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The Dose–Response of Time Served in Prison on Mortality: New York State, 1989–2003
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. I investigated the differential impact of the dose–response of length of stay on postprison mortality among parolees. Methods. Using 1989–2003 New York State parole administrative data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on state correctional facilities, I employed multinomial logistic regression analyses and formal demographic techniques that used the life table of the populations to deduce changes in life expectancy. Results. Each additional year in prison produced a 15.6% increase in the odds of death for parolees, which translated to a 2-year decline in life expectancy for each year served in prison. The risk was highest upon release from prison and declined over time. The time to recovery, or the lowest risk level, was approximately two thirds of the time served in prison. Conclusions. Incarceration reduces life span. Future research should investigate the pathways to this higher mortality and the possibilities of recovery.
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“By studying data from a cohort of New York parolees, most of whom had served less than two years incarcerated, Patterson (2013) found that each year of incarceration reduced life expectancy by two years.”
From Innocence Mortality Tax: The Impact of Wrongful Conviction on Lifespan (2023) · cites this paper as Patterson (2013)
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“Patterson (2013) used data from New York state to study the impact of incarceration length on postprison mortality.”
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“Every year that a member of the general population is incarcerated is associated with a two-year reduction in life expectancy (Patterson, 2013).”
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Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release
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Nowotny, K. M., Rogers, R. G., & Boardman, J. D. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.011 · Cited by 70
“For example, Patterson (2013) used mortality data from New York State and found a dose-response effect.”
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InfluentialCulbert, G. J., Pillai, V., Bick, J. A., Al‐Darraji, H. A. A., Wickersham, J. A., Wegman, M. P., Bazazi, A. R., Ferro, E. G., Copenhaver, M., Kamarulzaman, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-016-9676-7 · Cited by 38
“…of the HIV, tuberculosis (TB), and addiction epidemics in populations that are overwhelmingly exposed to incarceration and its negative long-term health effects (Patterson 2013) will drastically increase the magnitude of harm and costs associated with these epidemics to individuals and communities.”
Gil, R. M., Freeman, T. L., Mathew, T. A., Kullar, R., Fekete, T., Ovalle, A. A., Nguyen, D., Kottkamp, A. C., Poon, J., Marcelin, J. R., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab392 · Cited by 37
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“People who are currently incarcerated and those who have been released from jails or prisons are a vulnerable group by almost any measure of health and social disadvantage (Binswanger, Krueger, & Steiner, 2009; Dumont, Brockmann, Dickman, Alexander, & Rich, 2012; Fazel & Baillargeon, 2011; Massoglia, 2008; National Co…”
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Self-citationThe Rikers Island Hot Spotters: Defining the Needs of the Most Frequently Incarcerated
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Novisky, M. A., Prost, S. G., Fleury‐Steiner, B., & Testa, A. M. (2025) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-025-00331-x · Cited by 21
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The New Eugenics: Black Hyper-Incarceration and Human Abatement
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BackgroundInfluentialTime Well Spent: Misery, Meaning, and the Opportunity of Incarceration
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“Additionally, contact with the criminal justice system is related to suicide risk (Patterson, 2013; Webb et al., 2011).”
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“Those pre-existing chronic conditions were worsened by the criminal justice contact and manifested into a 2-year decline in life expectancy for each year of being in contact with the criminal justice system [4].”
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“Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80, 189-200.”
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Vanjani, R., Martino, S., Reiger, S. F., Lawless, J., Kelly, C., Mariano, V. J., & Trimbur, M. C. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms2002585 · Cited by 15
Carceral Passages: Coming of Age in Prison America
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“Incarceration ’ s devastating effects on individual health and mortality, intergenerational inequality, and family well-being (Patterson 2013; Wake fi eld and Wildeman 2014) occur over time and can be described as forms of structural violence (Bourgois 2009).”
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Culbert, G. J., Crawford, F. W., Murni, A., Waluyo, A. D., Bazazi, A. R., Sahar, J., & Altice, F. L. (2017) · Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine · doi:10.2147/rrtm.s126131 · Cited by 13
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“Furthermore, in some cases, incarceration itself, with the stressors of prison life, increased exposure to individuals with higher rates of infection, and continued risky behaviours while in correctional facilities, may contribute to generally poorer health of offenders (Awofeso, 2010; de Viggiani, 2006; Patterson, 20…”
BackgroundFrequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV
Hawks, L. C., McGinnis, K. A., Howell, B. A., Khan, M. R., Edelman, E. J., Justice, A. C., & Wang, E. A. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002325 · Cited by 13
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“Studies show that mortality has a dose-response relationship with both length of time in prison (Patterson, 2013) and repeated short-term incarceration (Graham et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAge and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: a comparison of the prison and general population
Nowotny, K. M., Metheny, H., LeMasters, K. H., & Brinkley‐Rubinstein, L. (2022) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1108/ijph-08-2021-0069 · Cited by 12
Criminal Justice Reform Is Health Care Reform
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The Positive Spaces Healthy Places Study Team, Bekele, T., Globerman, J., Watson, J. R., Hwang, S. W., Hambly, K., Koornstra, J. J., Walker, G., Bacon, J., & Rourke, S. B. (2018) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2040-6 · Cited by 12
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Chandra, D. K., Bazazi, A. R., Solim, M. A. N., Kamarulzaman, A., Altice, F. L., & Culbert, G. J. (2019) · HIV Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/15284336.2019.1603433 · Cited by 10
McNeeley, S., Clark, V. A., & Duwe, G. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102059 · Cited by 11
McCandless, L. C., Stewart, L. C., Rempel, E., Venners, S. A., & Somers, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203705 · Cited by 10
Carceral Devolution and the Transformation of Urban America
Miller, R. J., & Purifoye, G. Y. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54215-1_8 · Cited by 10
Candamo, F., Tobey, M. L., & Simon, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.21815/jde.018.030 · Cited by 10
Deaths in Custody and following Release
Fox, A. D., Moore, A., Binswanger, I. A., & Kinner, S. A. (2019) · Journal of Health and Human Services Administration · doi:10.1177/107937391904100403 · Cited by 10
“…of incarceration, number of incarceration episodes, marital status, and community supervision status, have been variably associated with mortality risk (Binswanger, Blatchford, Lindsay, & Stern, 2011; Kariminia, Law, Butler, Corben, et al., 2007; Patterson, 2013; Rosen, Schoenbach, & Wohl, 2008).”
Evaluation of an Interprofessional Student–Faculty Collaborative Clinic in a Jail
Simon, L. E., Beckmann, D. L., Reidy, P. A., Cohen, M. J., & Tobey, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Correctional Health Care · doi:10.1177/1078345819880901 · Cited by 10
“One year of incarceration represents a 2-year decline in life expectancy (Patterson, 2013).”
BackgroundHospital care while incarcerated: A tale of two policies
Haber, L. A., Kaiksow, F. A., Williams, B. A., & Crane, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.13223 · Cited by 9
Mathematical analysis of crime dynamics in and out of prisons
Park, J., & Kim, P. (2020) · Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences · doi:10.1002/mma.6771 · Cited by 11
Hall, T., Chassler, D., Blom, B., Grahn, R., Nilsson, M. B., SULLIVAN, L. M., & Lundgren, L. M. (2014) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.12.013 · Cited by 9
Peteet, T., & Tobey, M. (2017) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.9.ecas3-1709 · Cited by 9
Golembeski, C., Dong, K. R., & Irfan, A. (2021) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.382 · Cited by 10
Patterson, E. J., & Dagadu, H. E. (2015) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649215587762 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRethinking the Criminalization of Personal Substance Use and Possession
Kleinman, R. A., & Morris, N. P. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06628-5 · Cited by 9
“In a separate study of individuals released from New York state prisons, each year of time spent in prison was associated with a 2-year decrease in life expectancy.(10)”
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure Risks in US Carceral Facilities, 2022
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Russo, J., Woods, D., Shaffer, J., & Jackson, B. (2017) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1967 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, one study suggests that for every year spent in prison, overall life expectancy decreases by two years (Patterson, 2013).”
BackgroundHennepin County Adult Detention Center’s Response to a 2019 Hepatitis A Outbreak in Minnesota
Zellmer, L., Peters, L., & Silva, R. S. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306159 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Patterson, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patterson, Evelyn J.
- ORCID
- Patterson, Evelyn J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523-528
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3673515
- OpenAlex
- W2102922912
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 28.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- prison deaths, prison sentence length, parolees, post-release mortality, life expectancy, dose-response relationship, recidivism, prisons
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, New York, Prisoners, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Survival Analysis, Young Adult
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