Cited by 161Muscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and Training

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Human Muscle Glycogen Metabolism During Exercise: Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation

Tsintzas, Kostas, Williams, Clyde·1998·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.2165/00007256-199825010-00002

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Abstract

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during exercise, in the form of CHO-electrolyte beverages, leads to performance benefits during prolonged submaximal and variable intensity exercise. However, the mechanism underlying this ergogenic effect is less clear. Euglycaemia and oxidation of blood glucose at high rates late in exercise and a decreased rate of muscle glycogen utilisation (i.e. glycogen 'sparing') have been proposed as possible mechanisms underlying the ergogenic effect of CHO ingestion. The prevalence of one or the other mechanism depends on factors such as the type and intensity of exercise, amount, type and timing of CHO ingestion, and pre-exercise nutritional and training status of study participants. The type and intensity of exercise and the effect of these on blood glucose, plasma insulin and catecholamine levels, may play a major role in determining the rate of muscle glycogen utilisation when CHO is ingested during exercise. The ingestion of CHO (except fructose) at a rate of > 45 g/h, accompanied by a significant increase in plasma insulin levels, could lead to decreased muscle glycogen utilisation (particularly in type I fibres) during exercise. Endurance training and alterations in pre-exercise muscle glycogen levels do not seem to affect exogenous glucose oxidation during submaximal exercise. Thus, at least during low intensity or intermittent exercise, CHO ingestion could result in reduced muscle glycogen utilisation in well trained individuals with high resting muscle glycogen levels. Further research needs to concentrate on factors that regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in different types of muscle fibres during exercise with and without CHO ingestion.

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Authors: Tsintzas, K., & Williams, C.
Affiliations: Loughborough University (GB)
Corresponding author: Tsintzas, Kostas
ORCID: Tsintzas, Kostas
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1998
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-23
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199825010-00002
OpenAlex: W2056589074
Cited by: 161
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 1.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: muscle glycogen metabolism, carbohydrate intake, ergogenic aids, glycogen sparing, normoglycemia, plasma insulin, catecholamines, muscle fiber type, endurance training, submaximal exercise, intermittent exercise, glucose uptake
MeSH terms: Beverages, Bicycling, Blood Glucose, Catecholamines, Dietary Carbohydrates, Electrolytes, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Humans, Insulin, Nutritional Status, Oxidation-Reduction, Physical Endurance, Physical Fitness, Running, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch, Dietary Supplements

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Human Muscle Glycogen Metabolism During Exercise: Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation

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