Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its Effect on Performance of Subsequent Explosive Activities

Tillin, Neale Anthony; Bishop, David

doi:10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004

Cited by 893Sports Performance and TrainingMuscle activation and electromyography studiesCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its Effect on Performance of Subsequent Explosive Activities

Tillin, Neale Anthony, Bishop, David·2009·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004

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Abstract

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is induced by a voluntary conditioning contraction (CC), performed typically at a maximal or near-maximal intensity, and has consistently been shown to increase both peak force and rate of force development during subsequent twitch contractions. The proposed mechanisms underlying PAP are associated with phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains, increased recruitment of higher order motor units, and a possible change in pennation angle. If PAP could be induced by a CC in humans, and utilized during a subsequent explosive activity (e.g. jump or sprint), it could potentially enhance mechanical power and thus performance and/or the training stimulus of that activity. However, the CC might also induce fatigue, and it is the balance between PAP and fatigue that will determine the net effect on performance of a subsequent explosive activity. The PAP-fatigue relationship is affected by several variables including CC volume and intensity, recovery period following the CC, type of CC, type of subsequent activity, and subject characteristics. These variables have not been standardized across past research, and as a result, evidence of the effects of CC on performance of subsequent explosive activities is equivocal. In order to better inform and direct future research on this topic, this article will highlight and discuss the key variables that may be responsible for the contrasting results observed in the current literature. Future research should aim to better understand the effect of different conditions on the interaction between PAP and fatigue, with an aim of establishing the specific application (if any) of PAP to sport.

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Ballistic activities such as weighted jumps are associated with preferential recruitment of type 2 motor units and may be utilized as a PAP stimulus.
“Ballistic activities such as weighted jumps are associated with the preferential recruitment of type 2 motor units 32 , and therefore may be utilized as a PAP stimulus.”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors: Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D.
Affiliations: Loughborough University (GB)
University of Verona (IT)
Corresponding author: Tillin, Neale Anthony
ORCID: Tillin, Neale Anthony
Bishop, David
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009
Volume: 39
Issue: 2
Pages: 147-166
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004
OpenAlex: W2031012377
Cited by: 893
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 86 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 3.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: post-activation potentiation, fatigue, explosive performance, rate of force development, myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation, motor unit recruitment, pennation angle, convalescence, jump performance, sprint performance, mechanical power, sport performance enhancement
MeSH terms: Biomechanical Phenomena, Physical Exertion, Fatigue, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Psychomotor Performance, Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance

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Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its Effect on Performance of Subsequent Explosive Activities

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