Cited by 995Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCritical Race Theory in EducationRace, Genetics, and Society

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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Ford, Chandra L., Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058PMC PMC2837428

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Abstract

Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.

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Background
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“32 In what follows, we describe how we used the PHCRP as a guiding framework in our research focused on addressing structural racism in a health care system to improve kidney health for Black Americans.”
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“From a Critical Race Theory (CRT) perspective, these disparities reflect structural racism embedded within social and healthcare systems rather than solely individual factors (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
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“[8, 9] Specifically, we conceptualized school environments, including school disciplinary policies and exclu-sionary practices as structural forms of racism that can contribute to cumulative stress and psychological harm.”
Recruitment of blacks (African American/African immigrant) women with advanced breast and gynecological cancers: an autoethnographic exploration
Osei, E. A., Lalani, N. S., Burdick, S., & Ajuwon, A. M. (2026) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-026-02893-w
“From a structural racism and Critical Race Theory perspective, these barriers are embedded within healthcare and research systems, not region-specific (Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010 ).”
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“58,59,63 While some interventions for black youth have addressed the impact of racism on obesity prevention, 64 the inclusion of a race-conscious lens is seldom deployed in RCTs focused on black adolescent females.”
Influential
“Healing the Wound That the Blow Made”: A Scoping Review of Anti-Racist Restorative and Reparatory Justice Programs
Wondimu, B. B., Geisel, R. L., Makhija, A., Oostrom, T. G., Ali, A., Atlan, E., Blackwood, D., Brown, K., Coulson, M., Diggs, K. A., et al. (2026) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399261435628
“This shift is profound, as scholars and practitioners are clearly labeling structural racism as a fundamental cause of health and driver of contemporary racialized disparities (Adkins-Jackson et al., 2022; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Hardeman et al., 2018; Phelan & Link, 2015).”
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Haight, S. C., Sheffield-Abdullah, K. M., Daye, A., Blades, K., & Teal, E. N. (2026) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.70127
“3,4 10 However, to fully address these inequities, it is critical to consider structural racism through an intersectional lens.”
PROTOCOL: Experiences & Impacts of Racism During Medical School: A Systematic Review
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“…particularly in regards to what constitutes racism, and other hardships faced by racialized minorities, we will utilise Critical Race Theory (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010), and Needham et al. ’ s (2023) framework on institutional racism and health; these frameworks have been utilised in the…”
Influential
Racial Disparities in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination in Pregnant Black Women: A Rapid Literature Review
dos Santos, G. G., Santos, D. D. S., Mafetoni, R. R., Sanfelice, C. F. D. O., Maia, J. S., Zihlmann, K. F., Mouta, R. J. O., Lima, C. F., Parenti, P. W., Neto, J. G. D. O., et al. (2026) · Women · doi:10.3390/women6020023
“This approach allowed us to interpret the data beyond numerical differences, emphasizing structural processes that reinforce inequalities in the reproductive health of the Black population [34].”
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“It is this normalised racism that can explain how Black women can be both invisible and discriminated against because of what providers see [54, 71].”
Quantifying With CARE: A Framework for Applying Critical Epistemologies in Quantitative Health Research.
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You Have These Antibodies Waitin’ to Pop Off: Black Amplification Rhetorics in Tyler Perry’s COVID-19 Vaccine Special
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“Ford and Airhihenbuwa (2010a, 2010b) provide four anchors of CRT in a public health framework: (1) race consciousness, (2) contemporary orientation, (3) centering the margins, and (4) praxis.”
Aftershock and BIRTHING JUSTICE: A Case Study Analysis of How Popular Documentary Narratives Challenge Medical Racism in American OB/GYN Healthcare
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“To achieve this, we rhetorically analyze the documentaries Aftershock and BIRTHING JUSTICE as case studies that allow us to gain insight into the systemic nature of medical racism in the U.S. and advance what Ford and Airhihenbuwa (2010) call an “anti-racist praxis” (p. 1).”
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“See also [75].”
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“For example, applying critical race theory to research processes can lead to advocating for marginalized communities through engagement (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Nielsen, 2016).”
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“Critical Race Theory (CRT), which offers a new paradigm for investigating the root causes of health inequities, provides a powerful framework for questioning the structural causes of racial inequalities in healthcare delivery and health tourism practices (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
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“Sociologists and social epidemiologists encourage researchers to conceptualize race as a social construct—a variable representing risk for exposure to structural and interpersonal racism as opposed to biologi-cally-based risks (Ford and Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Williams and Sternthal, 2010).”
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“It is feasible to position community partners in the SISTER study as the “central axis” around which the study revolves [31] by including Black EC patients and caregivers in roles of study leadership and day-to-day operations.”
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“Furthermore, we used critical race theory to inform the study, from the development of the primary research question through analysis, to center ethno-racial based discrimination, inequities, and disparities (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
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“The COVID-19 crisis underscored both the potential and pitfalls of telemedicine, particularly emphasizing challenges related to digital literacy and accessibility among older and minority populations (Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010).”
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Campbell, K. R. (2025) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241286113
“The frame also assists researchers and program evaluators interested in child welfare to center equity and social justice in research and evaluation processes (Ford & Airthihenbuwa, 2010) for data-based decision-making by child welfare administrators and policymakers.”
Revisiting Intersectionality Theory: A Multidimensional Application
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“Hope at a better chance”: perspectives on genetic counseling and testing among black individuals with prostate cancer
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“Concepts of Ford and Airhihenbuwa’s public health critical race (PHCR) praxis were employed in the design of this study (Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010a , b).”
Influential
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“Racism is currently debated as a perpetuating cause of ethnic health inequalities (Ford and Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Phelan and Link, 2015), mainly through inequalities, including access to and use of goods and services, as well as health conditions (Phelan and Link, 2015).”
Expanding Bystander Behavioral Approaches to Address Racial Violence in Health Research, Pedagogy, and Practice
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“The Public Health Critical Race Praxis offers a rebuttal to both racial essentialism and White-centered knowledge production through principles, such as intersectionality, anti-essen-tialism, and voice (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
Self-citation

Authors: Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Ford, Chandra L.
Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S30-S35
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058
PMC: PMC2837428
OpenAlex: W1965164285
Cited by: 995
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 34.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
UCLA AIDS Institute
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
Keywords: critical race theory, racial equity, anti-racism, structural racism, health equity, HIV testing, African Americans, racial consciousness, marginalized communities, racial hierarchy
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Theoretical, Prejudice, Public Health, United States, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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