Magnetic particle imaging: current developments and future directions
Open accessAbstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel imaging method that was first proposed by Gleich and Weizenecker in 2005. Applying static and dynamic magnetic fields, MPI exploits the unique characteristics of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The SPIONs' response allows a three-dimensional visualization of their distribution in space with a superb contrast, a very high temporal and good spatial resolution. Essentially, it is the SPIONs' superparamagnetic characteristics, the fact that they are magnetically saturable, and the harmonic composition of the SPIONs' response that make MPI possible at all. As SPIONs are the essential element of MPI, the development of customized nanoparticles is pursued with the greatest effort by many groups. Their objective is the creation of a SPION or a conglomerate of particles that will feature a much higher MPI performance than nanoparticles currently available commercially. A particle's MPI performance and suitability is characterized by parameters such as the strength of its MPI signal, its biocompatibility, or its pharmacokinetics. Some of the most important adjuster bolts to tune them are the particles' iron core and hydrodynamic diameter, their anisotropy, the composition of the particles' suspension, and their coating. As a three-dimensional, real-time imaging modality that is free of ionizing radiation, MPI appears ideally suited for applications such as vascular imaging and interventions as well as cellular and targeted imaging. A number of different theories and technical approaches on the way to the actual implementation of the basic concept of MPI have been seen in the last few years. Research groups around the world are working on different scanner geometries, from closed bore systems to single-sided scanners, and use reconstruction methods that are either based on actual calibration measurements or on theoretical models. This review aims at giving an overview of current developments and future directions in MPI about a decade after its first appearance.
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Contrast generation in MPI critically depends on parameters that affect the magnetization response, such as SPION size and size distribution.
“As an important note, contrast generation in MPI critically depends on the parameters that affect the magnetization response like SPION size and size distribution [113, 114].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
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Goodwill, P. W., Croft, L., Konkle, J., et al. (2012) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_42 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Setup and Validation of an MPI Signal Chain for a Drive Field Frequency of 150 kHz
Sattel, T. F., Woywode, O., Weizenecker, J., et al. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2014.2326256 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Concept of a Generator for the Selection and Focus Field of a Clinical MPI Scanner
Bontus, C., Gleich, B., David, B. R., et al. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2014.2326003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Slicing Frequency Mixed Traveling Wave for 3D Magnetic Particle Imaging
Vogel, P., Rückert, M. A., Klauer, P., et al. (2012) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_37 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Scanner setup and reconstruction for three-dimensional magnetic particle imaging
Wawrzik, T., Kuhlmann, C., Ludwig, F., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2006392 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ishihara, Y., Honma, T., Nohara, S., et al. (2013) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/1471-2342-13-15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Erbe, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-05337-6_2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Erbe, M., Weber, M., Sattel, T. F., et al. (2013) · Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573405611309020003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schneider, D., & Lüdtke‐Buzug, K. (2012) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_19 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle-sided magnetic particle imaging device for the sentinel lymph node biopsy scenario
Sattel, T. F., Erbe, M., Biederer, S., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.912733 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Resolution improvement of the molecular imaging technique based on magnetic nanoparticles
Ishihara, Y., & Kusayama, Y. (2009) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.807335 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RESOLUTION DISTRIBUTION IN SINGLE-SIDED MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING
Sattel, T. F., Knopp, T. A., Biederer, S., et al. (2010) · doi:10.1142/9789814324687_0015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Experimental 3D X-Space Magnetic Particle Imaging Using Projection Reconstruction
Konkle, J., Goodwill, P. W., Carrasco‐Zevallos, O. M., et al. (2012) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_39 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Power loss optimized field free line generation for magnetic particle imaging
Weber, M., Erbe, M., Bente, K., et al. (2013) · International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging · doi:10.1109/iwmpi.2013.6528354 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Single-sided magnetic particle imaging: magnetic field and gradient
Gräfe, K., Grüttner, M., Sattel, T. F., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2001610 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Single-Sided Coil Configuration for Magnetic Particle Imaging
Sattel, T. F., Biederer, S., Knopp, T. A., et al. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03885-3_78 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Measurement of System Functions With Extended Field-of-View
Nothnagel, N., & Sánchez‐Gonzalez, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2014.2326253 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Slice scanning mode for traveling wave MPI
Vogel, P., Rückert, M. A., Kullmann, W., et al. (2013) · International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging · doi:10.1109/iwmpi.2013.6528369 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Scanner Construction for a Dynamic Field Free Line in Magnetic Particle Imaging
Weber, M., Erbe, M., Bente, K., et al. (2013) · Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/bmt-2013-4259 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Projection X-Space MPI Mouse Scanner
Goodwill, P. W., Konkle, J., Zheng, B., et al. (2012) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_43 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING
Viereck, T., Ludwig, F., & Schilling, M. (2010) · doi:10.1142/9789814324687_0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ferumoxytol (Feraheme) - a new parenteral iron formulation.
(2010) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assembly for One-dimensional Magnetic Particle Imaging
Wawrzik, T., Ludwig, F., & Schilling, M. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03879-2_251 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Imaging magnetic nanoparticles using the signal's frequency spectrum
Weaver, J. B., Rauwerdink, A. M., Trembly, B. S., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.773770 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ludwig, F., Eberbeck, D., Löwa, N., et al. (2016) · nano Online · doi:10.1515/nano.0007.00016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synthetic routes to magnetic nanoparticles for MPI
Kratz, H., Eberbeck, D., Wagner, S., et al. (2016) · nano Online · doi:10.1515/nano.0007.00014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Finas, D., Baumann, K., Sydow, L., et al. (2016) · nano Online · doi:10.1515/nano.0007.00029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Baumann, K., Ruhland, B., Heinrich, K., et al. (2011) · Senologie - Zeitschrift für Mammadiagnostik und -therapie · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1278017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 34
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications
Dadfar, S. M., Roemhild, K., Drude, N. I., von Stillfried, S., Knüchel, R., Kiessling, F., & Lammers, T. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.005 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Recent Advances in the Development of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Monteserín, M., Larumbe, S., Martínez, A. V., Burgui, S., & Francisco Martín, L. (2021) · Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jnn.2021.19062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Panagiotopoulos, N., Vogt, F., Barkhausen, J., Buzug, T. M., Duschka, R. L., Lüdtke-Buzug, K., Ahlborg, M., Bringout, G., Debbeler, C., Gräser, M., Kaethner, C., Stelzner, J., Medimagh, H., & Haegele, J.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Panagiotopoulos, Nikolaos
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Nanomedicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 3097
- ISSN
- 1176-9114 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-2013
- PMC
- PMC4411024
- OpenAlex
- W2068679287
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Nanomedicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, 604448, FP7/2007)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (13N11090)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Keywords
- magnetic particle imaging, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanoparticle design, magnetic resonance imaging, vascular imaging, targeted imaging, image reconstruction, nanoparticle coating, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetite Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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