Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what next?
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and modifying cardiovascular risk through lifestyle intervention and pharmacologic therapy is paramount. This review focuses on recent advances in treatment of classical (traditional) cardiovascular risk factors and highlights the impact of novel risk factors, including sleep disorders, socioeconomic status and chronic psychological stress on CVD in T2DM. RECENT FINDINGS: Obesity is a substantial cardiovascular risk factor, and recently, large trials of lifestyle and surgical (e.g. gastric bypass) interventions impact on CVD in overweight and obese patients have been reported. Lifestyle intervention including low calorie diet and exercise reduced individual cardiovascular risk factors but did not decrease the rate of long-term cardiovascular events. Bariatric surgery was beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and long-term cardiovascular events. Sleep insufficiency, poor sleep quality and obstructive sleep apnoea lead to higher CVD and further research is needed to characterize the benefit of treating sleep disorders on long-term cardiovascular events in T2DM. Lastly, socioeconomic status and chronic psychological stress independently have a major impact on increasing CVD in T2DM, and public health policies to reduce this burden will be important to address over the coming decade. SUMMARY: CVD in T2DM is multifactorial and requires a multifaceted approach in reducing known cardiovascular risks at the individual patient level through lifestyle, pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions and at the societal level through public health policies that support reduction in classical and novel cardiovascular risk factors.
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Insufficient or short sleep duration without obstructive sleep apnea is associated with adverse effects on serum lipids, insulin resistance, and autonomic perturbations associated with coronary artery disease.
“insufficient or short sleep duration without obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with adverse effects on serum lipids, insulin resistance, and perturbations of the autonomic nervous system associated with CAD”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [154]
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Risk Factor Control for Coronary Artery Disease Secondary Prevention in Large Randomized Trials
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Predictors of Mortality Over 8 Years in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
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Association Between Treated and Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Risk of Hypertension
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Sleep and its Relationship to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease
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The UK Prospective Diabetes study
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Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis: The Role of Inflammation
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Prevalence of Diagnosed Sleep Apnea Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care
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Self-citationAllostatic load in an environmental riskscape: The role of stressors and gender
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Blood pressure levels and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in type-2 diabetes
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Benefits of Early Hypertension Control on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes
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Overweight and Obesity as Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk: The Framingham Experience
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Sorted by citations
New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes
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Yoga for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials
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Effects of yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis
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Aldosterone, Renin, and Diabetes Mellitus in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
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- Authors
- Joseph, J. J., & Golden, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Golden, Sherita Hill
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-120
- ISSN
- 1752-296X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5704916
- OpenAlex
- W2110845218
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK079637, T32DK062707)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, bariatric surgery, lifestyle intervention, hypocaloric diet, physical activity, sleep disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, socioeconomic status, chronic psychological stress, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Anticholesteremic Agents, Aspirin, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Simvastatin, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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