Cited by 54Medication Adherence and ComplianceMental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major Depression

Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of compliance with antidepressants for depressive disorders: systematic review of observational studies

Open access
Perestelo-Perez, Lilisbeth, Perestelo-Perez, Perez-Ramos, Serrano-Aguilar, De las Cuevas·2013·Patient Preference and Adherence

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The literature shows that compliance with antidepressant treatment is unsatisfactory. Several personal and disease-related variables have been shown to be related to compliance behavior. The objective of this study was to review the literature about sociodemographic and clinical predictors of compliance in patients with depressive disorders. METHODS: The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, PsycInfo, and Cinahl databases were searched until May 2012. Studies that analyzed sociodemographic and clinical predictors or correlates of compliance in patients with depressive disorder were included. A quantitative synthesis was not performed because of the heterogeneity and availability of the data reported. For similar reasons, the results were not classified according to the different phases of treatment. The search was limited to studies published in English and Spanish. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most consistent associations with compliance were found for age (older patients showed more compliance) and race (white patients were more likely to adhere to treatment than minority ethnic groups). Few studies assessed clinical factors, and the most plausible predictors of compliance were certain comorbidities and substance abuse. Severity of depression did not play an important role in predicting compliance. CONCLUSION: The impact of the variables studied on compliance behavior appeared to be inconsistent. Identifying potential predictors of compliance with antidepressant treatment is important, both for the routine practice of the mental health professional and for refining interventions to enhance adherence and target them to specific populations at risk of noncompliance.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review of 32 observational studies found that older age and white race were the most consistent sociodemographic correlates of better antidepressant compliance, while clinical predictors were less studied and inconsistent. Overall, the evidence did not identify a stable set of predictors, and the authors call for more research on mediators and targeted adherence interventions.

Key findings

  • Across 32 included studies, older age was generally associated with better adherence; about 60% of adherence studies assessing age found significant positive associations, and some discontinuation studies found older age linked to lower rates or longer time to stopping treatment.
  • Race was consistently associated with compliance: white patients were more likely to adhere, and Hispanic patients showed the poorest adherence when multiple ethnic groups were compared.
  • Clinical factors were assessed less often. Substance abuse predicted nonadherence in all three studies that examined it; medical comorbidity showed mixed directions; depression severity was generally not a significant predictor.
  • Other sociodemographic factors, including gender, education, marital/living status, income, and employment, had mixed or few significant findings, and the review concluded that associations were inconsistent overall.

Methods

  • The authors searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, PsycInfo, and Cinahl from January 1990 to May 2012, limited to English and Spanish publications, and included observational studies of adults or elderly patients with a depressive disorder diagnosed by a health care provider or researchers.
  • Studies were included if they analyzed sociodemographic or clinical predictors/correlates of compliance with antidepressants; exclusions included bipolar or psychotic disorders, depression only alongside a medical illness, or antidepressant use without a reported diagnosis.
  • After removing duplicates, 1690 references were screened, 120 were selected by title/abstract, and 34 references yielded 32 studies. Data were extracted on sample, design, predictors, follow-up, compliance definition and assessment, and statistical methods; results were summarized narratively and classified as discontinuation versus nonadherence because heterogeneity prevented quantitative pooling.

Limitations

  • The paper states that no quantitative synthesis was performed because of heterogeneity in statistical methods and predictors, that results could not be classified by treatment phase or follow-up duration because most studies used periods longer than 3 months without distinguishing acute from continuation phases, that only observational studies were included, and that the search was restricted to English and Spanish.
  • Evident from the text: few studies assessed clinical predictors, compliance was measured in varied ways (self-report, prescription fills, Medication Event Monitoring System, physician rating), and some significant findings came from single studies or lacked reported numeric results, limiting certainty.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2147/ppa.s39382

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 68 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    Severity of depression did not play an important role in predicting compliance.

    “Severity of depression did not play an important role in predicting compliance.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “severity of depression by itself is not a significant predictor of compliance behavior”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Olfson et al found that individuals with 12 years of education or less showed higher rates of discontinuation than those with more than 12 years.

    “Olfson et al found a significant result, ie, individuals with 12 years of education or less showed higher rates of discontinuation than those with more than 12 years.36”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    White patients were more likely to adhere to antidepressant treatment than minority ethnic groups.

    “race (white patients were more likely to adhere to treatment than minority ethnic groups)”
    • Also stated in: § Predictors of treatment nonadherence · plain
      “white patients were significantly more likely to adhere to treatment”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Olfson et al found that participants with fair or poor mental health status discontinued more at 3 months than those with excellent or good status.

    “Olfson et al found that participants with fair or poor mental health status discontinued more at 3 months than those with excellent or good status.36”
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    • cites [36]

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  • Findingown data

    Seven studies provided data about treatment discontinuation.

    “Seven studies offered data about treatment discontinuation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
  • May combine two claims. 18
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Twenty-five studies assessed adherence with antidepressants.

    “Twenty-five studies assessed adherence with antidepressants”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Olfson et al found that Hispanic patients, but not black or other minorities, showed higher discontinuation rates than white patients.

    “Olfson et al found that Hispanic patients (but not black or other minorities) showed higher discontinuation rates than white patients.36”
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    Findingcitation

    Only Woolley et al found a significant gender effect, with men being significantly more likely to discontinue treatment.

    “Only Woolley et al found a significant effect, with men being significantly more likely to discontinue with treatment.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Findingcitation

    Demyttenaere et al found an interaction between gender and functional improvement: risk of discontinuation for women was related to improvement in family functioning, while for men it was related to improvements in occupational, social, and family functioning.

    “Demyttenaere et al found an interaction between gender and functional improvement, in that the risk of discontinuation for women related to improvement in family functioning, while in men it was related to improvements in occupational, social, and family functioning.18”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Older age was associated with both lower rates of and a longer time to discontinuation.

    “Older age was associated with both lower rates41 and a longer time42 to discontinuation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41]

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    Findingcitation

    Sanglier et al found an interaction between age and antidepressant dispensing year: before 2006 older adults were more likely to discontinue, but after that year the opposite was found.

    “Sanglier et al found an interaction between age and antidepressant dispensing year, in that before 2006, older adults were more likely to discontinue than younger ones, but the opposite was found after that year.37”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Five studies obtained statistically significant differences favoring women for adherence, while in one study women were almost twice as likely as men to be nonadherent.

    “five obtained statistically significant differences favoring women,26,27,35,43,45 while in one study women were almost twice as likely as men to be nonadherent.28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The results indicate better adherence for women, but most studies did not find a statistically significant relationship.

    “Regarding gender, the results indicate better adherence for women, but most studies did not find a statistically significant relationship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Roca et al found that those with a lower educational level showed poor adherence, but the article did not report how this variable was measured or the numeric results.

    “Roca et al found that those with a lower educational level showed poor adherence, but the article did not report how this variable was measured or the numeric results.45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All studies except three offered data on age, and 13 found statistically significant associations.

    “All studies except three32,45,50 offered data on age, and 13 found statistically significant associations.20,22,25–28,33–35,37,38,40,42”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Comorbid anxiety disorders, except post-traumatic stress disorder, were significantly related to better adherence in two studies, but another three studies did not show statistically significant results.

    “Comorbid anxiety disorders (except post-traumatic stress disorder, which predicted worse adherence in Pfeiffer et al)35 was significantly related to better adherence in two studies,35,42 but another three studies did not show statistically significant results.22,25,26,31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [35]

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    • cites [42]

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    • cites [22]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Roca et al found that unemployed participants showed lower adherence rates, but descriptive data and statistical tests were not reported.

    “Only Roca et al,45 of six studies,20,27,28,43,45,48 obtained a statistically significant effect for employment status, with unemployed participants showing lower adherence rates, and once again, descriptive data and statistical tests were not reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Regarding medical comorbidities, the direction of the significant relationship was inconsistent across studies; three obtained better adherence for patients with a higher number of comorbid diseases, while another three found the opposite result.

    “Regarding medical comorbidities, the direction of the significant relationship was inconsistent across studies; three of them obtained better adherence for patients with a higher number of comorbid diseases,25,40,42 while another three found the opposite result.22,26,45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    • cites [40]

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    • cites [42]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Ten studies assessed psychiatric and/or medical comorbidities, and seven found significant associations with adherence.

    “Ten studies assessed psychiatric and/or medical comorbidities,22,25,26,31,34,35,40,42,45,46 and seven found significant associations with adherence.22,25,26,35,40,42,45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Roca et al found a statistically significant relationship between perceived health status and/or health-related quality of life and adherence, with better mental and physical health in adherent patients.

    “Only Roca et al,45 out of four studies,23,31,39,45 obtained a statistically significant relationship between perceived health status and/or health-related quality of life and adherence, with better mental and physical health in adherent patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The two studies with the smallest sample sizes (30 and 22 subjects) did not yield statistically significant results for any variables analyzed and were excluded from the counting of results to limit the analysis to studies with acceptable statistical power.

    “Given that the two studies29,30 with the smallest sample sizes (30 and 22 subjects) did not yield statistically significant results for any of the variables analyzed, they are not considered in the counting of results, in order to limit the exposition to a group of studies with acceptable statistical power.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [29]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other variables related to nonadherence include perceived lack of efficacy, poor instructions, lack of information about the condition and its treatment, poly-prescribing, and a difficult dosing regimen.

    “Other variables that have been related to nonadherence are perceived lack of efficacy, poor instructions, lack of information about the condition and its treatment, “poly-prescribing”, or a difficult dosing regimen.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    If guideline recommendations for antidepressant treatment were followed exactly, the overall burden of depression could be reduced by approximately 28%.

    “if guideline recommendations about antidepressant treatment were followed exactly, the overall burden of depression (measured by disability-adjusted life-years) could be reduced by approximately 28%.9”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Results could not be classified according to follow-up duration because most studies used periods longer than 3 months without differentiating acute and continuation phases, and cross-sectional studies included patients with different time frames since treatment onset.

    “we could not classify the results according to the follow-up duration of the studies because most of them used periods longer than 3 months without differentiating between acute and continuation phases, and cross-sectional studies included patients with different time frames since the onset of treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The bibliographic search was restricted to studies published in English or Spanish.

    “the bibliographic search was restricted to studies in English or Spanish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A limitation is the lack of a quantitative synthesis of results, because the included studies showed considerable heterogeneity in statistical methods and predictors assessed, prompting a narrative presentation.

    “An important limitation is the lack of a quantitative synthesis of results, but the fact that the studies included showed considerable heterogeneity in the statistical methods used and the predictors assessed prompted us to show the results in a narrative manner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Analyses were limited to observational studies because compliance rates and risk factors could differ in naturalistic studies and clinical trials.

    “we have limited the analyses to observational studies because some authors have argued that compliance rates and risk factors could be different in naturalistic studies and clinical trials.59”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59]

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22 of 22
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In research on compliance with antidepressant medications, sociodemographic and disease-related variables have received less attention than more modifiable factors such as treatment characteristics or patient attitudes, beliefs, and preferences.

    “In the research on variables that influence compliance with antidepressant medications, sociodemographic and disease-related variables have received less attention than more modifable factors, such as treatment characteristics (number and frequency of doses, type of drug, or quality of follow-up care) or patient attitudes, beliefs, and preferences concerning the disease and its treatment.”
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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Gender analysis counts two reports as separate studies

    Minor

    The six citations represent only five studies because references 17 and 18 report the same study. The stated count of six studies is therefore inconsistent with the paper's account of its references.

1 of 1

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Cited by

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Authors
Perestelo-Perez, L., Perestelo-Perez, Perez-Ramos, Serrano-Aguilar, & Cuevas, D. L.
Affiliations
Servicio Canario de la Salud (ES)
Venue
Patient Preference and Adherence
Published
2013-03
Volume
7
Pages
151
ISSN
1177-889X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2088133869
Cited by
54
References
69
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
FWCI
1.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Patient Preference and Adherence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
antidepressant adherence, medication adherence, depressive disorders, sociodemographic predictors, clinical predictors, age, race, ethnic minorities, comorbidities, substance abuse, depression severity

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