United States Data Center Energy Usage Report

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States), Shehabi, Arman, USDOE, Smith, Sarah, Sartor, Dale, Brown, Richard, Herrlin, Magnus, Koomey, Jonathan +4 more·2016
DOI 10.2172/1372902

Cited by (1,000)

Items 101–200 of 1,000

  1. Changes in Time Use and Their Effect on Energy Consumption in the United States
    Ashok Sekar, Eric Williams, Roger B. Chen · 2018 · Joule
  2. Reliability and availability analysis of a hybrid cooling system with water-side economizer in data center
    Jiaqiang Wang, Quan Zhang, Sungmin Yoon, Yuebin Yu · 2018 · Building and Environment
  3. Distribution grid electrical performance and emission analysis of combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP)-photovoltaic (PV)-based data center and residential customers
    Ilhan Keskin, Gürkan Soykan · 2023 · Journal of Cleaner Production
  4. Sustainable computing across datacenters: A review of enabling models and techniques
    Muhammad Zakarya, Ayaz Ali Khan, Mohammed Reza Chalak Qazani, Hashim Ali, Mahmood Al-Bahri, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Ahmad Ali, Rahim Khan · 2024 · Computer Science Review
  5. An open source fast fluid dynamics model for data center thermal management
    Xu Han, Wei Tian, Jim VanGilder, Wangda Zuo, Cary A. Faulkner · 2020 · Energy and Buildings
  6. Optimal design of data center cooling systems concerning multi-chiller system configuration and component selection for energy-efficient operation and maximized free-cooling
    Howard Cheung, Shengwei Wang · 2019 · Renewable Energy
  7. Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters
    Michael James Martin, Caroline Hughes, Gilberto Moreno, Eric B. Jones, David Sickinger, Sreekant V. J. Narumanchi, Ray Grout · 2022 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  8. MAGNETIC: Multi-Agent Machine Learning-Based Approach for Energy Efficient Dynamic Consolidation in Data Centers
    Kawsar Haghshenas, Ali Pahlevan, Marina Zapater, Siamak Mohammadi, David Atienza · 2019 · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing
  9. Efficient Compute-Intensive Job Allocation in Data Centers via Deep Reinforcement Learning
    Deliang Yi, Xin Zhou, Yonggang Wen, Rui Tan · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
  10. Insolvent: How to Reorient Computing for Just Sustainability
    Becker, Christoph · 2023
  11. Prototype energy models for data centers
    Kaiyu Sun, Na Luo, Xuan Luo, Tianzhen Hong · 2020 · Energy and Buildings
  12. 99% Efficient Three-Phase Buck-Type SiC MOSFET PFC Rectifier Minimizing Life Cycle Cost in DC Data Centers
    Lukas Schrittwieser · 2017 · CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications
  13. Energy, performance and cost efficient cloud datacentres: A survey
    Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya · 2021 · Computer Science Review
  14. Exploiting heterogeneity for tail latency and energy efficiency
    Md Enamul Haque, Yuxiong He, Sameh Elnikety, Thu Duc Nguyen, Ricardo Bianchini, Kathryn S. McKinley · 2017 · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)
  15. Profile-based power-aware workflow scheduling framework for energy-efficient data centers
    Basit Qureshi · 2018 · Future Generation Computer Systems
  16. Effect of heat exchanger plates geometry on performance of an indirect evaporative cooling system
    Stefano De Antonellis, Luca Cignatta, Chiara Facchini, Paolo Liberati · 2020 · Applied Thermal Engineering
  17. E3: Energy-Efficient Microservices on SmartNIC-Accelerated Servers.
    Ming Liu, Simon Peter, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana · 2019 · USENIX Annual Technical Conference
  18. Numerical and experimental investigations on thermal management for data center with cold aisle containment configuration
    Yee-Ting Lee, Chih‐Yung Wen, Shih-Cheng Hu, Zhengtong Li, An‐Shik Yang · 2021 · Applied Energy
  19. Energy Efficient Virtual Machines Placement Over Cloud-Fog Network Architecture
    Hatem A. Alharbi, Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani · 2020 · IEEE Access
  20. The Electricity- and CO2-Saving Potentials Offered by Regulation of European Video-Streaming Services
    Reinhard Madlener, Siamak Sheykhha, Wolfgang Briglauer · 2021 · Energy Policy
  21. Thermal design and management of micro-pin fin heat sinks for energy-efficient three-dimensional stacked integrated circuits
    Daewoong Jung, Haeun Lee, Daeyoung Kong, Eunho Cho, Ki Wook Jung, Chirag R. Kharangate, Madhusudan Iyengar, Chris Malone, Mehdi Asheghi, Kenneth E. Goodson et al. · 2021 · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
  22. Joint Cooling and Server Control in Data Centers: A Cross-Layer Framework for Holistic Energy Minimization
    Jianxiong Wan, Xiang Gui, Ran Zhang, Lijun Fu · 2017 · IEEE Systems Journal
  23. Adiabatic Quantum-Flux-Parametron: Towards Building Extremely Energy-Efficient Circuits and Systems
    Olivia Chen, Ruizhe Cai, Yanzhi Wang, Fei Ke, Taiki Yamae, Ro Saito, Naoki Takeuchi, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa · 2019 · Scientific Reports
  24. Anisotropic Thermal Boundary Resistance across 2D Black Phosphorus: Experiment and Atomistic Modeling of Interfacial Energy Transport
    Man Li, Joon Sang Kang, Huu Duy Nguyen, Huan Yu Wu, Toshihiro Aoki, Yongjie Hu · 2019 · Advanced Materials
  25. Integration and interaction of next-generation AI-focused data centers with smart grids and district energy systems: The state-of-the-art, opportunities and challenges
    Yingbo Zhang, Hong Tao Tang, Hangxin Li, Shengwei Wang · 2025 · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
  26. Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction of Temperature and Flow Profile in Data Centers
    Jayati D. Athavale, Yogendra Kumar Joshi, Minami Yoda · 2018 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  27. Experimental analysis of airflow uniformity and energy consumption in data centers
    Yogesh Fulpagare, Po-Hao Hsu, Chi‐Chuan Wang · 2022 · Applied Thermal Engineering
  28. Assessment on rack intake flowrate uniformity of data center with cold aisle containment configuration
    Wenxiao Chu, Rui Wang, Po-Hao Hsu, Chi‐Chuan Wang · 2020 · Journal of Building Engineering
  29. External vs. Integrated Light Sources for Intra-Data Center Co-Packaged Optical Interfaces
    Brandon Buscaino, Elizabeth Chen, J. Stewart, Thang T. Pham, Joseph M. Kahn · 2020 · Journal of Lightwave Technology
  30. Numerical and experimental investigation of thermal performance in data center with different deflectors for cold aisle containment
    Ping Song, Zhongbin Zhang, Ying Zhu · 2021 · Building and Environment
  31. Research on virtual machine consolidation strategy based on combined prediction and energy-aware in cloud computing platform
    Jinjiang Wang, Hangyu Gu, Junyang Yu, Yixin Song, Xin He, Yalin Song · 2022 · Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications
  32. Hiding greenhouse gas emissions in the cloud
    David Mytton · 2020 · Nature Climate Change
  33. Location-Aware Energy Efficient Virtual Network Embedding in Software-Defined Optical Data Center Networks
    Yue Zong, Yanni Ou, Ali T. Hammad, Koteswararao Kondepu, Reza Nejabati, Dimitra E. Simeonidou, Yejun Liu, Lei Guo · 2018 · Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
  34. Optimization of High-Density and High-Efficiency Switched-Tank Converter for Data Center Applications
    Xiaofeng Lyu, Yanchao Li, Na Ren, Chenhao Nan, Dong Cao, Shuai Jiang · 2019 · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
  35. A 48-to-12 V Cascaded Multi-Resonant Switched Capacitor Converter with 4700 W/in 3 Power Density and 98.9% Efficiency
    Ting Ge, Zichao Ye, Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski · 2021 · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
  36. Energy-efficient approach to lower the carbon emissions of data centers
    Rajesh Bose, Sandip Roy, Haraprasad Mondal, Dipan Roy Chowdhury, Srabanti Chakraborty · 2021 · Computing
  37. A hybrid vapor chamber heat sink incorporating a vapor chamber and liquid cooling channel with outstanding thermal performance and hydraulic characteristics
    Huawei Wang, Pengfei Bai, Ruipeng Cai, Yuhao Luo, Xingliang Chen, Shixiao Li, Guodong Wu, Yifan Tang, Guofu Zhou · 2021 · Energy Conversion and Management
  38. Design and Implementation of a Planar Transformer With Fractional Turns for High Power Density LLC Resonant Converters
    Yu‐Chen Liu, Chen Chen, Kai-De Chen, Yong-Long Syu, De-Jia Lu, Katherine A. Kim, Huang‐Jen Chiu · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  39. A Two-layer Fog-Cloud Intrusion Detection Model for IoT Networks
    Souradip Roy, Juan Li, Yan Zhi Bai · 2022 · Internet of Things
  40. Cooling our insatiable demand for data
    Amy S. Fleischer · 2020 · Science
  41. The Chemistry of CO 2 Conversion: A Review
    R. Gary Grim, Alex Badgett, Wade A. Braunecker, Michael Thomas Guarnieri, Susan E. Habas, Christopher Hahn, Kenneth Charles Neyerlin, Aditya Prajapati, Daniel A. Ruddy, Roxanne Z. Walker · 2026 · Chemical Reviews
  42. Toward Efficient Compute-Intensive Job Allocation for Green Data Centers: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach
    Deliang Yi, Xin Zhou, Yonggang Wen, Rui Tan · 2019 · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)
  43. Holistic thermal-aware workload management and infrastructure control for heterogeneous data centers using machine learning
    SeyedMorteza MirhoseiniNejad, Ghada H. Badawy, Douglas G. Down · 2021 · Future Generation Computer Systems
  44. The Future of Low-Carbon Electricity
    Jeffery B. Greenblatt, Nicholas R. Brown, Rachel N. Slaybaugh, T. M. Wilks, Emma Stewart, Sean McCoy · 2017 · Annual Review of Environment and Resources
  45. Cooperatively Improving Data Center Energy Efficiency Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning
    Ce Chi, Kaixuan Ji, Penglei Song, Avinab Marahatta, Shikui Zhang, Fa Zhang, Dehui Qiu, Zhiyong Liu · 2021 · Energies
  46. Life cycle inventory and carbon footprint assessment of wireless ICT networks for six demographic areas
    D. Ruiz, Guillermo San Miguel, J. Rojo, José Gabriel Teriús-Padrón, Eugenio Gaeta, María Teresa Arredondo, J.F. Hernández, Jorge Pérez · 2021 · Resources Conservation and Recycling
  47. A digital-twin and machine-learning framework for precise heat and energy management of data-centers
    Tarek Ismail Zohdi · 2022 · Computational Mechanics
  48. Towards energy efficient Smart city services: A software defined resource management scheme for data centers
    K. Hemant Kumar Reddy, Ashish Kr. Luhach, Vinod Kumar, Sanjoy Pratihar, Deepak Kumar, Diptendu Sinha Roy · 2022 · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems
  49. Moisture thermal battery with autonomous water harvesting for passive electronics cooling
    Jian Zeng, Xintong Zhang, Ka Man Chung, Tianshi Feng, Haowen Zhang, Ravi Prasher, Renkun Chen · 2023 · Cell Reports Physical Science
  50. A machine-learning digital-twin for rapid large-scale solar-thermal energy system design
    Tarek Ismail Zohdi · 2023 · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
  51. Economic and Environmental Costs of Cloud Technologies for Medical Imaging and Radiology Artificial Intelligence
    Florence Xini Doo, Pranav Kulkarni, Eliot L. Siegel, Michael Toland, Paul Hyunsoo Yi, Ruth C. Carlos, Vishwa S. Parekh · 2023 · Journal of the American College of Radiology
  52. Forecasting US data center CO2 emissions using AI models: emissions reduction strategies and policy recommendations
    Rohan Jha, Rishabh Jha, Mazhar Islam · 2025 · Frontiers in Sustainability
  53. Analysis of Dual-Inductor Hybrid Converters for Extreme Conversion Ratios
    Ratul Das, Gab‐Su Seo, Hanh‐Phuc Le · 2020 · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
  54. Frequency regulation service provision in data center with computational flexibility
    Wang Wei, AmirAli Abdolrashidi, Nanpeng Yu, Daniel Wong · 2019 · Applied Energy
  55. Towards a Green Approach for Minimizing Carbon Emissions in Fog-Cloud Architecture
    Mohammad Aldossary, Hatem A. Alharbi · 2021 · IEEE Access
  56. Gone with the clouds: Estimating the electricity and water footprint of digital data services in Europe
    Javier Farfan, Alena Lohrmann · 2023 · Energy Conversion and Management
  57. Semi-Synchronous Federated Learning for Energy-Efficient Training and Accelerated Convergence in Cross-Silo Settings
    Dimitris Stripelis, Paul M. Thompson, José Luis Ambite · 2022 · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
  58. A Comparative Study of Energy Savings in a Liquid-Cooled Server by Dynamic Control of Coolant Flow Rate at Server Level
    Pardeep Shahi, Satyam Saini, Pratik Vithoba Bansode, Dereje A. Agonafer · 2021 · IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging and Manufacturing Technology
  59. Data Center Sustainability: Revisits and Outlooks
    Zhiwei Cao, Xin Zhou, Xiangyu Wu, Zhaomeng Zhu, Tracy Liu, Jeffery Neng, Yonggang Wen · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  60. HPC Data Center Participation in Demand Response: An Adaptive Policy With QoS Assurance
    Yijia Zhang, Daniel C. Wilson, Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis, Ayse Kivilcim Coskun · 2021 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  61. A comprehensive review of cold plate liquid cooling technology for data centers
    Zhijun Wu, Guanyu Zhang, Shaoan Lu, Pengfei Leng, Yu Sen Yang, Jun Deng, Weidi Huang · 2025 · Chemical Engineering Science
  62. A 48-to-12 V Cascaded Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converter Achieving 4068 W/in3 Power Density and 99.0% Peak Efficiency
    Ting Ge, Zichao Ye, Rose A. Abramson, Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski · 2021 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  63. Experimental investigation of hydrothermal characteristics of data center servers’ liquid cooling system for different flow configurations and geometric conditions
    Sameh A. Nada, Radwan M. El-Zoheiry, Mohamed Elsharnoby, O.S. Osman · 2021 · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
  64. Deep reinforcement learning towards real-world dynamic thermal management of data centers
    Qingang Zhang, Wei Zeng, Qinjie Lin, Chin-Boon Chng, Chee‐Kong Chui, Poh Seng Lee · 2022 · Applied Energy
  65. Survey of Storage Systems for High-Performance Computing
    Jakob Luettgau, Michael Kühn, Kira Duwe, Yevhen Alforov, Eugen Betke, Julian Martin Kunkel, Thomas G. Ludwig · 2018 · Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations
  66. Energy-aware dynamic resource management in elastic cloud datacenters
    Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Rahim Khan · 2018 · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
  67. Magnetic Integration of Four-Transformer Matrix with High Controllable Leakage Inductance using a Five-Leg Magnetic
    Ahmed Nabih, Qiang Li, Fred C. Lee · 2022 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  68. A taxonomy of software-based and hardware-based approaches for energy efficiency management in the Hadoop
    Fatemeh Shabestari, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Nima Jafari Navimipour, Sam Jabbehdari · 2018 · Journal of Network and Computer Applications
  69. HeporCloud: An energy and performance efficient resource orchestrator for hybrid heterogeneous cloud computing environments
    Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Izaz Ur Rahman, Rahim Khan, Rajkumar Buyya · 2020 · Journal of Network and Computer Applications
  70. Virtual Machine Consolidation in Cloud Computing Systems: Challenges and Future Trends
    Rahmat Zolfaghari, Amir Masoud Rahmani · 2020 · Wireless Personal Communications
  71. Estimating the carbon footprint of the GRAND project, a multi-decade astrophysics experiment
    Clarisse Aujoux, Kumiko Kotera, Odile Blanchard · 2021 · Astroparticle Physics
  72. An efficient energy-aware approach for dynamic VM consolidation on cloud platforms
    Minhaj Ahmad Khan · 2021 · Cluster Computing
  73. Supply chain competitiveness through agility and digital technology: A bibliometric analysis
    Emmanuel Susitha, P.G.S.A. Jayarathne, H.M.R.P. Herath · 2024 · Supply Chain Analytics
  74. Techno-economic performance of reservoir thermal energy storage for data center cooling system
    Hyunjun Oh, Wencheng Jin, Peng Peng, Jeffrey A. Winick, David Sickinger, Dale Sartor, Yingqi Zhang, Koenraad F. Beckers, Kevin Kitz, Diana Acero-Allard et al. · 2025 · Applied Energy
  75. Optimization of Water Consumption in Hybrid Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioning Systems for Data Center Cooling Applications
    Theodore Aganachi Ndukaife, A. G. Agwu Nnanna · 2018 · Heat Transfer Engineering
  76. An Extended Energy-Aware Cost Recovery Approach for Virtual Machine Migration
    Muhammad Zakarya · 2018 · IEEE Systems Journal
  77. An optimization platform based on coupled indoor environment and HVAC simulation and its application in optimal thermostat placement
    Wei Tian, Xu Han, Wangda Zuo, Qiujian Wang, Yangyang Fu, Mingang Jin · 2019 · Energy and Buildings
  78. Differential Power Processing for Ultra-Efficient Data Storage
    Ping Wang, Yenan Chen, Jing Yuan, Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski, Minjie Chen · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  79. A Game-based Thermal-Aware Resource Allocation Strategy for Data Centers
    Saeed Akbar, Saif Ur Rehman Malik, Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo, Samee U. Khan, Naveed Ahmad, Adeel Anjum · 2019 · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
  80. Dynamic thermal characterization of raised floor plenum data centers: Experiments and CFD
    Yogesh Fulpagare, Atul Bhargav, Yogendra Kumar Joshi · 2019 · Journal of Building Engineering
  81. An Edge Computing Platform for Intelligent Operational Monitoring in Internet Data Centers
    Congfeng Jiang, Yeliang Qiu, Honghao Gao, Tiantian Fan, Kangkang Li, Jian Wan · 2019 · IEEE Access
  82. An Energy Efficient and Adaptive Threshold VM Consolidation Framework for Cloud Environment
    Nagma Khattar, Jaiteg Singh, Jagpreet Sidhu · 2020 · Wireless Personal Communications
  83. Prediction-based underutilized and destination host selection approaches for energy-efficient dynamic VM consolidation in data centers
    Kawsar Haghshenas, Siamak Mohammadi · 2020 · The Journal of Supercomputing
  84. Embracing Green Computing in Molecular Phylogenetics
    Sudhir Kumar · 2022 · Molecular Biology and Evolution
  85. A Survey on Power Management Techniques for Oversubscription of Multi-Tenant Data Centers
    Sulav Malla, Kenneth J. Christensen · 2019 · ACM Computing Surveys
  86. The environmental costs of the global digital economy in Asia and the urgent need for better policy
    Tanya Notley · 2019 · Media International Australia
  87. Managing energy, performance and cost in large scale heterogeneous datacenters using migrations
    Muhammad Zakarya, Lee Gillam · 2018 · Future Generation Computer Systems
  88. Ein Blick auf aktuelle Entwicklungen bei Blockchains und deren Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch
    Johannes Sedlmeir, Hans Ulrich Buhl, Gilbert Fridgen, Robert Keller · 2020 · Informatik-Spektrum
  89. Application of virtual machine consolidation in cloud computing systems
    Zolfaghari, Rahmat, Sahafi, Amir, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rezaei, Reza · 2021 · Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems
  90. Energy management of Internet data centers in multiple local energy markets
    Caishan Guo, Fengji Luo, Zexiang Cai, Zhao Yang Dong · 2022 · Electric Power Systems Research
  91. An open-source and experimentally guided CFD strategy for predicting air distribution in data centers with air-cooling
    Wei Liu, Lian Song, Xin Fang, Zhenyu Shang, Hao Wu, Hao Zhu, Simon Hu · 2023 · Building and Environment
  92. Machine‐learning‐based demand forecasting against food waste: Life cycle environmental impacts and benefits of a bakery case study
    Nicolas Hübner, Justus Caspers, Vlad C. Coroamă, Matthias Finkbeiner · 2024 · Journal of Industrial Ecology
  93. A Comprehensive Reasoning Framework for Hardware Refresh in Data Centers
    Rabih Bashroush · 2018 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  94. High‐power‐density high‐efficiency LLC converter with an adjustable‐leakage‐inductance planar transformer for data centers
    Peiwen He, Ayan Mallik, Gary Cooke, Alireza Khaligh · 2018 · IET Power Electronics
  95. Modeling Energy Efficiency of Future Green Data centers
    Tathagata Bhattacharya, Xiao Qin · 2020 · International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference
  96. Interval-valued Fuzzy Logic approach for overloaded hosts in consolidation of virtual machines in cloud computing
    Bruno M. P. Moura, G. Schneider, A. Yamin, H. Santos, R. Reiser, B. Bedregal · 2021 · Fuzzy Sets Syst.
  97. Optimal Data Center Energy Management With Hybrid Quantum-Classical Multi-Cuts Benders' Decomposition Method
    Zhongqi Zhao, Lei Fan, Zhu Han · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
  98. Towards Environmentally Equitable AI via Geographical Load Balancing
    Pengfei Li, Jianyi Yang, Adam Wierman, Shaolei Ren · 2024 · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy)
  99. Current and future directions in power electronic devices and circuits based on wide band-gap semiconductors
    Isik C. Kizilyalli, Yanzhi Ann Xu, Eric Porter Carlson, Joseph S. Manser, Daniel W. Cunningham · 2017 · IEEE Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications
  100. Simulation-based assessment of data center waste heat utilization using aquifer thermal energy storage of a university campus
    Vojtěch Dvořák, Vojtěch Zavřel, J. Ignacio Torrens, Jlm Jan Hensen · 2020 · Building Simulation