Cited by 995Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCritical Race Theory in EducationRace, Genetics, and Society

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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Ford, Chandra L., Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058PMC PMC2837428

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Abstract

Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.

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Mighton, C. E., Shickh, S., Aguda, V., Krishnapillai, S., Adi-Wauran, E., & Bombard, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.893832 · Cited by 21
After Childbirth: Better Data Can Help Align Postpartum Needs with a New Standard of Care
Interrante, J. D., Admon, L. K., Stuebe, A. M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2022) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2021.12.001 · Cited by 26
Data Disaggregation: A Research Tool to Identify Health Inequities
Gigli, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.12.002 · Cited by 20
Viral time capsule: a global photo-elicitation study of child and adolescent mental health professionals during COVID-19
Herrington, O. D., Clayton, A. R., Benoit, L., Prins-Aardema, C. C., DiGiovanni, M. J., Weller, I., & Martin, A. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00359-5 · Cited by 21
Decompositions of the Contribution of Treatment Disparities to Survival Disparities in Stage I–II Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Swords, D. S., & Scaife, C. L. (2020) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-020-09267-y · Cited by 19
A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Institutional Racial Paralysis in Organizational Culture
Conyers, A., & Fields, C. W. (2020) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2020.1832365 · Cited by 24
“This includes, but is not limited to: criminalizing behavior based on race, access to healthcare, hiring practices, and predatory lending (Alexander, 2012; Flippen, 2001; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Singer, Harrison & Bukstein, 2010).”
Background
Addressing health inequities re‐illuminated by the COVID‐19 pandemic: How can nursing respond?
Scott, J., Johnson, R., & Ibemere, S. O. (2020) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12509 · Cited by 18
Critical Race Structuralism: The Role of Science Education in Teaching Social Justice Issues in Urban Education and Pre-Service Teacher Education Programs
Wiggan, G. A., Pass, M., & Gadd, S. R. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920937756 · Cited by 31
“…or master’s degree in natural science, and is teaching in a diverse school (Atwater et al., 2014; Bell & Hopson, 2017; Bennett et al., 2019; B. A. Brown, 2019; DeMarrais & LeCompte, 1998; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; LadsonBillings, 1999; National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2018a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Bi Us, For Us: Articulating Foundational Principles for Research in Partnership with Bisexual Communities
Beach, L. B., & Hall, C. D. X. (2020) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2020.1841478 · Cited by 24
“As previously mentioned, this often takes the form of a misguided application of the concept from Critical Race Theory known as “centering in the margins” (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Disrupting the single story: Challenging dominant trauma narratives through a critical race lens.
Quiros, L., Varghese, R., & Vanidestine, T. (2020) · doi:10.1037/trm0000223 · Cited by 18
“Scholars from the fields of education (Ladson-Billings, 1998; LadsonBillings & Tate, 1995), and public health (healthcrits; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010a, 2010b).”
Background
Minority Physician Assistant Faculty: A Phenomenological Assessment of Factors Leading to Retention in the Faculty Role.
LeLacheur, S., Bester, V., Oxendine, L. H., Guidry, C., Ryujin, D., Samuels, K., Maldonado, A., Bowen, D., & Himmerick, K. A. (2019) · The journal of physician assistant education : the official journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association · doi:10.1097/jpa.0000000000000257 · Cited by 18
Invisible and unequal: Unincorporated community status as a structural determinant of health
Gomez-Vidal, C., & Gomez, A. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114292 · Cited by 18
Fatores de risco e proteção de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis em adolescentes segundo raça/cor: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar
Malta, D. C., Stopa, S. R., Santos, M. A. S., Andrade, S. S. C. D. A., de Oliveira, M. M., do Prado, R. R., & da Silva, M. M. A. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5497201700020006 · Cited by 32
Individuals with minoritized and intersecting identities in the prevention of body image and eating disorder pathology: Grounding theoretical frameworks of resilience and risk
Rodgers, R. F., Beccia, A. L., Schaefer, L. M., Hazzard, V. M., & Burke, N. L. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102554 · Cited by 19
“Even when I feel alone, I always know I’m not really alone”: An intersectional analysis of LGBTQIA+–BIPOC's experiences of community and resistance
Parmenter, J. G., Wong, E. G., Khan, N. S., Pradell, L. R., & Galliher, R. V. (2024) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593535241238073 · Cited by 23
“Given intersectionality ’ s (Collins & Bilge, 2020; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010) and feminist movements ’ commitment to social justice and dismantling oppressive power structures, our study furthers the existing literature by documenting experiences of exclusionary power dynamics and how they are…”
Misracialization of Indigenous people in population health and mortality studies: a scoping review to establish promising practices
Gartner, D. R., Maples, C., Nash, M. J., & Howard, H. (2023) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxad001 · Cited by 30
“79 There is no perfect solution to the issue of Indigenous misclassification in population-based studies; however, we suggest investigators take heed of data sovereignty conversations 80 and Indigenous people offering suggestions for improvement 8,63,81 so Indigenous people do not continue to…”
Background
Structural competency, Latin American social medicine, and collective health: Exploring shared lessons through the work of Jaime Breilh
Harvey, M. J., Rivera, C. P., & Holmes, S. M. (2023) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2220023 · Cited by 19
“…and thereby empowering tools for explaining, confronting, and changing the structural processes responsible for health inequities (see also Agénor, 2020; Bowleg, 2012; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Harvey, 2020, 2021; Hatzenbuehler, 2018; Krieger, 2021; Minkler et al., 1994; Phelan et al., 2010).”
Background
Maternal Food and Beverage Consumption Behaviors and Discrepant Phthalate Exposure by Race
Sterrett, M. E., Bloom, M. S., Jamro-Comer, E., Wenzel, A. G., Wineland, R. J., Unal, E. R., Brock, J., Kucklick, J. R., Garcia, K., & Newman, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042190 · Cited by 17
“However, when assessing differences between self-identified race cohorts, researchers and policy makers must be cognizant that ”race” itself implies a sociocultural group, and not a biologic difference [57].”
Background
Race, Medicaid Coverage, and Equity in Maternal Morbidity
Brown, C. C., Adams, C., & Moore, J. E. (2021) · Women's health issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2020.12.005 · Cited by 17
Considering Culture: A Review of Pediatric Behavioral Intervention Research in Type 1 Diabetes
Rose, M., Aronow, L., Breen, S., Tully, C., Hilliard, M. E., Butler, A. M., & Streisand, R. M. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-0987-3 · Cited by 17
Critical Race Studies in Psychology
Salter, P. S., & Haugen, A. D. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-51018-1_7 · Cited by 32
Intersectionality Policymaking Toolkit: Key Principles for an Intersectionality-Informed Policymaking Process to Serve Diverse Women, Children, and Families
Hull, S. J., Massie, J. S., Holt, S. L., & Bowleg, L. (2023) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399231160447 · Cited by 25
“Critical Race Theory explicitly challenges the notion that the experiences, practices, and needs of White women are or should be the norm (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
Influential
The Impact of Race and Gender-Related Discrimination on the Psychological Distress Experienced by Junior Doctors in the UK: A Qualitative Secondary Data Analysis
Hussain, N. M., Spiers, J., Kobab, F., & Riley, R. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060834 · Cited by 16
“Analysis was performed through an intersectional lens, whereby the investigator’s research paradigm was broadly emancipatory and allied to both critical feminist and race theories [44,45].”
Method
Patterns of Children’s Blood Lead Screening and Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina, 2011–2018—Who Is Tested, Who Is Missed?
Kamai, E. M., Daniels, J. L., Delamater, P. L., Lanphear, B. P., Gibson, J. M., & Richardson, D. B. (2022) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp10335 · Cited by 23
“Total live births 633,159 402,002 (64) 39,855 (10) Child sex assigned at birth Female 309,818 (49) 196,947 (49) 18,613 (47) Male 323,329 (51) 205,053 (51) 21,242 (53) Missing 12 2 — Prenatal care visits <10 141,067 (22) 90,721 (23) 9,682 (24) ≥10 487,586 (78) 308,343 (77) 29,869 (75) Missing 4,506 2,938 304 Payment (i…”
How Should Educators and Publishers Eliminate Racial Essentialism?
Tsai, J. (2022) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2022.201 · Cited by 19
Collecting, Using, and Reporting Race and Ethnicity Information: Implications for Research in Nutrition Education, Practice, and Policy to Promote Health Equity
Rios, L. K. D., Stage, V. C., Leak, T. M., Taylor, C. A., & Reicks, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2022.01.006 · Cited by 18
Application of Critical Race Theory in Palliative Care Research: A Scoping Review
Marcewicz, L. J., Kunihiro, S., Curseen, K. A., Johnson, K. A., & Kavalieratos, D. (2022) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.02.018 · Cited by 19
Racial Disparities in Rheumatology Through the Lens of Critical Race Theory
Williams, J. N., Ford, C. L., Morse, M. E., & Feldman, C. H. (2020) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2020.07.001 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Integrated care pathways for Black persons with traumatic brain injury: a protocol for a critical transdisciplinary scoping review
Omar, S., James, L., Colantonio, A., & Nixon, S. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01323-8 · Cited by 16
Narratives of exclusion: A photovoice study towards racial equity and justice in public urban greenspaces
Hassen, N. (2024) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105233 · Cited by 16
Recommendations to advance equity in tobacco control
Mills, S. D., Rosario, C., Yerger, V. B., Kalb, M. D., & Ribisl, K. M. (2022) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2022-057670 · Cited by 16
Racial Context and Health Behaviors Among Black Immigrants
Miller, G. H., Márquez-Velarde, G., Emoruwa, O. T., Jones, N. E., Ma, G., Keith, V. M., Elufisan, G. I., & Hernandez, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01401-8 · Cited by 15
“We do not suggest that region of birth categories themselves determine the health behaviors of Black Americans and Black immigrants, but instead, we conceptualize these categories as “markers” used to identify individuals in various racial contexts, which may determine levels of exposure to racism [20, 69, 70].”
Background
Racial disparities in the development of comorbid conditions after preterm birth: A narrative review
Karvonen, K. L., Goronga, F., McKenzie‐Sampson, S., & Rogers, E. E. (2022) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151657 · Cited by 15
Music Therapy for Pain in Black and White Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study
Lichtl, A. J., Casaw, C., Edwards, J., Popkin, K., Yu, J., Li, Q. S., Cadwell, M., Mao, J. J. J., & Liou, K. T. (2022) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.07.007 · Cited by 20
Food Insecurity in a Pediatric Emergency Department and the Feasibility of Universal Screening
Gonzalez, J. V., Hartford, E. A., Moore, J. E., & Brown, J. C. S. (2021) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2021.7.52519 · Cited by 15
The Case for Health Reparations
Soled, D. R., Chatterjee, A., Ölveczky, D. D., & Lindo, E. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.664783 · Cited by 18
“CRPHP highlights the need to honor the voice of socially marginalized groups, address structural determinism, and engage in disciplinary self-critique.”
Method
Critical race theory in medicine
Zewude, R., & Sharma, M. (2021) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.210178 · Cited by 17
Examining the transformative potential of emotion in education: A new measure of nursing and midwifery students' emotional learning in first peoples' cultural safety
Mills, K., Creedy, D. K., Sunderland, N., & Allen, J. (2021) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104854 · Cited by 16
Antiracist Praxis in Public Health: A Call for Ethical Reflections
Fletcher, F. E., Jiang, W., & Best, A. L. (2021) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.1240 · Cited by 19
Variation in Self-Perceived Fecundity among Young Adult U.S. Women
Gemmill, A., Sedlander, E., & Bornstein, M. (2020) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2020.07.002 · Cited by 19

Authors: Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Ford, Chandra L.
Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S30-S35
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058
PMC: PMC2837428
OpenAlex: W1965164285
Cited by: 995
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 34.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
UCLA AIDS Institute
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
Keywords: critical race theory, racial equity, anti-racism, structural racism, health equity, HIV testing, African Americans, racial consciousness, marginalized communities, racial hierarchy
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Theoretical, Prejudice, Public Health, United States, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities

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Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

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