Cited by 995Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCritical Race Theory in EducationRace, Genetics, and Society

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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Ford, Chandra L., Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058PMC PMC2837428

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Abstract

Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Influence of geographical origin and ethnicity on mortality in patients on antiretroviral therapy in Canada, Europe, and the United States.
Amo, J. D., Jarrín, I., May, M., Dabis, F., Crane, H., Podzamczer, D., Sterling, T., Abgrall, S., Lampe, F., Justice, A., et al. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit111 · Cited by 33
Concepts of Healthy Diet Among Urban, Low-Income, African Americans
Lucan, S. C., Barg, F. K., Karasz, A., Palmer, C. S., & Long, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9508-x · Cited by 36
“Exploring beliefs held in minority communities has been termed ‘‘centering in the margins’’ [13] and experts advocate this strategy for gaining insight to dietrelated problems facing African Americans [12, 14].”
Medical Students’ Demographic Characteristics and Their Perceptions of Faculty Role Modeling of Respect for Diversity
Weiss, J., Balasuriya, L., Cramer, L. D., Nuñez-Smith, M., Genao, I., Gonzalez-Colaso, R., Wong, A. H.-W., Samuels, E. A., Latimore, D., Boatright, D. B., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12795 · Cited by 36
Eco-Apartheid: Linking Environmental Health to Educational Outcomes
Akom, A. (2011) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811111300404 · Cited by 35
“According to Ford and Airhihenbuwa (2010), at least six elements form the basic perspective of a newly developed public health critical race framework: (1) race consciousness—explicit acknowledgement of the workings of race and racism in social contexts; (2) experiential knowledge—ways of knowing…”
Background
Social Determinants of Health and At-Risk Rates for Pediatric Asthma Morbidity.
Tyris, J., Gourishankar, A., Ward, M. C., Kachroo, N., Teach, S., & Parikh, K. (2022) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-055570 · Cited by 31
The Impact of Culturally-Centered Care on Peripartum Experiences of Autonomy and Respect in Community Birth Centers: A Comparative Study
Almanza, J., Karbeah, J., Tessier, K., Neerland, C. E., Stoll, K. H., Hardeman, R. R., & Vedam, S. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03245-w · Cited by 32
“Employing a public health critical race praxis (PHCRP) approach (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010), the research team utilized mixed methods to understand patient experience and provider motivation in peripartum care targeted to serve Black individuals in North Minneapolis.”
Method
A Resident-Led Initiative to Advance Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Antiracism in a Pediatrics Residency Program.
Karvonen, K., Menjívar-López, J. S., Brissett, D. I., McBride, D., Olveda, R., Fabersunne, C. C., Low, O., Cronin, M., & Argueza, B. (2021) · Academic pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.09.020 · Cited by 31
Examining COVID-19 and HIV: The impact of intersectional stigma on short- and long-term health outcomes among African Americans
Nydegger, L. A., & Hill, M. J. (2020) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872820940017 · Cited by 30
“Race is often misunderstood as a risk factor but actually operates as a social construct due to marginalization and stigmatization resulting in structural racism (Ford and Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
Background
Uses of theory in racial health disparities research: a scoping review and application of public health critical race praxis
Mannor, K. M., & Malcoe, L. H. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.11.007 · Cited by 30
Association of COVID-19 and Endemic Systemic Racism With Postpartum Anxiety and Depression Among Black Birthing Individuals
Njoroge, W., White, L. K., Waller, R. E., Forkpa, M., Himes, M. M., Morgan, K., Seidlitz, J., Chaiyachati, B. H., Barzilay, R., Kornfield, S. L., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0597 · Cited by 33
Within‐person associations between racial microaggressions and sleep among African American and Latinx young adults
Davenport, M., Landor, A. M., Zeiders, K. H., Sarsar, E. D., & Flores, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13226 · Cited by 35
“Critical race theory calls for researchers to ensure racial equity remains at the forefront, seeks to raise the voices of the racially/ethnically marginalized, and exposes racism as an everyday occurrence that is experienced by the marginalized (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
Background
Epidemiological placism in public health emergencies: Ebola in two Dallas neighborhoods
Smith-Morris, C. M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.036 · Cited by 32
Meaningful LGBTQ Inclusion in Schools: The Importance of Diversity Representation and Counterspaces
Cerezo, A., & Bergfeld, J. (2013) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2013.839341 · Cited by 36
“As an outgrowth of critical legal studies, CRT has been used to critique the treatment of race and racism in other key institutions that include public health (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010) and education (Ladson-Billings, 1999; Solorzano & Bernal, 2001; Taylor, 1998).”
Method
Cultural adaptations of a parent training program for families of children with ASD/IDD: Parents taking action
Magaña, S., Dababnah, S., Xu, Y., Torres, M. G., Rieth, S. R., Corsello, C. M., Rangel, E., Brookman-Frazee, L. I., & Vanegas, S. B. (2021) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2021.07.005 · Cited by 39
Multiple Minority Stress and Behavioral Health Among Young Black and Latino Sexual Minority Men
DiGuiseppi, G., Davis, J. P., Srivastava, A., Layland, E. K., Pham, D., & Kipke, M. D. (2021) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2021.0230 · Cited by 50
“More broadly, we acknowledge that young Black and Latino sexual minority men in the United States are a heterogeneous population that differ in their nation of origin, immigration status, level of acculturation, and socioeconomic status.(46) Further, our analysis is limited by the use of an ‘‘additive’’ (rather than a…”
Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Racisms
Solomos, J. (2020) · doi:10.4324/9781351047326 · Cited by 29
Lift Every Voice: Voices of African-American Lesbian Elders
Woody, I. (2015) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1080/10894160.2015.972755 · Cited by 29
“Similarly, Ford and Airhihenbuwa (2010) hypothesize that everyday racism influences the health and well-being of African Americans.”
Background
Your blues ain't like mine: considering integrative antiracism in HIV prevention research with black men who have sex with men in C anada and the U nited S tates
Nelson, L. E., Walker, J. J., Bois, S. N. D., & Gıwa, S. (2014) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12055 · Cited by 24
“A number of theories articulate the ways that multiple social oppressions converge to impact on individuals’ health (Crenshaw 1993; Dei 2005; Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010; Graham et al. 2011).”
Background
Preventing HIV in U.S. Women and Girls: A Call for Social Action
Gomez, C. A. (2011) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.07.012 · Cited by 28
Taking action to advance the study of race and ethnicity: the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI).
Garcia, L., Follis, S., Thomson, C. A., Breathett, K., Cené, C. W., Jimenez, M., Kooperberg, C., Masaki, K., Paskett, E. D., Pettinger, M., et al. (2022) · Women's Midlife Health · doi:10.1186/s40695-021-00071-6 · Cited by 29
“• Public Health Critical Race Methodology (PHCR) [7, 8]offers conceptual guidance for distinguishing racism and health inequities from race as a risk factor.”
Background
The white racial frame of public health discourses about racialized health differences and “disparities”: what it reveals about power and how it thwarts health equity
Bowleg, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1187307 · Cited by 37
The Effects of Race on Acute Kidney Injury
Hassan, M. O., & Balogun, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195822 · Cited by 32
Structural racism and violence as social determinants of health: Conceptual, methodological and intervention challenges
Bluthenthal, R. N. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108681 · Cited by 35
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health‐Related Quality of Life in Persons With and Without Dementia
Hayes‐Larson, E., Mobley, T. M., Gilmore‐Bykovskyi, A. L., Shaw, C. L., Karlamangla, A. S., Manly, J. J., & Mayeda, E. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16908 · Cited by 33
Racial Differences in the Biochemical Effects of Stress in Pregnancy
Ekeke, P., Méndez, D. D., Yanowitz, T. D., & Catov, J. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196941 · Cited by 30
Art, Anti-Racism and Health Equity: “Don’t Ask Me Why, Ask Me How!”
Griffith, D. M., & Semlow, A. R. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.373 · Cited by 34
Acculturative stress and binge drinking among international students in the United States: Resilience and vulnerability approaches
Kim, Y. K., & Cronley, C. C. (2018) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1538998 · Cited by 38
Growing Equity and Health Equity in Perilous Times: Lessons From Community Organizers
Minkler, M., Rebanal, R. D., Pearce, R., & Acosta, M. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119852995 · Cited by 51
“Consistent with a growing body of literature (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Iton, & Shrimali, 2016; Williams & Medlock, 2017), a central message in all four regions was that working for health equity or a Culture of Health may be largely futile unless grounded in a deeper understanding of the ways in…”
Background
Health Behavior Theory to Enhance eHealth Intervention Research in HIV: Rationale and Review
Simoni, J. M., Ronen, K., & Aunon, F. M. (2018) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0418-8 · Cited by 29
What are the features of targeted or system-wide initiatives that affect diversity in health professions trainees? A BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 50
Simone, K., Ahmed, R. A., Konkin, J., Campbell, S., Hartling, L., & Oswald, A. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1473562 · Cited by 34
“CRT raises the concern that the concept of diversity may not in fact result in its intended inclusiveness that ultimately promotes social change and justice.”
BackgroundInfluential
The importance of teaching history of inequities in public health programs
Fleming, P. J. (2020) · Pedagogy in Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/2373379920915228 · Cited by 43
Improving Research on Racial Disparities in Access to Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorders
Mark, T. L., Goode, L. S. A., McMurtrie, G., Weinstein, L. C., & Perry, R. (2022) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001104 · Cited by 32
The voice of Black academic nurse leaders in the United States: A qualitative study
Iheduru-Anderson, K. C., Moore, S. S., & Okoro, F. (2022) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.01.007 · Cited by 34
Medical Mistrust Among Black Patients with Serious Illness: A Mixed Methods Study
Cueva, K. L., Marshall, A. R., Snyder, C. R., Young, B. A., & Brown, C. E. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08997-z · Cited by 25
“32 Instead of using White populations as the standard comparison group, race-conscious approaches to research that prioritizes perspectives of Black patients may be one way to more meaningfully address mistrust and racialized experiences.”
Background
Intersectionality in Medical Education: A Meta-Narrative Review
Rehman, M., Santhanam, D., & Sukhera, J. I. (2023) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.1161 · Cited by 40
Access to What for Whom? How Care Delivery Innovations Impact Health Equity
Szymczak, J. E., Fiks, A. G., Craig, S., Méndez, D. D., & Ray, K. N. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07987-3 · Cited by 35
Commentary: Addressing Inequities in the Era of COVID-19
Ford, C. L. (2020) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000266 · Cited by 35
Self-citation

Authors: Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Ford, Chandra L.
Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S30-S35
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058
PMC: PMC2837428
OpenAlex: W1965164285
Cited by: 995
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 34.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
UCLA AIDS Institute
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
Keywords: critical race theory, racial equity, anti-racism, structural racism, health equity, HIV testing, African Americans, racial consciousness, marginalized communities, racial hierarchy
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Theoretical, Prejudice, Public Health, United States, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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