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Cited by 412Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

A Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise

Open access
Jeukendrup, Asker·2014·Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1007/s40279-014-0148-zPMC PMC4008807
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Abstract

There have been significant changes in the understanding of the role of carbohydrates during endurance exercise in recent years, which allows for more specific and more personalized advice with regard to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. The new proposed guidelines take into account the duration (and intensity) of exercise and advice is not restricted to the amount of carbohydrate; it also gives direction with respect to the type of carbohydrate. Studies have shown that during exercise lasting approximately 1 h in duration, a mouth rinse or small amounts of carbohydrate can result in a performance benefit. A single carbohydrate source can be oxidized at rates up to approximately 60 g/h and this is the recommendation for exercise that is more prolonged (2-3 h). For ultra-endurance events, the recommendation is higher at approximately 90 g/h. Carbohydrate ingested at such high ingestion rates must be a multiple transportable carbohydrates to allow high oxidation rates and prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. The source of the carbohydrate may be a liquid, semisolid, or solid, and the recommendations may need to be adjusted downward when the absolute exercise intensity is low and thus carbohydrate oxidation rates are also low. Carbohydrate intake advice is independent of body weight as well as training status. Therefore, although these guidelines apply to most athletes, they are highly dependent on the type and duration of activity. These new guidelines may replace the generic existing guidelines for carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise.

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  • Ingestion of large amounts (>1.2 g/min) of a mixture of glucose (polymers) and fructose is likely to be only of practical relevance to highly trained athletes that are able to sustain high-intensity exercise for a prolonged duration (>2.5 h).

    “It is important to note, however, that ingestion of large amounts (>1.2 g/min) of a mixture of glucose (polymers) and fructose is likely to be only of practical relevance to highly trained athletes that are able to sustain high‐intensity exercise for a prolonged duration (i.e. > 2.5 h) (Jeukendrup, 2014).”

    From Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes (2019) · cites this paper as Jeukendrup, 2014

    In “Prolonged Exercise and Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates” (page not provided), the paper says performance benefits from carbohydrate mixtures have generally been observed in exercise lasting 2.5 hours or longer. It does not set >1.2 g/min as a threshold for practical relevance. “Training Status” (page not provided) says the guidance may extend to athletes of different levels and suggests absolute exercise intensity, rather than training status, may be more important; this does not support limiting relevance to highly trained athletes. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Glucose-fructose mixtures reduce the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort, in addition to greater total carbohydrate absorption and oxidation rates.

    “Besides greater total carbohydrate absorption and oxidation rates, glucose‐fructose mixtures also reduce the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort [68].”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [68]

    In “Prolonged Exercise and Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates” (page unavailable), the paper reports higher oxidation with glucose plus fructose and explains how their different intestinal transporters permit greater absorption. It also reports fewer abdominal cramps with a maltodextrin–fructose solution in trained cyclists, but does not establish a general reduction in gastrointestinal-discomfort risk for glucose–fructose mixtures. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The benefits of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise are generally recognized.

    “Although the benefits of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise are generally recognized [38–41], carbohydrate supplementation during exercise may not have only positive effects.”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [39]

  • In longer events, ingesting carbohydrates and increasing exogenous carbohydrate oxidation improves endurance performance in most events.

    “In longer events, it is clear that ingesting carbohydrates and increasing exogenous carbohydrate oxidation will result in improved endurance performance in most events [38–41, 68].”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [39]

  • Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates can increase to 1.8 g/min with the addition of sucrose or fructose to the carbohydrate blend, whereas they were previously thought to be limited at approximately 1 g/min due to saturation of intestinal glucose transporters.

    “Whereas it was generally accepted that exogenous CHO oxidation rates were thought to be limited at approximately 1 g/min due to saturation of intestinal glucose transporters, it is now known that exogenous CHO oxidation rates can increase to 1.8 g/min with the addition of sucrose or fructose to the CHO blend [38].”

    From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [38]

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Authors
Jeukendrup, A.
Affiliations
Gatorade Sports Science Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Jeukendrup, Asker
Venue
Sports Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-05
Volume
44
Issue
S1
Pages
25-33
ISSN
  • 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
  • 1179-2035
DOI
10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z
PMC
PMC4008807
OpenAlex
W2000960085
Cited by
412
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
FWCI
2.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • PepsiCo
  • Gran Sasso Science Institute
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords
endurance exercise, mouthwash, exercise duration, exercise intensity
MeSH terms
Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Motor Skills, Movement, Pelvis, Thorax, Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity, Athletic Performance

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