The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Dose–Response of Time Served in Prison on Mortality: New York State, 1989–2003
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. I investigated the differential impact of the dose–response of length of stay on postprison mortality among parolees. Methods. Using 1989–2003 New York State parole administrative data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on state correctional facilities, I employed multinomial logistic regression analyses and formal demographic techniques that used the life table of the populations to deduce changes in life expectancy. Results. Each additional year in prison produced a 15.6% increase in the odds of death for parolees, which translated to a 2-year decline in life expectancy for each year served in prison. The risk was highest upon release from prison and declined over time. The time to recovery, or the lowest risk level, was approximately two thirds of the time served in prison. Conclusions. Incarceration reduces life span. Future research should investigate the pathways to this higher mortality and the possibilities of recovery.
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“By studying data from a cohort of New York parolees, most of whom had served less than two years incarcerated, Patterson (2013) found that each year of incarceration reduced life expectancy by two years.”
From Innocence Mortality Tax: The Impact of Wrongful Conviction on Lifespan (2023) · cites this paper as Patterson (2013)
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Citations
Cites
Social determinants of health inequalities
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2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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- Patterson EJ, 2010, Corrections Compendium, 35, 1
- Binswanger IA, 2011, J Urban Health, 89, 89
- Iguchi MY, 2002, Public Health Rep, 117, S146
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Items 201–228 of 228
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LUCA, C. M. C., Villela, I. D. C. M., Nassif, A. E., & Ganassin, G. S. (2017) · Revista Uningá · doi:10.46311/2318-0579.53.euj1433
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Kumar, M., Stauss, M., Taylor, P., Maursetter, L. J., & Woywodt, A. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf090
“It is sobering that 70 years later, imprisonment is still a risk to health, with a loss of 2 years of life expectancy for every year spent in prison [43 ].”
Unlocking Lex TalionisPreprint
Lewis, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5172905
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Keyes, T., Sizemore, A., Breaux, C., Eberhart, N. K., & Holliday, S. B. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251372192 · Cited by 1
“These health problems often persist even after release (Massoglia & Pridemore, 2015) and can put individuals more at-risk for having a reduced life expectancy (Patterson, 2013).”
van Deventer, E., Giron, N. C., Tobin‐Tyler, E., Vanjani, R., & Berk, J. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09891-y
Advanced Heart Failure Therapies in Carceral Settings
Halloran, S., Weber, W., Wilcox, J., Pham, D. T., Vorovich, E. B., Martin, E., Murao, R., Russe, S. J., & Chuzi, S. E. (2025) · JACC Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105784
Additional file 1 of Do prisoners trust the healthcare system?
Vandergrift, L. A., & Christopher, P. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14905773
Tverborgvik, T., Stavseth, M. R., & Bukten, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26582237
Koçer, M. T., Altundağ, İ., Uysal, Ş. M., & Sağlam, Y. (2026) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-026-04302-5
“Each year spent in incarceration has been linked to approximately two years of reduced life expectancy [11].”
Infection par le VIH en milieu carcéral guyanais
Huber, F. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d9eed0d8z7612z4338z8563z4d59cdbc95a8
Raturi, V., Watts, H., Stall, T., Terry, E., Personius, L., Metz, D., Sekou, H., Niyogi, A., Ratakonda, S., Power, C., et al. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27377-2
“Another study by Patterson, found that for every year of incarceration, life expectancy is shortened by two years [21].”
The Intersection of Hospital Disposition and Incarceration
Chattopadhyay, A., & Karel, D. (2026) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2026.2657906
The Carceral Shadow: Criminal Justice as a Determinant of Health and Challenges for Policymakers
Ray, R., & Gilbert, K. L. (2026) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.70095
“23 The organizational culture of policing is further shaped by documented racial attitude disparities within law enforcement itself.”
Shen, J.-L., & McCuish, E. (2026) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278261459468
“Formerly incarcerated persons face a heightened risk of fatal overdose following release into the community (Patterson, 2013), which may be due to reduced substance use during incarceration and subsequent decreased tolerance (Pratt et al., 2006).”
Ovienmhada, U., Daza, G., & Parks, R. M. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.07.29.26359256
Newton, E. E., Rech, A., Kaelblein, A., & Mushero, N. (2026) · The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing · doi:10.3928/00220124-20260506-02
Cancer Incidence and Survival Among Ever-Incarcerated Patients in California and Massachusetts
Manz, C. R., Tramontano, A. C., Dias, S. L., Voligny, E., Baggett, C. D., Wright, A. A., & Schrag, D. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.39346
Metadata
- Authors
- Patterson, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patterson, Evelyn J.
- ORCID
- Patterson, Evelyn J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523-528
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3673515
- OpenAlex
- W2102922912
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 28.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- prison deaths, prison sentence length, parolees, post-release mortality, life expectancy, dose-response relationship, recidivism, prisons
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, New York, Prisoners, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Survival Analysis, Young Adult
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