The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Change in Level of Positive Mental Health as a Predictor of Future Risk of Mental Illness
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence of mental health and illness, the stability of both diagnoses over time, and whether changes in mental health level predicted mental illness in a cohort group. Methods. In 2009, we analyzed data from the 1995 and 2005 Midlife in the United States cross-sectional surveys (n = 1723), which measured positive mental health and 12-month mental disorders of major depressive episode, panic, and generalized anxiety disorders. Results. Population prevalence of any of 3 mental disorders and levels of mental health appeared stable but were dynamic at the individual level. Fifty-two percent of the 17.5% of respondents with any mental illness in 2005 were new cases; one half of those languishing in 1995 improved in 2005, and one half of those flourishing in 1995 declined in 2005. Change in mental health was strongly predictive of prevalence and incidence (operationalized as a new, not necessarily a first, episode) of mental illness in 2005. Conclusions. Gains in mental health predicted declines in mental illness, supporting the call for public mental health promotion; losses of mental health predicted increases in mental illness, supporting the call for public mental health protection.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and that higher levels of mental well-being reduce the incidence of mental health problems [147-149].”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [148]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Increases in well-being across time prospectively predict declines in mental illness across a ten year timespan (Keyes, Dhingra, & Simoes, 2010)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes, Dhingra, & Simoes, 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“as evidence suggests that low levels of wellbeing may increase the risk of experiencing mental ill-health over time [116–118].”
From The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [116]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This latter finding is in accordance with the finding that positive mental health is a protective factor against mental illness [63, 64].”
From How and for whom does web-based acceptance and commitment therapy work? Mediation and moderation analyses of web-based ACT for depressive symptoms (2016) · cites this paper as [63]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“lower levels of well-being are associated with an increased probability of mortality across a ten year timespan (Keyes & Simoes, 2010).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Keyes & Simoes, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.
Ryff, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 · Cited by 14,847
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285
Self-citation(1996) · Cited by 6,884
The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090197 · Cited by 5,133
Self-citationThe Structure of Psychological Well-Being.
Mechanic, D., & Bradburn, N. M. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093340 · Cited by 4,925
Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care.
Brazier, J. E., Harper, R., Jones, N. M., O’Cathain, A., Thomas, K. J., Usherwood, T. P., & Westlake, L. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6846.160 · Cited by 4,660
Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health
Keyes, C. L. M. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.539 · Cited by 3,357
Self-citationKeyes, C. L. M. (1998) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2787065 · Cited by 2,924
Self-citationKeyes, C. L. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.95 · Cited by 2,268 · cited 2×
“Survey (prevalence) data reveal that those who are flourishing report the lowest crosssectional rates of the following: mental illness, limitations of activities of daily living, missed days of work, cardiovascular disease, physical health conditions at all ages, utilization of acute health care service, and prescript…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe world health organization composite international diagnostic interview short-form (CIDI-SF)
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. (1998) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.47 · Cited by 2,242
The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations.
Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.51.5.730 · Cited by 2,094
(2009) · Cited by 2,013
Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000
Üstün, T. B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. J. L. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.386 · Cited by 1,735
Zubaida, S. D., & Cantril, H. (1967) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588624 · Cited by 1,496 · cited 2×
“The MIDUS measured emotional well-being with a 6-item scale derived in part from Bradburn’s(29) scale of positive affect (cheerful, in good spirits, happy, calm or peaceful, satisfied, and full of life during the past 30 days) and a single item of life satisfaction (0=worst possible life overall these days to 10=best…”
MethodInfluentialEvaluation of the mental health continuum–short form (MHC–SF) in setswana‐speaking South Africans
Keyes, C. L. M., Wissing, M., Potgieter, J. P., Temane, M., Kruger, A., & van Rooy, S. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.572 · Cited by 1,118
Self-citationLooking beyond psychopathology: The dual-factor model of mental health in youth
Suldo, S. M., & Shaffer, E. J. (2008) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2008.12087908 · Cited by 997
Mental health in adolescence: is America's youth flourishing?
Keyes, C. L. M. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.395 · Cited by 796
Self-citationToward an Integration of Subjective Well-Being and Psychopathology
Greenspoon, P. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2001) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007219227883 · Cited by 785
Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools
Gilman, R. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203884089 · Cited by 749
Past-Year Use of Outpatient Services for Psychiatric Problems in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Katz, S. J., Kouzis, A. C., Frank, R. G., Edlund, M. J., & Leaf, P. J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.115 · Cited by 610
The Hierarchical Structure of Well‐Being
Gallagher, M. W., Lopez, S. J., & Preacher, K. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00573.x · Cited by 588
Huppert, F. A., & Whittington, J. E. (2003) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910703762879246 · Cited by 536
Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression
Headey, B., Kelley, J., & Wearing, A. (1993) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01136197 · Cited by 506
The importance of assessing the fit of logistic regression models: a case study.
Hosmer, D. W., Taber, S., & Lemeshow, S. (1991) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.81.12.1630 · Cited by 496
Kessler, R. C., DuPont, R. L., Berglund, P. A., & Wïttchen, H. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1915 · Cited by 486
Keyes's model of mental health with personal growth initiative as a parsimonious predictor.
Robitschek, C., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013954 · Cited by 435
Self-citationReducing the global burden of depression
Chisholm, D., Sanderson, K. A., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Saxena, S. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.393 · Cited by 375
Massé, R., Poulin, C., Dassa, C., Lambert, J., Bélair, S., & Battaglini, A. (1998) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006992032387 · Cited by 347
Cure therapeutics and strategic prevention: raising the bar for mental health research
Insel, T. R., & Scolnick, E. M. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001777 · Cited by 321
The global burden of mental disorders.
Ustün, T. B. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1315 · Cited by 258
Health Promotion: Models and Values
Amos, A. (1990) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.44.3.253-b · Cited by 167
Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion
Secker, J. (1998) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/13.1.57 · Cited by 113
The Strengths Perspective: Fortigenesis in Adult Life
Strümpfer, D. J. W. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-5551-2 · Cited by 71
Davis, N. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 68
Better But Not Best: Recent Trends In The Well-Being Of The Mentally Ill
Glied, S., & Frank, R. G. (2009) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.637 · Cited by 67
Mental health for Canadians: striking a balance.
(1988) · PubMed · Cited by 61
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Davis NJ, 2002, Int J Emerg Ment Health, 4, 3
- 10.1037/0022-006X.51.5.730 · DOI
- Westerhof GJ, 2008, Monthly Mental Health, 63, 808
- 1999, Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
- 2004, Promoting Mental Health. Concepts, emerging evidence, practice (Summary report)
- 1948, World Health Organization Constitution. Basic Documents
- 2000, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revised
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 · DOI · Paper page
- Keyes CLM, 2005, Adolesc Fam Health, 4, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development
Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., Chisholm, D., Collins, P. Y., Cooper, J. L., Eaton, J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31612-x · Cited by 3,692
Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia
Ryff, C. D. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000353263 · Cited by 2,976
Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies
Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-119 · Cited by 1,996
“In addition, the available evidence suggests that well-being reduces the risk of developing mental symptoms and disorders [21,22] and helps reduce mortality risks in people with physical disease [23].”
BackgroundA Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320
Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)
Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715 · Cited by 1,277
Metadata
- Authors
- Keyes, C. L. M., Dhingra, S. S., & Simoes, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2366-2371
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC2978199
- OpenAlex
- W2037695402
- Cited by
- 778
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 24.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG020166)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- positive mental health, eudaimonia, languishing, mental illness, major depressive episode, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, mental health promotion, mental health protection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Lost to Follow-Up
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
