The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Conceptualizing and investigating instructor presence in online learning environments
Open accessAbstract
As online learning opportunities continue to grow it is important to continually consider instructor practices. Using case study methodology this study conceptualizes instructor presence, the intersection of social and teaching presence as defined within the Community of Inquiry literature, and is based in the implementation phase of online courses which is important to note since instructors often teach courses they did not design or develop. The investigation of the instructor presence behaviors of 12 online instructors and the emerging profiles of instructor presence provide a gateway to strategies for online instructors and offer a window into the ways instructional presence elements work together while providing insights into how to make the best use of online instructor time. In practical terms, the profiling method provides a useful way for practitioners to improve their own experiences.
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“Additionally, instructors in asynchronous courses may grapple with the task of fostering a sense of community due to the absence of real-time student engagement with peers and instructors (Garrison et al., 2003;Richardson et al., 2015).”
From Online Student Performance Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Instruction in California Community Colleges (2026) · cites this paper as Richardson et al., 2015
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Akyol, Z. (2009). Examining teaching presence, social presence, cognitive presence, satisfaction and learning in online and blended course contexts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17.
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Gurjar, N. (2024) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v28i4.4590
Yende, S. J. (2024) · Progressio South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice · doi:10.25159/2663-5895/15726
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Gül, Z. T., Demir, D., & Toy, B. Y. (2025) · Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.47525/ulasbid.1662405
Large Online Courses: A Constraint on Instructor Presence and Higher-Level Thinking
Carozza, L., & Davis, H. (2025) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.13.38
Limon, P. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6960-0.ch003
Teaching and Distance Education
(2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-513-420251009
Gender Differences in Students’ Engagement Ratings of Instructor Presence in Online Courses
Mukuni, K., Kincade, D. H., Wang, X., Almunive, W., & Solis, O. (2022) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-11-2022-0005
Stephen, D. G., Glenn, L., & Heather, A. J. (2024) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-08-2024-0003
Development and Validation of an Instructor Social Connectedness Instrument
Conklin, S. A., Kim, S., Oyarzun, B. A., & Barreto, D. (2025) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-12-2024-0002
Conklin, S. A., Kim, S., Oyarzun, B. A., & Barreto, D. (2026) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-12-2025-0026
Grover, S. D., Glenn, L., & Heather, A. J. (2025) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-08-2025-0003
Exploring the Impact of Peer-to-Peer Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance
Tran, N. N. Q., & Nghi, T. T. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1732-8.ch002
钟, 一. (2026) · Creative Education Studies · doi:10.12677/ces.2026.145374
AI Teaching Assistants in Online Discussion Forums and Peer-Supported Self-regulated Learning
Davis, R. L., Liu, X., Pankiewicz, M., Kißmehl, A., Engwall, O., Baker, R. S., & Viberg, O. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37979-5_24
Metadata
- Authors
- Richardson, J. C., Koehler, A. A., Besser, E. D., Caskurlu, S., Lim, J., & Mueller, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning
- Publisher
- Athabasca University Press
- Published
- 2015-06-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1492-3831 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152310991
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 63.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Érudit (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- teacher presence, online learning, social presence, teaching presence, community of inquiry
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