The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Conceptualizing and investigating instructor presence in online learning environments
Open accessAbstract
As online learning opportunities continue to grow it is important to continually consider instructor practices. Using case study methodology this study conceptualizes instructor presence, the intersection of social and teaching presence as defined within the Community of Inquiry literature, and is based in the implementation phase of online courses which is important to note since instructors often teach courses they did not design or develop. The investigation of the instructor presence behaviors of 12 online instructors and the emerging profiles of instructor presence provide a gateway to strategies for online instructors and offer a window into the ways instructional presence elements work together while providing insights into how to make the best use of online instructor time. In practical terms, the profiling method provides a useful way for practitioners to improve their own experiences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, instructors in asynchronous courses may grapple with the task of fostering a sense of community due to the absence of real-time student engagement with peers and instructors (Garrison et al., 2003;Richardson et al., 2015).”
From Online Student Performance Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Instruction in California Community Colleges (2026) · cites this paper as Richardson et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1984) · Cited by 81,983
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Chaiklin, H. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199102000-00025 · Cited by 39,639
Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (1988) · Cited by 20,701
Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573 · Cited by 7,594
Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6 · Cited by 6,619
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Perreault, K. (2010) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.09.003 · Cited by 4,952
Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923640109527071 · Cited by 3,044
E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice
Garrison, D. R., & Anderson, T. D. (2003) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 2,052
Assessing Social Presence In Asynchronous Text-based Computer Conferencing
Rourke, L., Anderson, T. D., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (1999) · AUSpace (Athabasca University) · Cited by 1,776
Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2003) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v7i1.1864 · Cited by 1,725
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Akyol, Z. (2009). Examining teaching presence, social presence, cognitive presence, satisfaction and learning in online and blended course contexts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17.
- Sheridan, K., & Kelly, M. A. (2010). The indicators of instructor presence that are important to students in online courses. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 767-779.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 217
Cultivating Teaching Presence and Social Presence Through Multimedia Intervention
Huang, W. (2020) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5074-8.ch007 · Cited by 5
Sentiment Analysis and Student Emotions: Improving Satisfaction in Online Learning Platforms
Anwar, A., Rehman, I. U., Nasralla, M. M., Khattak, S. B. A., & Khilji, N. K. (2023) · IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) · doi:10.1109/isc257844.2023.10293422 · Cited by 5
Developing Critical Reflection in Asynchronous Discussions; the Role of the Instructor
Goumaa, R., & Anderson, L. (2023) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/10525629231215245 · Cited by 5
Huang, L., Guo, Y., & Xie, X. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2364252 · Cited by 5
The Power of the Human Face in Online Education
Patterson, D. (2019) · International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology · doi:10.4018/ijavet.2019010102 · Cited by 5
Teacher Presence and Social Presence in Virtual and Blended Courses
Zilka, G. C., Cohen, R., & Rahimi, I. (2018) · Informing Science and IT Education Conference · doi:10.28945/3965 · Cited by 5
Students’ Learning Support and Perceptions in an Online Mathematics Course in a Business Faculty
Heilporn, G., & Desrochers, M.-È. (2020) · The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2020.1.10825 · Cited by 7
Persepsi Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Berbasis Daring di SMAN 1 Pasuruan
Putikadyanto, A. P. A., Efendi, A. N., Romadhon, S., Amin, M. B., & Sefrianah, N. A. (2021) · GHANCARAN Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia · doi:10.19105/ghancaran.vi.5398 · Cited by 5
Silva, L., Shuttlesworth, M., & Ice, P. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2222 · Cited by 5
McNeill, L., & Bushaala, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1271245 · Cited by 7
Priatna, W., Purnomo, R., & Putra, T. D. (2021) · Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah · doi:10.31599/jki.v21i3.521 · Cited by 4
The Learning Design and Student‟s Response to Physics Online Learning In Rural School of Indonesia
Sulisworo, D., Kusumaningtyas, D., Handayani, T., & Nursulistiyo, E. (2019) · International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering · doi:10.35940/ijitee.a4470.119119 · Cited by 4
Elander, K. R. (2016) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9995-3.ch004 · Cited by 4
What Do Teachers As Adult Learners Think About MOOCs? A Case Study
Vezne, R. (2020) · Yaşadıkça Eğitim · doi:10.33308/26674874.2020342218 · Cited by 4
Exploring Value Variations in Instructor Presence Techniques for Online Students
Robertson, S. N., Steele, J. P., & Mandernach, B. J. (2021) · InSight A Journal of Scholarly Teaching · doi:10.46504/16202101ro · Cited by 4
Mueller, B., & Oguro, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84067-9_9 · Cited by 4
The Transition From Teaching F2F to Online
Tolman, S., Dunbar, M. S., Slone, K. B., Grimes, A., & Trautman, C. A. (2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0115-3.ch006 · Cited by 4
Designing and Facilitating Optimal LMS Student Learning Experiences
Wenzel, A., & Moreno, J. (2022) · The Northwest eLearning Journal · doi:10.5399/osu/nwelearn.2.1.5642 · Cited by 3
More than two decades of community of inquiry research: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis
Khodabandelou, R., Asadi, M. R. V., Ghasemi, M., & Amerian, M. (2024) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.1177/20427530241239418 · Cited by 3
The 4IR and teacher education in South Africa: Prospects for new imaginaries
Maringe, F., & Chiramba, O. (2022) · Disruptions in higher education · doi:10.4102/aosis.2022.bk306.11 · Cited by 4
Huang, M. J., & Kuang, F. (2024) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1405.29 · Cited by 3
(2022) · Journal of Instructional Research · doi:10.9743/jir.2022.11.2 · Cited by 3
Making an Impact in Online Learning: Google Chat as a Mechanism to Facilitate the COI Framework
Besser, E. D. (2023) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-023-09673-7 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe Case of the Fragmented Classroom
Billingsley, W. H. (2019) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET) · doi:10.1109/icse-seet.2019.00016 · Cited by 3
Linton, K. F., Dixon, L. Z., Hannans, J., & Eberhardt-Alstot, M. (2022) · HETS Online Journal · doi:10.55420/2693.9193.v11.n2.39 · Cited by 3
Social Presence in an Online Professional Conference
Castro, L. F. (2019) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-019-00382-6 · Cited by 3
A Framework for Student Engagement
Caldwell, D., Cresswell-Yeager, T. J., Aucoin, J., & Budenz, D. (2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0115-3.ch011 · Cited by 3
Sulisworo, D., Kusumaningtyas, D., & Handayani, T. (2020) · International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education (ICLIQE) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.200129.057 · Cited by 3
Student Perceptions of Instructor Immediacy in Online Program Courses
Saba, A. (2018) · ScholarWorks (Boise State University) · doi:10.18122/td/1505/boisestate · Cited by 3
Tsakeni, M., & Molotsi, A. R. (2022) · Disruptions in higher education · doi:10.4102/aosis.2022.bk306.04 · Cited by 3
Digital Education Ecosystem to Achieve Instructional Equity and Cognitive Justice
Dlamini, R. S., & Mhlongo, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42402-1_2 · Cited by 4
Teaching across modalities: Examining instructor presence in HyFlex environments
Koehler, A. A., Mohandas, L., Mentzer, N., & Mammadova, E. (2025) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2025.2586528 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHuang, M., & Ling, Y. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103965 · Cited by 3
Phung, T., Choi, H., Wu, M., Brooks, C., Gulwani, S., & Singla, A. K. (2026) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3770762.3772612 · Cited by 5
Teaching and Learning as Psychological Processes
Cross, V. L. (2021) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000518406 · Cited by 2
Locating the university lecture as a contemporary educational practice
Crook, C. K. (2022) · Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1515/jccall-2022-0013 · Cited by 2
Maringe, F., & Chiramba, O. (2022) · Disruptions in higher education · doi:10.4102/aosis.2022.bk306.01 · Cited by 2
Atmazaki, A., Ramadhan, S., & Indriyani, V. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan · doi:10.23887/jppp.v7i2.59280 · Cited by 7
Meech, S., & Koehler, A. A. (2024) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v28i1.3917 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDoes professional development for online instruction improve student course outcomes?
Zhou, X., Li, Q., & Xu, D. (2025) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.100993 · Cited by 5
Torky, S. A. E. F. (2021) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2021.135554 · Cited by 2
Hawes, F. M., Marrapodi, M. E., & Colligan, A. (2021) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v21i11.4662 · Cited by 3
The Community of Inquiry Framework, Online and Blended Learning, and the i2Flex Classroom Model
Swan, K. P. (2021) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7760-8.ch001 · Cited by 2
Instructor presence in online courses:a qualitative study of student and instructor perspectives
Kirkland, R. L. (2019) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 2
Digitalization of K-12 Teacher Training
Forrest, L. M. (2021) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6967-2.ch007 · Cited by 1
Major, C. H. (2022) · Journal of Postsecondary Student Success · doi:10.33009/fsop_jpss131190 · Cited by 1
It’s Complicated: Instructors’ Perception of their Teaching Roles Online
Sharen, C. M., & Kirk, H. (2023) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2023.17109 · Cited by 1
Using an Eclectic Approach to Design Curriculum Instruction in an Online Environment
Chakabwata, W. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8646-7.ch006 · Cited by 1
Ambe, B. A., Agbor, C. E., Ukwetang, J. O., Olabisi, B. C., Etan, M. O., Onnoghen, U. N., Ojong, A. A., Nworgwugwu, E. C., Amalu, M. N., Bekomson, A. N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2024.7.s1.2 · Cited by 2
Long, Y., & Koehler, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-024-09405-5 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTranslating Quality into Practice: Insights from South African Instructional Designers
du Preez, I., & Jacobs, L. (2025) · Progressio South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice · doi:10.25159/2663-5895/16891 · Cited by 1
Tseng, H., & Inman, C. (2025) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v29i2.4629 · Cited by 1
Checking in with Online Learners
Dennen, V. P. (2024) · Distance Learning · doi:10.1108/dl-10-2024-0010 · Cited by 1
Richardson, J. C., & Kozan, K. (2016) · Educational media and technology yearbook · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45001-8_6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMirabolghasemi, M., Iahad, N. A., & Choshaly, S. H. (2017) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3634-5.ch003 · Cited by 1
Rossatto, C. A., & Dickerson, M. E. R. (2019) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.ch008 · Cited by 1
Krasnova, T. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Bulletin of the Financial University · doi:10.26794/2226-7867-2023-13-c-89-92 · Cited by 1
Heringer, R., & Piquemal, N. (2022) · Alberta Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.55016/ojs/ajer.v68i2.71813 · Cited by 1
Чиченьова, О. М., & Лукачина, А. В. (2024) · doi:10.52058/41 · Cited by 1
“Better Than Human” in Partnership With AI
McCleskey, J. A., & Melton, R. M. (2024) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0762-5.ch002 · Cited by 1
McMillan, A., Kolm-Valdivia, N., Schmid, K. K., Custer, T. M., & Arcari, C. M. (2024) · Pedagogy in Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/23733799241258441 · Cited by 1
McNeil, S., Ahlf, M., & Ford, C. D. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00549-7 · Cited by 4
Malisius, E. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78754-325-620181010 · Cited by 1
Transforming Online Learning Beyond the Digital Data
Jaleel, H. B. A., & Ling, P. T. H. (2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1435-1.ch011 · Cited by 1
Orr, L., Weekley, L., & Reyes, B. (2019) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1662-1.ch004 · Cited by 1
Harshbarger, D., & Vu, P. (2020) · Revue internationale des technologies en pédagogie universitaire · doi:10.18162/ritpu-2020-v17n3-03 · Cited by 2
A Framework for Student Engagement
Caldwell, D., Cresswell-Yeager, T. J., Aucoin, J., & Budenz, D. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8047-9.ch021 · Cited by 1
Exploring Learners’ Motivation Through The Pygmalion Effect
Isamail, M. Z., Rahim, S. A., Othman, N., Daud, N. M., & Yamin, A. B. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i5/13018 · Cited by 2
Student Perceptions of Instructor Immediacy in Online Program Courses
Saba, A. (2020) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1579302 · Cited by 1
Saha, A., Hasan, K., Rabbi, M. A. S., Saha, A., & Awal, M. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7299-7_10 · Cited by 1
The impact of online learning on student motivation
Pavlova, L., Leshneva, N., Сергеєва, О., & Володимирівна, К. А. (2024) · The Scientific Notes of the Pedagogical Department · doi:10.26565/2074-8167-2024-54-03 · Cited by 1
Thornbury, E. E. (2020) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 1
On-Campus Study: An Experienced Overview and Preference of Undergraduate Students in the UAEPreprint
Brohi, M. N., Khan, I., Baig, A., & Khan, A. B. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0545.v1 · Cited by 1
Asynchronous Video and the Development of Instructor Social Presence and Student Engagement
Collins, K. (2017) · doi:10.46409/sr.xnwf2435 · Cited by 1
Hart, C. M. D., Baker, R., Hill, M., Alonso, E., & Xu, D. (2026) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-025-09873-3
“Additionally, instructors in asynchronous courses may grapple with the task of fostering a sense of community due to the absence of real-time student engagement with peers and instructors (Richardson et al., 2015; Garrison et al., 2003).”
Networking Learners Using Online Asynchronous Discussions
Datt, A. K. (2016) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0968-4.ch003
Slywka, L. J. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r36688n14
Carpenter, W. E. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Investigating Teaching and Learning Processes of An online Course From Multiple Perspectives
Ouyang, F. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
ON-CAMPUS STUDY: AN EXPERIENCED OVERVIEW AND PREFERENCE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE UAE
Brohi, M. N., Khan, I., Baig, A., & Basit, A. (2021) · International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i04.021 · Cited by 1
Applying Chickering and Gamson's Principles to Engage Today's Online Learner
Griffith, J. S., Statti, A. L. C., & Torres, K. M. (2022) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9004-1.ch013
Orr, L., Weekley, L., & Reyes, B. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8047-9.ch070
All Hands on Deck: Faculty Collaboration in Transforming to Remote Teaching
Huang, W., & Richardson, J. C. (2022) · Educational communications and technology: issues and innovations · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99634-5_15
Self-citationAn Exploratory Study on the Effect of Coaching on Learner-Led Synchronous Discussion
Stein, D. S., & Wanstreet, C. E. (2022) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4144-2.ch018
Wu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.54097/ijeh.v4i2.1526
Transforming Online Learning Beyond the Digital Data
Jaleel, H. B. A., & Ling, P. T. H. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7540-9.ch047
Re-imagining teacher professional development for the future South African public schooling context
Kadenge, E. (2022) · Disruptions in higher education · doi:10.4102/aosis.2022.bk306.06
Mutekwe, E. (2022) · Disruptions in higher education · doi:10.4102/aosis.2022.bk306.09 · Cited by 1
Dissecting Students' Distance Learning Experiences with Community of Inquiry (COI) Framework
Suharno, S., Suherdi, D., & Gunawan, W. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-91-6_84
The Learner Care Dashboard: An Innovation in Student Support
Karpen, S. C., Howlett, B., King-Robertson, A., & Sanders, J. (2023) · Journal of Postsecondary Student Success · doi:10.33009/fsop_jpss131484
بسيوني, ع. ب. (2023) · Tuknūlūǧyā Al-Taʿlīm wa Al-Taʿalum Al-Raqamī · doi:10.21608/jetdl.2023.207040.1070
Faculty perceptions of online presence: intercultural considerations
Yousef, D., Takshe, A. A., & Contu, D. (2023) · Journal for Multicultural Education · doi:10.1108/jme-07-2022-0091 · Cited by 1
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ASYNCHRONOUS LEARNING COMMUNITY ON ESL LEARNERS’ SKILLS ACQUISITION
Muniandy, J., & Ganapathy, M. N. G. (2023) · Jurnal e-Bangi/e-Bangi · doi:10.17576/ebangi.2023.2004.15
Use the FORCE to Create Sociability and Connect with Online Students
Conklin, S. A., & Dikkers, A. G. (2022) · doi:10.59668/377.8033
Online Learning 28 (1) - Full Issue
Shea, P. (2024) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v28i1.4431
Put the Human Into Online Teaching Through a Strong Instructor Presence
Dennett, S. K. (2024) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4131-5.ch005
Alomari, I. (2024) · Journal of Languages and Language Teaching · doi:10.33394/jollt.v12i3.11454
Metadata
- Authors
- Richardson, J. C., Koehler, A. A., Besser, E. D., Caskurlu, S., Lim, J., & Mueller, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning
- Publisher
- Athabasca University Press
- Published
- 2015-06-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1492-3831 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152310991
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 63.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Érudit (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- teacher presence, online learning, social presence, teaching presence, community of inquiry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review