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Cited by 32Water Resource Management and QualityWater Resources and GovernanceGender, Education, and Development Issues

Water and sanitation are not gender-neutral: Human rights in rural Brazilian communities.

Silva, Bárbarah Brenda, Sales, Bárbara, Lanza, Ana Carolina, Heller, Léo, Rezende, Sonaly·2020·Water Policy
DOI 10.2166/wp.2020.126
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Abstract

Abstract The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (HRWS), adopted as UN Resolutions since 2010, contemplates key elements that seek to ensure equal and non-discriminatory access to water and sanitation, including the elimination of gender inequalities. Working in populations with socio-environmental vulnerabilities, this study aims to assess gender division of labor in households of two rural communities in the North and Northeast Brazilian macroregions and identify why greater impacts occur on the lives of women when compared to men, resulting in human rights concerns. A qualitative analysis was carried out through semi-structured interviews and direct observation. The study showed that in the two rural Brazilian communities there is a clear labor division for water and sanitation access from a gender perspective. Men undertake more specialized work, sometimes requiring greater physical effort. As for women, they are assigned functions related to the domestic environment, including activities concerning water and sanitation. When facilities are inadequate, there is a disproportionate impact on women's health and quality of life, showing that the non-compliance with the human rights to water and sanitation often results in more harmful consequences for them.

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  • Women reported myriad sanitation-related stressors, including fear of being attacked by men or ghosts, being shamed for using open defecation sites, suppressing urination or defecation, withholding food and water, needing help to meet sanitation needs, being hurried while using shared facilities, sanitation-related costs, and lacking privacy or being seen by others, especially men, while openly

    “Women reported myriad sanitation-related stressors, including fear of being attacked by men or ghosts, [177, 181, 184, 189, 229, 238] being shamed for using open defecation sites, [172] suppressing urination or defecation, [184] withholding food and water, [184] needing help to meet sanitation needs, [184] being hurried while using shared facilities, [168, 185, 188] sanitation-related costs, [170,”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [229]

  • Women and girls are expected to carry water.

    “When men or boys do collect water, it has been more acceptable when they consider it 'helping' women [261] or use technology-like bicycles, wheelbarrows, or motorcycles-while women and girls are expected to carry water [123, 165, 229, 258, 261].”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [229]

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Authors
Silva, B. B., Sales, B., Lanza, A. C., Heller, L., & Rezende, S.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
  • Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Corresponding author
Silva, Bárbarah Brenda
ORCID
Venue
Water Policy
Publisher
IWA Publishing
Published
2020-01-23
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
102-120
ISSN
  • 1366-7017 (ISSN-L)
  • 1996-9759
DOI
10.2166/wp.2020.126
OpenAlex
W3003149967
Cited by
32
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6
FWCI
1.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Water Policy (publishedVersion)
  • Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
  • Fundação Nacional de Saúde
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (¯)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Social Sciences › Law › Water Resources and Governance
  • Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
Keywords
human rights to water and sanitation, gender division of labor, rural communities, women's health, domestic work, socio-environmental vulnerability, gender inequality, access to water and sanitation, Brazilian macroregions

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