Cited by 995Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCritical Race Theory in EducationRace, Genetics, and Society

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

Open access

Ford, Chandra L., Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058PMC PMC2837428

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does it Matter?
Andersen, R. M. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137284 · Cited by 9,831
An ecological perspective on health promotion programs
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500401 · Cited by 8,502
Societal and Individual Determinants of Medical Care Utilization in the United States
Andersen, R., & Newman, J. F. (1973) · The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society · doi:10.2307/3349613 · Cited by 2,838
Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.
Gamble, V. N. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773 · Cited by 1,263

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 34

Harawa NT, 2009, Ethn Dis, 19, 209
West C, 1993, Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America
Gilmore RW, 2007, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California
Valdes F, 2002, Crossroads, Directions, and a New Critical Race Theory
Delgado R, 2001, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction
Bonilla-Silva E, 2006, Racism Without Racists: Colorblind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States
Bobo LD. Inequalities that endure? Racial ideology, American politics, and the peculiar role of the social sciences. In: Krysan M, Lewis AE, eds. The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity . New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2004:13–42.
Williams DR, 1996, Ethn Dis, 6, 1
Byrd WM, 2002, An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 2
10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00197-5 · DOI
10.2190/DBY6-VDQ8-HME8-ME3R · DOI
10.1136/bmj.316.7149.1970 · DOI
La Veist TA, 1996, Ethn Dis, 6, 21
10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00035-X · DOI
10.2307/2657316 · DOI · Paper page
10.2307/4149999 · DOI
10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.010 · DOI
10.1007/s10464-007-9117-0 · DOI
10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.09.006 · DOI
Schulz AJ, 2006, Gender, Race, Class, and Health: Intersectional Approaches
Jones CP, 2008, Ethn Dis, 18, 496
Muntaner C, Nagoshi C, Diala C. Racial ideology and explanations for health inequalities among middle-class whites. In: Krieger N, ed. Embodying Inequality: Epidemiologic Perspectives . Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company Inc; 2005:183–191.
10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212 · DOI · Paper page
10.2190/Y3GE-NQCK-0LNR-T126 · DOI
10.1177/1090198106287731 · DOI
10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865 · DOI
Branson BM, 2006, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55, 1
10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00090.x · DOI
10.1353/hpu.2006.0017 · DOI
10.1136/jech.2005.035964 · DOI
10.1002/9781118150634 · DOI
10.1177/1090198106291377 · DOI
10.1093/aje/kwm004 · DOI
10.1177/0095798404266048 · DOI

Sorted by citations

The Problem With the Phrase Women and Minorities: Intersectionality—an Important Theoretical Framework for Public Health
Bowleg, L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300750 · Cited by 2,996
The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.
Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030 · Cited by 757
Self-citation
Patient characteristics associated with telemedicine access for primary and specialty ambulatory care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Eberly, L. A., Kallan, M. J., Julien, H. M., Haynes, N., Khatana, S. A. M., Nathan, A. S., Snider, C., Chokshi, N. P., Eneanya, N. D., Takvorian, S. U., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31640 · Cited by 740
A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities
Gee, G. C., Walsemann, K. M., & Brondolo, E. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300666 · Cited by 547
“All people have the potential to experience some inequitable treatment; we therefore note that the top and bottom bars differ as a matter of degree, but the burden is greater for ethnic minorities.(12,75,76)”
Background
Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D., & Jean-Louis, G. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.020 · Cited by 481
“If the definitions of race and ethnicity vary and overlap, how can researchers use these categories? Certainly, any operationalization comes with limitations [42].”
Measuring structural racism: a guide for epidemiologists and other health researchers
Adkins-Jackson, P. B., Chantarat, T., Bailey, Z. D., & Ponce, N. A. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab239 · Cited by 417
Police brutality and black health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars
Alang, S., McAlpine, D., McCreedy, E., & Hardeman, R. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303691 · Cited by 400
“We must also hold our institutions, programs, and departments of health accountable to centering at the margins and deliberately taking the perspectives of marginalized groups.(24,25) Confronting ourselves and the institutions that pay us is uncomfortable—for us, our collaborators, the administration, and our students.”
Background
Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives — The Role of Health Professionals
Hardeman, R. R., Medina, E., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1609535 · Cited by 411
Toward a Fourth Generation of Disparities Research to Achieve Health Equity
Thomas, S. B., Quinn, S. C., Butler, J., Fryer, C. S., & Garza, M. A. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101136 · Cited by 317
“(24, p. s32) We propose adoption of Ford & Airhihenbuwa’s PHCR praxis (25) as the framework for fourth-generation research in health disparities.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social Determinants of Pregnancy-Related Mortality and Morbidity in the United States
Wang, E., Glazer, K. B., Howell, E. A., & Janevic, T. M. (2020) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003762 · Cited by 373
Structural Racism and Health Disparities
Yearby, R. (2020) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1177/1073110520958876 · Cited by 335
Towards a critical race methodology in algorithmic fairness
Hanna, A., Denton, R., Smart, A., & Smith-Loud, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3351095.3372826 · Cited by 295
“tingthesedecisionsinthecommunication of results [56]. In recent years, anti-racist eﬀorts have emerged within public healththatmorethoroughlyintegratecriticalracetheoryintomethodologies and discourse [35, 36]. While earlier studies of the social determinants ofhealthtend tocenter individual and interpersonal 4However,…”
Racial Capitalism Within Public Health—How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities
McClure, E. S., Vasudevan, P., Bailey, Z., Patel, S. N., & Robinson, W. R. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa126 · Cited by 268
“Would we be talking reverentially about John Snow if he’d done a study of individual-level risk factors for cholera death among those admitted to the regional hospital? Ford and Airhihenbuwa’s (83) Public Health Critical Race praxis calls on public health professionals to question the ways in which we recreate racism…”
Background
Black Lives Matter: A Commentary on Racism and Public Health
Jee-Lyn García, J., & Sharif, M. Z. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302706 · Cited by 246
Tackling racism as a “wicked” public health problem: Enabling allies in anti-racism praxis
Came, H., & Griffith, D. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.028 · Cited by 224
Mental health care among blacks in America: Confronting racism and constructing solutions
Alang, S. (2019) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13115 · Cited by 266
Exploring racial influences on flu vaccine attitudes and behavior: Results of a national survey of White and African American adults
Quinn, S. C., Jamison, A., Freimuth, V. S., An, J., Hancock, G. R., & Musa, D. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.046 · Cited by 217
“In practice, this means emphasizing the role of race as a social construct, one that has been historically shaped and continues to be socially reinforced, and foregrounding research around the lived experience of inequality and racism as they contribute to negative health outcomes [12,14].”
BackgroundMethod
Identification of Racial Inequities in Access to Specialized Inpatient Heart Failure Care at an Academic Medical Center
Eberly, L. A., Richterman, A., Beckett, A. G., Wispelwey, B., Marsh, R. H., Cleveland Manchanda, E. C., Chang, C. Y., Glynn, R. J., Brooks, K. C., Boxer, R., et al. (2019) · Circulation: Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.119.006214 · Cited by 189
Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research
Hicken, M. T., Kravitz‐Wirtz, N., Durkee, M. I., & Jackson, J. S. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.027 · Cited by 207
“Using CRT to act to eliminate health inequalities Inherent in CRT approaches is the movement from documentation of structural racism to action (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A workshop report on the causes and consequences of sleep health disparities
Jackson, C. L., Walker, J. R., Brown, M. K., Das, R., & Jones, N. L. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa037 · Cited by 230
Critical race theory as a tool for understanding poor engagement along the HIV care continuum among African American/Black and Hispanic persons living with HIV in the United States: a qualitative exploration
Freeman, R., Gwadz, M. V., Silverman, E., Kutnick, A., Leonard, N. R., Ritchie, A. S., Reed, J., & Martinez, B. Y. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0549-3 · Cited by 184
Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health
Gilbert, K. L., Ray, R., Siddiqi, A., Shetty, S., Baker, E. A., Elder, K. T., & Griffith, D. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021556 · Cited by 223
What’s Your “Street Race”? Leveraging Multidimensional Measures of Race and Intersectionality for Examining Physical and Mental Health Status among Latinxs
López, N., Vargas, E. D., Juárez, M. D., Stone, L. C., & Bettez, S. P. (2017) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649217708798 · Cited by 224
“Critical race theory is a useful framework for exploring the relationship between racial stratification and health inequity (Brown 2003; Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010; Graham et al. 2011).”
Naming Institutionalized Racism in the Public Health Literature: A Systematic Literature Review
Hardeman, R. R., Murphy, K. A., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2018) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354918760574 · Cited by 224
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Residential Segregation, and Beyond—Lessons for Studying Structural Racism and Health
Riley, A. R. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0378-5 · Cited by 220
“Ford and Airhihenbuwa’s [17] Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR) approach exemplifies this final lesson.”
Background
The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences
Smedley, B. D. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300643 · Cited by 200
A practical guide for researchers and reviewers using the ABCD Study and other large longitudinal datasets
Saragosa‐Harris, N. M., Chaku, N., MacSweeney, N., Williamson, V. G., Scheuplein, M., Feola, B., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., Demir-Lira, E., McNeilly, E. A., Huffman, L. G., et al. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101115 · Cited by 172
Culture, Race, and Health: Implications for Racial Inequities and Population Health
Cogburn, C. D. (2019) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12411 · Cited by 210
Black Maternal and Infant Health: Historical Legacies of Slavery
Owens, D. C., & Fett, S. M. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.305243 · Cited by 258
Structural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States
Misra, S., Kwon, S. C., Abraído-Lanza, A. F., Chebli, P., Trinh-Shevrin, C., & Yi, S. S. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211010676 · Cited by 149
“A central tenet of critical race theory is intersectionality, or the multiple complex systems of subordination that can occur simultaneously, such as race, immigration, class, and gender (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010).”
Background
Racism, xenophobia, discrimination, and the determination of health
Devakumar, D., Selvarajah, S., Abubakar, I. I., Kim, S., McKee, M., Sabharwal, N. S., Saini, A., Shannon, G. D., White, A. I. R., & Achiume, E. T. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01972-9 · Cited by 188
Examining racism in health services research: A disciplinary self‐critique
Hardeman, R. R., & Karbeah, J. (2020) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13558 · Cited by 165
Critical Race Theory in Higher Education: 20 Years of Theoretical and Research Innovations
McCoy, D. L., & Rodricks, D. J. (2015) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20021 · Cited by 210
“We Had to Keep Pushing”: Caregivers' Perspectives on Autism Screening and Referral Practices of Black Children in Primary Care
Dababnah, S., Shaia, W. E., Campion, K., & Nichols, H. M. (2018) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-56.5.321 · Cited by 152
Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity
Shelton, R. C., Adsul, P., Oh, A., Moise, N., & Griffith, D. M. (2021) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895211049482 · Cited by 155
“The Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), based on Critical Race Theory (CRT), is one example of a grounding approach for assessing and addressing racism-related factors that may influence research conduct (Crenshaw et al., 1995; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010a, 2010b, 2018).”
BackgroundMethod
Health inequities and the inappropriate use of race in nephrology
Eneanya, N. D., Boulware, L. E., Tsai, J., Bruce, M. A., Ford, C. L., Harris, C., Morales, L. S., Ryan, M. J., Reese, P. P., Thorpe, R. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00501-8 · Cited by 140
Self-citation
Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity: Applying Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to Address the Determinants of Policing Behaviors and “Justifiable” Homicides in the USA
Gilbert, K. L., & Ray, R. (2015) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x · Cited by 159
The Symbolic Value and Limitations of Racial Concordance in Minority Research Engagement
Fryer, C. S., Passmore, S. R., Maietta, R. C., Petruzzelli, J., Casper, E. T., Brown, N. A., Butler, J. T., Garza, M. A., Thomas, S. B., & Quinn, S. C. (2015) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732315575708 · Cited by 115
“A critical message supported by the public health literature is that race continues to play a central role in research recruitment, an idea promulgated by Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR) (Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010a; Ford & Airhinenbuwa, 2010b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Sites of institutional racism in public health policy making in New Zealand.
Came, H. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.055 · Cited by 116
BlackLivesMatter in Healthcare: Racism and Implications for Health Inequity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in Australia
Gatwiri, K., Rotumah, D., & Rix, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094399 · Cited by 133
“Increasing evidence from health and social research strongly indicates that racism is a public health issue [20,42,43].”
Background
Confronting Racism in Pain Research: A Call to Action
Moraís, C. A., Aroke, E. N., Letzen, J. E., Campbell, C. M., Hood, A., Janevic, M. R., Mathur, V. A., Merriwether, E. N., Goodin, B. R., Booker, S. Q., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.01.009 · Cited by 122
Commentary: Just What is Critical Race Theory and What’s it Doing in a Progressive Field like Public Health?
Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2018) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.28.s1.223 · Cited by 144
Self-citation
“The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House”: Ten Critical Lessons for Black and Other Health Equity Researchers of Color
Bowleg, L. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211007402 · Cited by 127
“Although critical frameworks have made some inroads within the mainstream SBS (e.g., Bowleg, 2012; Cole, 2009; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, 2010), they remain relatively rare.”
Background
Perspectives About Racism and Patient-Clinician Communication Among Black Adults With Serious Illness
Brown, C. E., Marshall, A. R., Snyder, C. R., Cueva, K. L., Pytel, C. C., Jackson, S. Y., Golden, S. H., Campelia, G. D., Horne, D. J. D. L., Doll, K. M., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21746 · Cited by 118
An applied environmental justice framework for exposure science
Horne, Y. O. V., Alcala, C. S., Peltier, R. E., Quintana, P. J. E., Seto, E., Gonzales, M., Johnston, J., Montoya, L. D., Quirós-Alcalá, L., & Beamer, P. I. (2022) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-022-00422-z · Cited by 121
“Critical race theory (CRT) offers yet another layer to the discussion by explicitly attributing health disparities to structural racism and not race/ethnicity [51].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Confronting Racism in All Forms of Pain Research: Reframing Study Designs
Letzen, J. E., Mathur, V. A., Janevic, M. R., Burton, M. D., Hood, A., Moraís, C. A., Booker, S. Q., Campbell, C. M., Aroke, E. N., Goodin, B. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.01.010 · Cited by 114
Association of race, ethnicity, and community-level factors with COVID-19 cases and deaths across U.S. counties
Figueroa, J. F., Wadhera, R. K., Mehtsun, W. T., Riley, K. E., Phelan, J., & Jha, A. K. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100495 · Cited by 102
Recommendations for the responsible use and communication of race and ethnicity in neuroimaging research
Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., & Gonzalez, M. R. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01608-4 · Cited by 112
“Counternarratives, a key component of PHCRP and CRT, use first-person accounts to showcase positive experiences within structurally oppressed communities, challenging deficit-based language and further stigmatization.”
Influential
Impact of Environmental Injustice on Children’s Health—Interaction between Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Status
Mathiarasan, S., & Hüls, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020795 · Cited by 123
“The lack of access to healthcare as well as a lack of adequate care for people of color can create many negative health outcomes, such as higher rates of morbidity and mortality [64].”
Background
Educational note: addressing special cases of bias that frequently occur in perinatal epidemiology
Neophytou, A. M., Kioumourtzoglou, M., Goin, D. E., Darwin, K. C., & Casey, J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa252 · Cited by 101
“Treating race/ethnicity as a confounder may emphasize behavioural and biologic explanations for associations, whereas instead stratifying by race/ ethnicity to evaluate effect modification can focus findings on structural factors, such as transgenerational poverty and racial residential segregation.(49,50) For example…”
Background
Public Health's Next Step in Advancing Equity: Re-evaluating Epistemological Assumptions to Move Social Determinants From Theory to Practice
Golden, T. L., & Wendel, M. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00131 · Cited by 110
Endometrial cancer disparities: a race-conscious critique of the literature
Doll, K. M., Snyder, C. R., & Ford, C. L. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.09.016 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Incorporating Measures of Structural Racism into Population Studies of Reproductive Health in the United States: A Narrative Review
Alson, J., Robinson, W. R., Pittman, L., & Doll, K. M. (2021) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0081 · Cited by 107
“Public Health Critical Race Praxis is the methodological approach to our work.(24) Its tenets provide the framework by which we critically review the literature.”
Method
African American Women’s Maternal Healthcare Experiences: A Critical Race Theory Perspective
Adebayo, C. T., Parcell, E. S., Mkandawire‐Valhmu, L., & Olukotun, O. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1888453 · Cited by 115
Does race still matter in nursing? The narratives of African-American nursing faculty members
Beard, K. V., & Julion, W. A. (2016) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.06.005 · Cited by 93
Applying a critical race lens to relationship‐centered care in pregnancy and childbirth: An antidote to structural racism
Hardeman, R. R., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2019) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12462 · Cited by 98
Racism and Quality of Neonatal Intensive Care: Voices of Black Mothers
Witt, R. E., Malcolm, M., Colvin, B. N., Gill, M. R., Ofori, J., Roy, S., Lenze, S. N., Rogers, C. E., & Colson, E. R. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056971 · Cited by 89
Recasting the Immigrant Health Paradox Through Intersections of Legal Status and Race
Bacong, A. M., & Menjívar, C. (2021) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01162-2 · Cited by 108
Differential HIV Risk for Racial/Ethnic Minority Trans*female Youths and Socioeconomic Disparities in Housing, Residential Stability, and Education
Wilson, E. C., Chen, Y., Arayasirikul, S., Fisher, M. R., Pomart, W. A., Lê, V., Raymond, H. F., & McFarland, W. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302443 · Cited by 88
Health and Justice: Framing incarceration as a social determinant of health for Black men in the United States
Nowotny, K. M., & Timmer, A. (2018) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12566 · Cited by 101
Blood Politics, Ethnic Identity, and Racial Misclassification among American Indians and Alaska Natives
Haozous, E. A., Strickland, C. J., Palacios, J. F., & Solomon, T. G. A. (2014) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2014/321604 · Cited by 93
Racial Inequity and Homelessness: Findings from the SPARC Study
Olivet, J., Wilkey, C. M., Richard, M. K., Dones, M., Tripp, J., Beit-Arie, M., Yampolskaya, S., & Cannon, R. (2021) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716221991040 · Cited by 91
“Adopting CRt’s principles of race-explicit policy and “theory-informed action” (Ford and Airhihenbuwa 2010), we end by translating our findings into equity-based policy and practice recommendations.”
Background
Bodies with New Organs Becoming Trans, Becoming Disabled
Puar, J. (2015) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-3125698 · Cited by 78
Raça, cor e etnia em estudos epidemiológicos sobre populações brasileiras: revisão sistemática na base PubMed
Kabad, J. F., Bastos, J. L., & Santos, R. V. (2012) · Physis Revista de Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s0103-73312012000300004 · Cited by 82
Social Capital, Black Social Mobility, and Health Disparities
Gilbert, K. L., Ransome, Y., Dean, L. T., DeCaille, J., & Kawachi, I. I. (2022) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-112623 · Cited by 107
Measuring structural xenophobia: US State immigration policy climates over ten years
Samari, G., Nagle, A., & Coleman‐Minahan, K. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100938 · Cited by 95
Awakening a dialogue: A critical race theory analysis of U. S. nature of science research from 1967 to 2013
Walls, L. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21266 · Cited by 71
Medical Mistrust, Perceived Discrimination, and Race: a Longitudinal Analysis of Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in US Adults
Morgan, K. M., Maglalang, D. D., Monnig, M. A., Ahluwalia, J. S., Avila, J. C., & Sokolovsky, A. W. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01368-6 · Cited by 74
“Critical race theory also provides a framework for analyzing varying experiences of perceived discrimination and medical mistrust, by presenting race as an indicator of racism-related exposures [20].”
BackgroundInfluential
“Just Because You Have Ears Doesn’t Mean You Can Hear”—Perception of Racial-Ethnic Discrimination During Childbirth
Janevic, T. M., Piverger, N., Afzal, O., & Howell, E. A. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.533 · Cited by 80
Breaking down the monolith: Understanding flu vaccine uptake among African Americans
Quinn, S. C., Jamison, A., An, J., Freimuth, V. S., Hancock, G. R., & Musa, D. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.11.003 · Cited by 76
“PHCR Praxis has guided the conceptualization and measurement of race in our study.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Conceptualising fairness: three pillars for medical algorithms and health equity
Sikstrom, L., Maslej, M. M., Hui, K., Findlay, Z., Buchman, D. Z., & Hill, S. L. (2022) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100459 · Cited by 76
Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Are Associated with Food Insecurity and Poor Health
Phojanakong, P., Weida, E. B., Grimaldi, G., Lê‐Scherban, F., & Chilton, M. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224369 · Cited by 70
“While there is ample evidence of persistent racial and ethnic health disparities, there are methodological weaknesses in the conventional public health approach—namely, its emphasis on individual mechanisms rather than the subtle and systemic ways racism shapes access to opportunities in education, employment, housing…”
Background
Racism as Public Health Crisis: Assessment and Review of Municipal Declarations and Resolutions Across the United States
Méndez, D. D., Scott, J., Adodoadji, L., Toval, C., McNeil, M., & Sindhu, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.686807 · Cited by 76
Reimagining Rural: Shifting Paradigms About Health and Well-Being in the Rural United States
Afifi, R., Parker, E. A., Dino, G., Hall, D. M., & Ulin, B. F. (2021) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-123413 · Cited by 84
“These might include systems science (44), syndemics (114), critical race theory (42, 43), life course approach (62), intersectionality (50), feminism (28, 108), and chaos and complexity theory (103, 121).”
Background
Public Health’s Approach to Systemic Racism: a Systematic Literature Review
Castle, B., Wendel, M., Kerr, J., Brooms, D., & Rollins, A. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0494-x · Cited by 81
Qualitative Research Methods in Chronic Disease: Introduction and Opportunities to Promote Health Equity
Shelton, R. C., Philbin, M. M., & Ramanadhan, S. (2021) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105104 · Cited by 75
“For example, qualitative methods could be informed by or could apply, test, and refine theories that center health equity or racial equity, including Public Health Critical Race Praxis (40, 41) or theories of structural violence (128, 132).”
Method
The Transgender Women of Color Initiative: Implementing and Evaluating Innovative Interventions to Enhance Engagement and Retention in HIV Care
Rebchook, G., Keatley, J. G., Contreras, R., Perloff, J., Molano, L. F., Reback, C. J., Ducheny, K., Nemoto, T., Lin, R., Birnbaum, J. M., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303582 · Cited by 67
Structural interventions that affect racial inequities and their impact on population health outcomes: a systematic review
Clark, E., Cranston, E., Polin, T., Ndumbe-Eyoh, S., MacDonald, D., Betker, C., & Dobbins, M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14603-w · Cited by 88
Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications for health inequity: A systematic review of quantitative studies in the health and social sciences literature
Duarte, C., Moses, C., Brown, M., Kajeepeta, S., Prins, S. J., Scott, J. T., & Mujahid, M. S. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14922 · Cited by 82
Structural Racism and Pediatric Health—A Call for Research to Confront the Origins of Racial Disparities in Health
Slopen, N. B., & Heard‐Garris, N. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3594 · Cited by 62
Confronting Racism in All Forms of Pain Research: A Shared Commitment for Engagement, Diversity, and Dissemination
Hood, A., Booker, S. Q., Moraís, C. A., Goodin, B. R., Letzen, J. E., Campbell, L. C., Merriwether, E. N., Aroke, E. N., Campbell, C. M., Mathur, V. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.01.008 · Cited by 72
“41 Terminology and language choices in this 3-part series have been deliberately chosen to reduce harm.”
Investigating Black-White disparities in gynecologic oncology: Theories, conceptual models, and applications
Doll, K. M. (2018) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.10.002 · Cited by 66
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Experiences of Discrimination Among Black Adults
Willis, D. E., Andersen, J. A., Montgomery, B. E. E., Selig, J. P., Shah, S. K., Zaller, N. D., Bryant‐Moore, K., Scott, A. J., Williams, M. L., & McElfish, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01290-x · Cited by 64
“Additionally, our focus on Black adults is consistent with Public Health Critical Race (PHCR) Praxis which encourages exploring the diversity of experiences and attitudes among marginalized groups, challenging assumptions of homogeneity that exacerbate stereotypes and shifting the focus from race to racism [19, 24, 25…”
Background
Exploring How Substance Use Impedes Engagement along the HIV Care Continuum: A Qualitative Study
Gwadz, M. V., de Guzman, R., Freeman, R., Kutnick, A. H., Silverman, E., Leonard, N. R., Ritchie, A. S., Muñoz-Plaza, C., Salomon, N., Wolfe, H. E., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00062 · Cited by 60
The influence of racial-ethnic discrimination on women's health care outcomes: A mixed methods systematic review
Akinade, T., Kheyfets, A., Piverger, N., Layne, T. M., Howell, E. A., & Janevic, T. M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114983 · Cited by 66
Changes in Racial Disparities in Mortality After Cancer Surgery in the US, 2007-2016
Lam, M. B., Raphael, K., Mehtsun, W., Phelan, J., Orav, E., Jha, A. K., & Figueroa, J. F. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27415 · Cited by 57
Identifying and Treating Race-Based Trauma in Counseling.
Hemmings, C., & Evans, A. (2018) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12090 · Cited by 58
Participatory health research with migrants: Opportunities, challenges, and way forwards
Roura, M., Dias, S., LeMaster, J. W., & MacFarlane, A. E. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13201 · Cited by 66
Retention of faculty of color in academic nursing.
Hamilton, N., & Haozous, E. (2017) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.11.003 · Cited by 56
Racial And Ethnic Inequities In Postpartum Depressive Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Care In 7 US Jurisdictions
Haight, S. C., Daw, J. R., Martin, C. L., Sheffield-Abdullah, K. M., Verbiest, S., Pence, B. W., & Maselko, J. (2024) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01434 · Cited by 59
“37,38 Rather, interpersonal and structural racism experienced by groups that have been historically marginalized increases stress, weathering, and allostatic load, which can increase depressive symptoms, 39,40 a process that has been demonstrated in the perinatal period.”
Residential Structural Racism and Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions
Mohottige, D., Davenport, C. A., Bhavsar, N. A., Schappe, T., Lyn, M., Maxson, P. J., Johnson, F., Planey, A. M., McElroy, L. M., Wang, V., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.48914 · Cited by 61
Diversified innovations in the health sciences: Proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS)
Stadler, G., Chesaniuk, M., Haering, S., Roseman, J., Straßburger, V. M., Martina, S., Aisha-Nusrat, A., Maisha, A., Banas, K., Borde, T., et al. (2023) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2023.101072 · Cited by 66
Seeing the Window, Finding the Spider: Applying Critical Race Theory to Medical Education to Make Up Where Biomedical Models and Social Determinants of Health Curricula Fall Short
Tsai, J. W., Lindo, E. G., & Bridges, K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.653643 · Cited by 80
“Importantly, CRT is not only interested in scholarship for scholarship’s sake; It is committed to action that advances social equity (66, 67).”
Background
‘Decolonising the Medical Curriculum‘: Humanising medicine through epistemic pluralism, cultural safety and critical consciousness
Wong, S., Gishen, F., & Lokugamage, A. U. (2021) · London Review of Education · doi:10.14324/lre.19.1.16 · Cited by 90
“Through the lens of critical race theory, systemic racism is preserved through the false attribution of health disparities to racial difference, concealing how ethnic minority populations are disadvantaged by broader sociopolitical determinants of health (Brown, 2003; Ford and Airhihenbuwa, 2010; Jensen et al., 2020;…”
Background
Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Osteoarthritis Management
Reyes, A. M., & Katz, J. N. (2020) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2020.09.006 · Cited by 55
Sexual Health Among U.S. Black and Hispanic Men and Women: A Nationally Representative Study
Dodge, B., Reece, M., Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Sanders, S. A., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02019.x · Cited by 60
Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021
Casey, J. A., Daouda, M., Babadi, R. S., Do, V., Flores, N. M., Berzansky, I., González, D. J. X., Horne, Y. O. V., & James-Todd, T. M. (2023) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-023-00406-7 · Cited by 69
Grounding implementation science in health equity for cancer prevention and control
Adsul, P., Chambers, D., Brandt, H. M., Fernández, M. E., Ramanadhan, S., Torres, E., Leeman, J., Baquero, B. I., Fleisher, L. G., Escoffery, C., et al. (2022) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00311-4 · Cited by 69
“In fact, to effectively “design for dissemination” intervention researchers and/or program developers must assess, document, and address realworld needs, assets, and contextual realities of priority populations through consistent participatory engagement and co-learning [37, 83].”
Background
Confronting Racism in Environmental Health Sciences: Moving the Science Forward for Eliminating Racial Inequities
Payne-Sturges, D., Gee, G. C., & Cory‐Slechta, D. A. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp8186 · Cited by 71
Artificial Intelligence and Medical Humanities
Ostherr, K. (2020) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-020-09636-4 · Cited by 73

Authors: Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Ford, Chandra L.
Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S30-S35
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.171058
PMC: PMC2837428
OpenAlex: W1965164285
Cited by: 995
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 34.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
UCLA AIDS Institute
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
Keywords: critical race theory, racial equity, anti-racism, structural racism, health equity, HIV testing, African Americans, racial consciousness, marginalized communities, racial hierarchy
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Theoretical, Prejudice, Public Health, United States, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks