Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. To examine the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and changes in the mental health of ethnic minority people. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (2009–2013) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal household panel survey of approximately 40 000 households, including an ethnic minority boost sample of approximately 4000 households. Results. Ethnic minority people who reported exposure to racial discrimination at 1 time point had 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component scores 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −3.31, −0.56) points lower than did those who reported no exposure to racial discrimination, whereas those who had been exposed to 2 or more domains of racial discrimination, at 2 different time points, had SF-12 mental component scores 8.26 (95% CI = −13.33, −3.18) points lower than did those who reported no experiences of racial discrimination. Controlling for racial discrimination and other socioeconomic factors reduced ethnic inequalities in mental health. Conclusions. Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination has incremental negative long-term effects on the mental health of ethnic minority people in the United Kingdom. Studies that examine exposure to racial discrimination at 1 point in time may underestimate the contribution of racism to poor health.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cumulative impact of racial trauma has been demonstrated in BIPOC communities in North America, Europe, and Oceania.
“The cumulative impact of racial trauma was demonstrated in BIPOC communities in North America, Europe, and Oceania”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Wallace et al., 2016
Cites
Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427 · see citing works
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634 · see citing works
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610 · see citing works
A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health
Paradies, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl056 · Cited by 1,681 · see citing works
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Relation Between Racial Discrimination, Social Class, and Health Among Ethnic Minority Groups
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.4.624 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Self-citationInequalities in health. Report of a research working group.
Black, D. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 592 · see citing works
“Being black and feeling blue”: the mental health consequences of racial discrimination
Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M. E., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. T. (2000) · Race and Society · doi:10.1016/s1090-9524(00)00010-3 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Schulz, A. J., Gravlee, C. C., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G. B., & Rowe, Z. E. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.064543 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Jackson, J. S., Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Torres, M. E., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. T. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Confronting Institutionalized Racism
Jones, C. P. (2002) · Phylon (1960-) · doi:10.2307/4149999 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Harris, R. B., Tobias, M. I., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.009 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationHarris, R. B., Tobias, M. I., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68890-9 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived Discrimination and Mortality in a Population-Based Study of Older Adults
Barnes, L. L., de Leon, C. F. M., Lewis, T. T., Bienias, J. L., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.114397 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., Tobias, M. I., Yeh, L., Talamaivao, N., Minster, J., & Timutimu, R. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.004 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Genetic, Cultural or Socio‐economic Vulnerability? Explaining Ethnic Inequalities in Health
Nazroo, J. Y. (1998) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00126 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationLewis, T. T., Everson-Rose, S., Powell, L., Matthews, K., Brown, C., Karavolos, K., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., Jacobs, E., & Wesley, D. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000221360.94700.16 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research.
Williams, D. R., & Neighbors, H. W. (2001) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/ovm5-mthb · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Adam, E. K., Heissel, J. A., Zeiders, K. H., Richeson, J. A., Ross, E. C., Ehrlich, K. B., Levy, D. J., Kemeny, M. E., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Xu, J., Granberg, E. M., & Wentworth, W. M. (2011) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027511426151 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and sleep in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women.
Lewis, T. T., Troxel, W., Kravitz, H. M., Bromberger, J. T., Matthews, K. A., & Hall, M. H. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029938 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Gee, G., & Walsemann, K. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.002 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Seaton, E. K., Neblett, E. W., Upton, R., Powell, W., & Sellers, R. M. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01651.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kwate, N. O. A., & Goodman, M. S. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302243 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sample Design for Understanding SocietyPreprint
Lynn, P. J. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fear of racism and health: Table 1
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.020479 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenthal, L., Earnshaw, V. A., Lewis, T. T., Reid, A. E., Lewis, J. B., Stasko, E. C., Tobin, J. N., & Ickovics, J. R. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301906 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., & Stanley, J. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-844 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Inequalities in healthy life expectancy between ethnic groups in England and Wales in 2001
Wohland, P., Rees, P., Nazroo, J. Y., & Jagger, C. (2014) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2014.921892 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAspinall, P. J., & Chinouya, M. J. (2008) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557850701837294 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., Stanley, J., & Rameka, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117343 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fear of racism, employment and expected organizational racism: their association with health
Becares, L., Stafford, M., & Nazroo, J. (2009) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp071 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWhich ethnic groups have the poorest health?
Bécares, L. (2017) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t89504.14 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racism and health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 · Cited by 2,398 · see citing works
Williams, D. R. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518814251 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Social Determinants of Mental Health: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go
Alegria, M. M., NeMoyer, A., Falgas‐Bagué, I., Wang, Y., & Álvarez, K. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0969-9 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Understanding how discrimination can affect health
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., & Vu, C. (2019) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13222 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and child and adolescent health in longitudinal studies: A systematic review
Cave, L., Cooper, M. N., Zubrick, S. R., & Shepherd, C. C. J. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112864 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Public Health Challenges and Responses to the Growing Ageing Populations
Khan, H. T. A., Addo, K. M., & Findlay, H. (2024) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.213 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Nazroo, J. Y., Bhui, K. S., & Rhodes, J. (2019) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13001 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationWatson, H. L., Harrop, D., Walton, E., Young, A., & Soltani, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210587 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The human gut microbiome and health inequities
Amato, K. R., Arrieta, M., Azad, M. B., Bailey, M. T., Broussard, J. L., Bruggeling, C. E., Claud, E. C., Costello, E. K., Davenport, E., Dutilh, B. E., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2017947118 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
Cénat, J. M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221120428 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The cumulative impact of racial trauma was demonstrated in BIPOC communities in North America, Europe, and Oceania (Becares et al., 2016; Hollinsworth, 2006; Wallace et al., 2016; Williams, Metzger, et al., 2018).”
BackgroundArday, J. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7100196 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom
Hackett, R. A., Ronaldson, A., Bhui, K. S., Steptoe, A., & Jackson, S. E. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09792-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kairuz, C. A., Casanelia, L. M., Bennett‐Brook, K., Coombes, J., & Yadav, U. N. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11363-x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Halvorsrud, K., Nazroo, J. Y., Otis, M., Hajdukova, E. B., & Bhui, K. S. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01758-y · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationStraiton, M., Aambø, A. K., & Johansen, R. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6649-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Franklin, J. D. (2019) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2019.1579178 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Siddiqi, A., Shahidi, F. V., Ramraj, C., & Williams, D. R. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Malm, A., Tinghög, P., Narusyte, J., & Saboonchi, F. (2020) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-019-0246-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
What Do We Know About Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Participation in UK Higher Education?
Arday, J., Branchu, C., & Boliver, V. (2021) · Social Policy and Society · doi:10.1017/s1474746421000579 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Alsawalqa, R. O. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06711 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Am I Welcome Here? Campus Climate and Psychological Well-Being Among Students of Color
Koo, K. K. (2021) · NASPA Journal · doi:10.1080/19496591.2020.1853557 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Anguelovski, I., Cole, H. V. S., O’Neill, E., Baró, F., Kotsila, P., Sekulova, F., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., García‐Lamarca, M., Argüelles, L., et al. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102698 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Racism and mental health and the role of mental health professionals
Schouler‐Ocak, M., Bhugra, D., Kastrup, M. C., Dom, G., Heinz, A., Küey, L., & Gorwood, P. A. P. M. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2216 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Planning for Mental Health Needs During COVID-19
Han, R. H., Schmidt, M. N., Waits, W. M., Bell, A. K. C., & Miller, T. L. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01189-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Arday, J. (2021) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-020-00636-w · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Variations by ethnicity in referral and treatment pathways for IAPT service users in South London
Harwood, H., Rhead, R. D., Chui, Z., Bakolis, I., Connor, L., Gazard, B., Hall, J., MacCrimmon, S., Rimes, K. A., Woodhead, C., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002518 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nazroo, J. Y., & Bécares, L. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041750 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrimination and Subsequent Mental Health, Substance Use, and Well-being in Young Adults
Lei, Y. Y., Shah, V. V., Biely, C., JACKSON, N. J., Dudovitz, R., Barnert, E. S., Hotez, E., Guerrero, A. D., Bui, A. L., Sastry, N., et al. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-051378 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Making a difference: ethnic inequality and severe mental illness
Bhui, K. S., Halvorsrud, K., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.148 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationZambrana, R. E., Valdez, R. B., Pittman, C. T., Bartko, T., Weber, L., & Parra-Medina, D. M. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2983 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Discrimination Exposure and DNA Methylation of Stress-Related Genes in Latina Mothers
Junior, H. P. D. O. S., Nephew, B. C., Bhattacharya, A., Tan, X. M., Smith, L., Alyamani, R. A. S., Martin, E. M., Perreira, K. M., Fry, R. C., & Murgatroyd, C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.014 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bianchi, A., Biffignandi, S., & Lynn, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Official Statistics · doi:10.1515/jos-2017-0019 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Reducing loneliness among migrant and ethnic minority people: a participatory evidence synthesis
Salway, S., Such, E., Preston, L., Booth, A., Zubair, M., Victor, C., & Raghavan, R. (2020) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr08100 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Tsekleves, E., Darby, A., Whicher, A., & Swiatek, P. (2017) · Archives of Design Research · doi:10.15187/adr.2017.05.30.2.5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Discrimination, competitiveness, and support in US graduate student mental health
Posselt, J. R. (2021) · Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education · doi:10.1108/sgpe-07-2020-0042 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Devonport, T. J., Ward, G., Morrissey, H., Burt, C., Harris, J., Burt, S., Patel, R., Manning, R. M., Paredes, R., & Nicholls, W. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01352-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Autism, Discrimination and Masking: Disrupting a Recipe for Trauma
Cleary, M. L., West, S., Kornhaber, R. A., & Hungerford, C. L. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2239916 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cumulative Effects of Bullying and Racial Discrimination on Adolescent Health in Australia
Priest, N., Kavanagh, A. M., Bécares, L., & King, T. L. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519868847 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationStigma, mental illness & ethnicity: Time to centre racism and structural stigma
Kapadia, D. (2023) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13615 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Aksoy, O., Bann, D., Fluharty, M., & Nandi, A. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab133 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Social Capital and Mental Health Among Black and Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK
Bamford, J., Klabbers, G., Curran, E., Rosato, M., & Leavey, G. (2020) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-020-01043-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ahmad, G., McManus, S., Cooper, C., Hatch, S. L., & Das‐Munshi, J. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.179 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lewis, C. J., & Arday, J. (2023) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261231184357 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bécares, L., & Zhang, N. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx326 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationLookism hurts: appearance discrimination and self-rated health in South Korea
Lee, H., Son, I., Yoon, J., & Kim, S.-S. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0678-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Assessing Perceived Discrimination as Reported by Black and White Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
Sutton, A. L., Hagiwara, N., Perera, R. A., & Sheppard, V. B. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00817-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The enduring effects of racism on health: Understanding direct and indirect effects over time
Stopforth, S., Kapadia, D., Nazroo, J. Y., & Bécares, L. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101217 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationLazaridou, F., & Fernando, S. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221087101 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Understanding Social and Emotional Loneliness among Black Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Ojembe, B. U., Kalu, M. E., Ezulike, J. C. D., Iwuagwu, A. O., Ekoh, P. C., Oyinlola, O., Osifeso, T., John, M. O., & Kapiriri, L. (2022) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648221118357 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Siddiqui, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.954105 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kader, F., Bazzi, L. A., Khoja, L., Hassan, F., & de Leon, C. F. M. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00672-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bécares, L., Shaw, R. J., Katikireddi, S. V., Irizar, P., Amele, S., Kapadia, D., Nazroo, J. Y., & Taylor, H. F. W. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101150 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite, K., Bell, B. A., Huang, S. J., & Williams, D. R. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa041 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bhugra, D., Smith, A. J., Liebrenz, M., Ventriglio, A., Gnanapragasam, S., Buadze, A., Pemberton, M., & Poulter, D. (2023) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2192275 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Daoud, N., Darawshy, N. A., Gao, M., Sergienko, R., Sestito, S., & Geraisy, N. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8053-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Toward an Anti-Racist Approach to Biomedical and Neuroscience Research
Gilpin, N. W., & Taffe, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1319-21.2021 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ethnic Minority Analysts’ Participation in Public Earnings Conference Calls
Flam, R. W., Green, J., Lee, J. A., & Sharp, N. Y. (2023) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.12504 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Barrier or stressor? The role of discrimination experiences in health service use
Gazard, B., Chui, Z., Harber-Aschan, L., MacCrimmon, S., Bakolis, I., Rimes, K. A., Hotopf, M. H., & Hatch, S. L. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6267-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Choi, J.-W., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., Telke, S. E., & Mason, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0077 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Microaggressions: Black students' experiences - A qualitative study
Pusey‐Reid, E., Gona, C. M., Lussier-Duynstee, P., & Gall, G. B. (2022) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.03.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mental health and wellbeing: focus on men's health
Patrick, S., & Robertson, S. (2016) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.21.1163 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rosenfield, P., Jiang, D., & Pauselli, L. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Friborg, O., Sørlie, T., & Hansen, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117719159 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thomson, G., Cook, J., Crossland, N., Balaam, M., Byrom, A., Jassat, R., & Gerrard, S. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05279-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ahmad, G., McManus, S., Bécares, L., Hatch, S. L., & Das‐Munshi, J. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02167-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationQuirke, B., Heinen, M. M., Fitzpatrick, P., McKey, S., Malone, K. M., & Kelleher, C. C. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.90 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bains, S., & Gutman, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01481-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stopforth, S., Kapadia, D., Nazroo, J. Y., & Bécares, L. (2021) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2100146x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBeck, A. F. (2019) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x18000223 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nandi, A., Luthra, R. R., & Benzeval, M. (2020) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1788107 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Taking Action on Racism and Structural Violence in Psychiatric Training and Clinical Practice
Jarvis, G. E., Andermann, L., Ayonrinde, O., Beder, M., Cénat, J. M., Ben-Cheikh, I., Fung, K. P.-L., Gajaria, A., Gómez-Carrillo, A., Guzder, J., et al. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437231166985 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Changing the PrEP Narrative: A Call to Action to Increase PrEP Uptake among Women
Cernasev, A., Walker, C. M., Armstrong, D. L., & Golden, J. (2021) · Women · doi:10.3390/women1020011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and its impact on mental health
Schouler‐Ocak, M., & Moran, J. K. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2155033 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gabarrell‐Pascuet, A., Lloret-Pineda, A., Franch-Roca, M., Mellor-Marsá, B., Alos-Belenguer, M. D. C., He, Y., Hafi, R. E., Villalobos, F., Bayes‐Marin, I., Aparicio, L., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294295 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Discrimination, poor mental health, and mental illness
Bhui, K. S. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1210578 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Read, U. M., Karamanos, A., Silva, M. J., Molaodi, O. R., Enayat, Z. E., Cassidy, A., Cruickshank, J. K., & Harding, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190496 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Immigration, Identity, and Anonymity: Intentionally Masked Intolerance in Ireland
Creighton, M. J., Fahey, É., & McGinnity, F. (2022) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/01979183211054806 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stronks, K., Şekercan, A., Snijder, M. B., Lok, A., Verhoeff, A. P., Kunst, A. E., & Galenkamp, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Alfonso Urzúa, M., Caqueo‐Urízar, A., Henríquez, D., Domic‐Siede, M., Acevedo, D., Ralph, S., Reyes, G., & Tang, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052359 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Edeh, N. A., Riley, S. C. E., & Kokot‐Blamey, P. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12779 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The impact of depression on heart transplant outcomes: A retrospective single‐center cohort study
de la Rosa, A., Singer-Englar, T., Hamilton, M. A., IsHak, W. W., KOBASHIGAWA, J. A., & Kittleson, M. M. (2020) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ctr.14204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Freedom of Movement Restrictions Inhibit the Psychological Integration of Refugees
Hilbig, H., & Riaz, S. (2022) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/720307 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Narayan, S., Mok, H., Ho, K., & Kealy, D. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2091762 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gibbons, F. X., Fleischli, M. E., Gerrard, M., & Simons, R. L. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001244 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Discursive Epidemiology: Two Models
Tirrell, L. (2021) · Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1093/arisup/akab008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Antebi‐Gruszka, N., Friedman, A. A., & Balsam, K. F. (2022) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2022.2089425 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Harnett, N. G., Merrill, L. C., & Fani, N. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01901-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Abu‐Kaf, S., Nakash, O., Hayat, T., & Cohen, M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113203 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Social determinants and mental health
Bell, R., & Marmot, M. G. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination, Self-compassion, and Mental Health: the Moderating Role of Self-judgment
Browne, R. K., Duarte, B. A., Miller, A. N., Schwartz, S. E. O., & Graham-LoPresti, J. R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01936-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hayanga, B., Stafford, M., Saunders, C. L., & Bécares, L. (2023) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13724 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSaadi, A., & Ponce, N. A. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05412-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Okoye, H. U., & Saewyc, E. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01446-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stephens, C. V., & Breheny, M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315639093 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zia, S., Lin, S., Chong, A., Su, E., Chen, S., Chwa, W., Young, C., & Schreiber, J. (2022) · Education for Health · doi:10.4103/efh.efh_112_22 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pathways to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes in the United Kingdom: A systematic map
Irizar, P., Kapadia, D., Amele, S., Bécares, L., Divall, P., Katikireddi, S. V., Kibuchi, E., Kneale, D., McCabe, R., Nazroo, J. Y., et al. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116044 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRhead, R. D., Woodhead, C., Ahmad, G., Das‐Munshi, J., McManus, S., & Hatch, S. L. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02259-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Majcherek, D., Kowalski, A. M., & Lewandowska, M. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911913 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Haeny, A. M., Gibbons, F. X., Fleischli, M. E., Gerrard, M., Lopez, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115225 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Griffioen, N., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., & Granic, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1294-1300
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC4984732
- OpenAlex
- W2339150223
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 54.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K001582/1, ES/K002198/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, cumulative exposure, ethnic minorities, mental health, ethnic health disparities, racism, UK Household Longitudinal Study, socioeconomic factors
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status, Hexetidine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Health Status Disparities, Racism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
