- Ethnicity and Disease Inc
- Published
- 2017-12-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 403
- ISSN
- 1049-510X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0826
- PMC
- PMC5720950
- OpenAlex
- W2773967223
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Ethnicity & Disease (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000124)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (S21MD000103, U54MD007598)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, physical activity, self-reported physical activity, accelerometer-measured activity, racial and ethnic disparities, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, White Americans, physical activity guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Morbidity, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Exercise, Racial Groups, Self Report, Accelerometry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
