United States Data Center Energy Usage Report

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States), Shehabi, Arman, USDOE, Smith, Sarah, Sartor, Dale, Brown, Richard, Herrlin, Magnus, Koomey, Jonathan +4 more·2016
DOI 10.2172/1372902

Cited by (1,000)

Items 401–500 of 1,000

  1. Optimal Heat Transfer and Optimal Exit Times
    Florence Marcotte, Charles R. Doering, Jean‐Luc Thiffeault, W. R. Young · 2018 · SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics
  2. Toward Sustainable AI: A Scoping Review of Carbon Footprint and Environmental Impacts Across Training and Inference Stages
    Minkyu Kim, Tae-An Yoo, Ji‐Bum Chung · 2026 · IEEE Access
  3. CAVE: Concurrency-Aware Graph Processing on SSDs
    Tarikul Islam Papon, Taishan Chen, Shuhang Zhang, Manos Athanassoulis · 2024 · Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data
  4. The Carbon Footprint of Spanish University Websites
    Sonia Sánchez-Cuadrado, Jorge Morato · 2024 · Sustainability
  5. The Hidden Carbon Footprint of Serverless Computing
    Rohan Basu Roy, Raghavendra Kanakagiri, Yankai Jiang, Devesh Tiwari · 2024 · ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC)
  6. Advancing Sustainability in Data Centers: Evaluation of Hybrid Air/Liquid Cooling Schemes for IT Payload Using Sea Water
    Imran Latif, Muhammad Mubashar Ashraf, Umaima Haider, Gemma Reeves, Alexandrina Untăroiu, Fábio Coelho, Denis Browne · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
  7. Recent Trends in Green Cloud Computing
    Shatakshi Kaushal, Dweep Gogia, Bishwesh Kumar · 2018 · Lecture notes in networks and systems
  8. Consolidation of Services in Mobile Edge Clouds using a Learning-based Framework
    Saeid Ghafouri, Ali Akbar Saleh-Bigdeli, Joseph C. Doyle · 2020 · IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES)
  9. Forging a path toward a more sustainable laboratory
    Logan B. Leak, Janina Tamborski, Antony Commissaris, Jennifer A. N. Brophy · 2022 · Trends in Biochemical Sciences
  10. An energy-aware combinatorial auction-based virtual machine scheduling model and heuristics for green cloud computing
    Erbil Öner, Ali Haydar Özer · 2023 · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems
  11. Data center temperature prediction and management based on a Two-stage self-healing model
    Simin Wang, Yifei Kang, Yixuan Xu, Ma Chunmiao, Wang Haitao, Weiguo Wu · 2023 · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
  12. REDUX: Managing Renewable Energy in Data Centers Using Distributed UPS Systems
    Xiaopu Peng, Christian Kauten, Chaowei Zhang, Jianzhou Mao, Thomas Heckwolf, Taha Tekreeti, Xiao Qin · 2018 · IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud)
  13. Compensating balancing demand by spatial load migration – The case of geographically distributed data centers
    Markus Thimmel, Gilbert Fridgen, Robert Keller, Patrick Rövekamp · 2019 · Energy Policy
  14. Optimal energy-efficient policies for data centers through sensitivity-based optimization
    Jing-Yu Ma, Li Xia, Quan‐Lin Li · 2019 · Discrete Event Dynamic Systems
  15. 30 GHz bandwidth temperature stable 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with AlAs/GaAs bottom distributed Bragg reflectors for optical data communication
    Marcin Gębski, P -S Wong, Majid Riaziat, James A. Lott · 2020 · Journal of Physics Photonics
  16. Energy-efficient virtual security function placement in NFV-enabled networks
    Sedef Demirci, Şeref Sağıroğlu, Mehmet Demirci · 2020 · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems
  17. A Novel Reliability Index to Assess the Computational Resource Adequacy in Data Centers
    Kazi Main Uddin Ahmed, Manuel Alvarez, Math Bollen · 2021 · IEEE Access
  18. Thermal awareness to enhance data center energy efficiency
    Anastasiia Grishina, Marta Chinnici, Ah-Lian Kor, Davide De Chiara, Guido Guarnieri, Éric Rondeau, Jean‐Philippe Georges · 2022 · Cleaner Engineering and Technology
  19. Estimating Bounds of Aerodynamic, Mass, and Auxiliary Load Impacts on Autonomous Vehicles: A Powertrain Simulation Approach
    Yuche Chen, Ruixiao Sun, Xuanke Wu · 2021 · Sustainability
  20. An Eco-Friendly Approach for Reducing Carbon Emissions in Cloud Data Centers
    Mohammad Aldossary, Hatem A. Alharbi · 2022 · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)
  21. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF DATA CENTERS USING MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
    Hendrik F. Hamann, Fernando J. Marianno, Levente J. Klein · 2021
  22. 1.5 Degrees of Separation: Computer Science Education in the Age of the Anthropocene
    Pollock, Ian, Alshaigy, Bedour, Bradley, Andrew, Krogstie, Birgit R., Kumar, Viraj, Ott, Linda, Peters, Anne-Kathrin, Riedesel, Charles, Wallace, Charles · 2019 · Proceedings of the Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education
  23. Leveraging Deep Reinforcement Learning within Optimal Renewable Energy Strategies for Sustainable AI Data Centers
    Tianqi Xiao, Fengqi You · 2025 · Environmental Science & Technology
  24. Thermal Boundary Resistance: A Review of Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Other Computational Methods
    Christopher Martin Stanley · 2023 · physica status solidi (b)
  25. Expert and operator perspectives on barriers to energy efficiency in data centers
    Alex C. Newkirk, Nichole Hanus, Christopher Payne · 2024 · Energy Efficiency
  26. Green Data Centers and Renewable Energy
    Harpreet Kaur Channi, Pulkit Kumar · 2024 · Practice, progress, and proficiency in sustainability
  27. Reducing the Energy Consumption of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Scanners: Integrating Ecodesign and Sustainable Operations
    Andrew M. Hernandez, Anthony F. Chen, Omkar A. Ghatpande, Reed A. Omary, Sean A. Woolen, Youngkyoo Jung, Ghaneh Fananapazir · 2024 · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
  28. Spatially and Temporally Detailed Water and Carbon Footprints of U.S. Electricity Generation and Use
    Md Abu Bakar Siddik, Arman Shehabi, Prakash Rao, Landon T. Marston · 2024 · Water Resources Research
  29. A Water Efficiency Dataset for African Data Centers
    Shumba, Noah, Tshekiso, Opelo, Li, Pengfei, Fanti, Giulia, Ren, Shaolei · 2025 · Proceedings of the ACM SIGCAS/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies
  30. Energy Efficient Virtual Machine Placement in Cloud Data Centers Using Modified Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm
    Chandra Shekhar Verma, V. Dinesh Reddy, G. R. Gangadharan, Atul Negi · 2017 · International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS)
  31. Oversubscribing micro-clouds with energy-aware containers scheduling
    Seŕgio Mendes, José Simão, Luís Veiga · 2019 · ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
  32. Intermediate node selection for Scatter-Gather VM migration in cloud data center
    Sudarshan Chakravarthy Annadanam, Chapram Sudhakar, T. Ramesh · 2020 · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal
  33. A novel approach for CPU load prediction of cloud server combining denoising and error correction
    Deguang You, Weiwei Lin, Fang Shi, Jianzhuo Li, Deyu Qi, Simon James Fong · 2020 · Computing
  34. EH-GC: An Efficient and Secure Architecture of Energy Harvesting Green Cloud Infrastructure
    Saurabh Singh, Pradip Kumar Sharma, Seo Yeon Moon, Jong Hyuk Park · 2017 · Sustainability
  35. A Green energy-efficient scheduler for cloud data centers
    Mohammed Amoon, Tarek El. Tobely · 2018 · Cluster Computing
  36. Owning computing's environmental impact
    Andrew A. Chien · 2019 · Communications of the ACM
  37. Evaluation of Smart Response Systems for City Emergencies and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness and Sustainability
    Zhiyuan Yang, Haoyu Xie, Yue Xu, Qiaochu Xu, Yu Zhang, Sinuo Zhao, Hao Yuan, Yajun Fang · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  38. Long-term Energy Consumption Forecasting for Data Center Industry in China
    Wenyu Liu, Hongju Mao, Yujie Cao, Wenrui Tan, Zhaohao Ding, Peng Wang · 2021 · IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)
  39. Enabling green content distribution network by cloud orchestration
    Yahav Biran, Sudeep Pasricha, GEORGE J. COLLINS, Joel B. DuBow · 2016
  40. Data Center Cooling System Integrated with Low-Temperature Desalination and Intelligent Energy-Aware Control
    Sanjeev Sondur, Kenny C. Gross, Mengying Li · 2018 · International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference
  41. Evaluation of Conducted EMI in GaN and Si based Isolated DC/DC Converters
    Hanqing Nie, Yujie Bai, Qianyi Cheng, Mark J. Scott · 2019 · IEEE Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications
  42. Superconducting Quantum Electronics
    Sasan Razmkhah, Pascal Febvre · 2023 · Wiley eBooks
  43. Sustainable AI: Emerging Trends, Impacts, and Future Challenges
    Philipo, Adamu Gaston, Ning, Huansheng, Sarwatt, Doreen Sebastian, Mohamed, Jumanne Ally, Yusufu, Afidhu Swaibu, Shi, Feifei, Urenje, Shepherd, Ding, Jianguo · 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  44. Assessing solar absorption chillers for data center cooling across diverse climatic conditions
    Rodrigo A. Cáceres González, Andrés J. Díaz, Diego Rojas O, Cristóbal Sarmiento-Laurel · 2025 · Energy and Buildings
  45. DREAM
    Liang Zhou, Laxmi Narayan Bhuyan, Kadangode K. Ramakrishnan · 2019 · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy)
  46. DimmStore
    Alexey Karyakin, Kenneth Salem · 2019 · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
  47. Performance analysis of a simulated container data center subject to airflow resistance
    Wenxiao Chu, Po-Heng Henry Lee, Yeng‐Yung Tsui, Chi‐Chuan Wang · 2021 · Energy Efficiency
  48. Energy-Aware Scheduling Based on Marginal Cost and Task Classification in Heterogeneous Data Centers
    Kaixuan Ji, Ce Chi, Fa Zhang, Antonio Fernández Anta, Penglei Song, Avinab Marahatta, Youshi Wang, Zhiyong Liu · 2021 · Energies
  49. The Energy-Saving Potential of Air-Side Economisers in Modular Data Centres: Analysis of Opportunities and Risks in Different Climates
    Ali Badiei, Eric Jadowski, Saba Sadati, Arash Beizaee, Jing Li, Leila Khajenoori, Hamid Reza Nasriani, Guiqiang Li, Xin Xiao · 2023 · Sustainability
  50. Adopción de tecnologías sostenibles en infraestructuras de tecnologías de la información
    Jaime Darío Rodríguez Vizuete, Jimena Catalina Viteri Ojeda, Amarilis Liseth Villa-Feijoó · 2024 · Revista Científica Ciencia y Método
  51. Adaptive On-Time Control for High Efficiency Switched-Tank Converter
    Yanchao Li, Xiaofeng Lyu, Ze Ni, Dong Cao, Chenhao Nan, Shuai Jiang · 2018 · 2018 1st Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications in Asia (WiPDA Asia)
  52. An Evolutionary Approach to Optimize Data Center Profit in Smart Grid Environment
    Saifullah Khalid, Ishfaq Ahmad D, Khodyar Mohammad E. · 2019 · International Conference on Data Intelligence and Security (ICDIS)
  53. An Efficient Representation Using Harmony Search for Solving the Virtual Machine Consolidation
    MinJun Kim, Juneseok Hong, Wooju Kim · 2019 · Sustainability
  54. Bullfighting extreme scenarios in efficient hyper-scale cluster computing
    Damián Fernández-Cerero, Francisco Javier Ortega Irizo, Alejandro Fernández-Montes, Francisco Velasco Morente · 2020 · Cluster Computing
  55. COVID19 Led Virtualization: Green Data Center for Information Systems Research
    Habin Lee, Youngseok Thomas Choi, Truong Van Nguyen, Yang Hai, Junchul Kim, Mohammed Bahja, Mehmet Hakan Hocaoğlu · 2020 · Information Systems Management
  56. Characterizing Opportunity Power in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) in Years 2015-2017
    Andrew A. Chien · 2020 · Energy and Earth Science
  57. Energy-aware task scheduling in data centers using an application signature
    Juan Carlos Salinas-Hilburg, Marina Zapater, José M. Moya, José L. Ayala · 2021 · Computers & Electrical Engineering
  58. A new design paradigm for GaN based LLC converter
    Chao Fei, Fred C. Lee, Qiang Li · 2017 · IEEE Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference
  59. Composite Modular Power Delivery Architecture for Next-Gen 48V Data Center Applications
    Xiaofeng Lyu, Yanchao Li, Ze Ni, Jalen Johnson, Dong Cao, Chenhao Nan, Shuai Jiang · 2018 · 2018 1st Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications in Asia (WiPDA Asia)
  60. Impact of Overhead Air Supply Layout on the Thermal Performance of a Container Data Center
    Wenxiao Chu, Jui-Lin Wu, Yeng‐Yung Tsui, Chi‐Chuan Wang · 2019 · Journal of Electronic Packaging
  61. Computational challenges in modeling & simulation of complex systems
    Richard M. Fujimoto, Christopher D. Carothers, Alois Ferscha, David R. Jefferson, Margaret L. Loper, MADHAV V. MARATHE, Simon J. E. Taylor · 2017 · Winter Simulation Conference
  62. Eco-Efficient Resource Management in HPC Clusters through Computer Intelligence Techniques
    Alberto Cocaña-Fernández, Emilio San José Guiote, Luciano Sánchez, José Ranilla · 2019 · Energies
  63. Data Center Energy Reduction by Lowering Chip-to-Supply Thermal Resistance
    Peter De Bock, Thomas J. Bress, Vivien R. Lecoustre, Ashok Gidwani, Carlos Noyes · 2023 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  64. Technoeconomic Feasibility of Wind and Solar Generation for Off-Grid Hyperscale Data Centres
    William Rollinson, Andrew J. Urquhart, Murray Thomson · 2025 · Energies
  65. Optimization of semi-pendeloque grooved in micro-channel heat sinks for thermal management under optimal pumping power
    Injamamul Haque, Naushad Ali, Tabish Alam, Tauseef Uddin Siddiqui, Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari, Jagmohan Yadav, Shivam Srivastava · 2025 · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress
  66. An Intelligent Thermal Management Strategy for a Data Center Prototype Based on Digital Twin Technology
    Hang Yuan, Zeyu Zhang, Duobing Yang, Tianyou Xue, Dongsheng Wen, Guice Yao · 2025 · Applied Sciences
  67. Dynamic equilibrium mechanism: Integrating small modular reactors and optimized cooling for sustainable data centers
    Zelin You, Yichun Wu, Jieling Wang, Zhihai Wei, Jiale Ling · 2025 · Annals of Nuclear Energy
  68. Wide-Area Power System Oscillations From Large-Scale AI Workloads
    Min-Seung Ko, Hao Zhu · 2026 · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
  69. The Limits to Cloud Price Reduction
    Ignacio Martin Llorente · 2017 · IEEE Cloud Computing
  70. ACEing the Bufferpool Management Paradigm for Modern Storage Devices
    Tarikul Islam Papon, Manos Athanassoulis · 2023 · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)
  71. Research on the distribution characteristics of static pressure in data centers from the perspective of airflow transmission path
    Yiyi Pan, Baolian Niu, Zhenchao Yang · 2024 · Journal of Building Engineering
  72. Can holographic optical storage displace Hard Disk Drives?
    Jiaqi Chu, Nathanaël Cheriere, Grace Brennan, Mengyang Yang, Greg O’Shea, Jannes Gladrow, Douglas J. Kelly, G. Maltese, Alan Sanders, Dushyanth Narayanan et al. · 2024 · Communications Engineering
  73. Life-cycle optimal design and energy benefits of centralized cooling systems for data centers concerning progressive loading
    Yingbo Zhang, Hangxin Li, Shengwei Wang · 2024 · Renewable Energy
  74. Capacity Planning for Green Data Center Sustainability
    Sazrina Ramli, Dian Indrayani Jambari · 2018 · International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology
  75. How do data centers make energy efficiency investment decisions? Qualitative evidence from focus groups and interviews
    Heather Klemick, Elizabeth A. Kopits, Ann Wolverton · 2019 · Energy Efficiency
  76. Humanidades Digitales del Sur y GAFAM. Para una geopolítica del conocimiento digital | Humanidades digitais do sul e GAFAM. Para uma geopolítica do conhecimento digital | Digital Humanities of the South and GAFAM. For a Geopolitics of Digital Knowledge
    Doménico Fiormonte, Paolo Sordi · 2019 · Liinc em Revista
  77. Temperature-aware Adaptive VM Allocation in Heterogeneous Data Centers
    Young Geun Kim, Jeong In Kim, Seung Hun Choi, Seon Young Kim, Sung Woo Chung · 2019 · International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)
  78. Thermal-benchmarking for cloud hosting green data centers
    Muhammad Tayyab Chaudhry, Muhammad Hasan Jamal, Zeeshan Gillani, Waqas Anwar, Muhammad Salman Khan · 2019 · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems
  79. Distributed Traffic Flow Consolidation for Power Efficiency of Large-Scale Data Center Network
    Kuangyu Zheng, Xiaorui Wang, Jia Liu · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
  80. Effect of Cooling Systems on the Energy Efficiency of Data Centers: Machine Learning Optimisation
    Rajendra Kumar, Sunil Kumar Khatri, Mario José Diván · 2020 · International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE)
  81. Aerial computing—security from missile threats and enhancing PUE
    Ayodele Abiola Periola · 2020 · Aerospace Systems
  82. Evaluation of Smart Humanity Systems and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness and Sustainability
    Shengsheng Cao, Chaoyi Wang, Zhiyuan Yang, Yuan Hao, Aijing Sun, Haoyu Xie, Lifeng Zhang, Yajun Fang · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  83. EnergAt: Fine-Grained Energy Attribution for Multi-Tenancy
    Hongyu Hè, Michal Friedman, Theodoros Rekatsinas · 2023 · Workshop on Sustainable Computer Systems (HotCarbon)
  84. Optimal Placement of Virtual Security Functions to Minimize Energy Consumption
    Sedef Demirci, Mehmet Demirci, Şeref Sağıroğlu · 2018 · International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)
  85. Sustainability Assessment of Data Centers Beyond LEED
    Hashem Izadi Moud, Jeanette Hariharan, Hamed Hakim, Charles Joseph Kibert, Ian Flood · 2020 · IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech)
  86. A Data Center Demand Response Policy for Real-World Workload Scenarios in HPC
    Yijia Zhang, Daniel C. S. Wilson, Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis, Ayse Kivilcim Coskun · 2021 · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe
  87. Dynamic data center load response to variability in private and public electricity costs
    Horner, Nathaniel, Azevedo, Ines, Sicker, Doug, Agarwal, Yuvraj · 2016 · 2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)
  88. Thermal Management in Large Data Centres: Security Threats and Mitigation
    Betty Saridou, Gueltoum Bendiab, Stavros N. Shiaeles, Basil Papadopoulos · 2021 · Communications in computer and information science
  89. Geospatial assessment of water footprints for hyperscale data centers in the United States
    Nuoa Lei, Jun Lu, Cheng Zhu, Zhi Cao, Arman Shehabi, Eric R. Masanet · 2023 · Journal of Physics Conference Series
  90. Thermally Conductive Electrically Insulating Electronics Packaging for Water Immersion Cooling
    Tarek Gebrael, Arielle R. Gamboa, Muhammad Jahidul Hoque, Shayan Aflatounian, David Ryan Huitink, Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski, Nenad Miljkovic · 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging and Manufacturing Technology
  91. Flipping the switch: carbon-negative and water-positive data centers through waste heat utilization
    Carlos D. Díaz‐Marín, Zachary Berquist · 2025 · Energy & Environmental Science
  92. High-speed 3D DNA PAINT and unsupervised clustering for unlocking 3D DNA origami cryptography
    Gde Bimananda Mahardika Wisna, Daria Sukhareva, Jonathan Zhao, Prathamesh Chopade, Deeksha Satyabola, Michael Matthies, Subhajit Roy, Chao Wang, Petr Šulc, Hao Yan et al. · 2025 · Nature Communications
  93. Navigating justice in AI lifecycles: ethical perspectives on infrastructural prerequisites and their environmental impacts
    Friederike Rohde, Zhyar Nasruddin, Elizaveta Kotova, Sabine Ammon · 2026 · AI and Ethics
  94. An Experimental Analysis of Hot Aisle Containment Systems
    Sadegh Khalili, Husam A. Alissa, Anuroop Desu, Bahgat G Sammakia, Kanad Ghose · 2018 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  95. Evaluation of Smart Infrastructure Systems and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness, and Sustainability
    Songze Wu, Zhiyuan Yang, Weixi Bi, Hao Yuan, Andrew Lu, Sinuo Zhao, Longfei Zhou, Yajun Fang · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  96. Is Hot IT a False Economy? An Analysis of Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency as Temperatures Rise
    Stephen Clement, Kat Burdett, Nour Rteil, Astrid Wynne, Rich Kenny · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  97. Modeling of Applications and Hardware to Explore Task Mapping and Scheduling Strategies on a Heterogeneous Micro-Server System
    Lilia Zaourar, Massinissa Ait Aba, David Briand, Jean‐Marc Philippe · 2017 · IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing, Workshops and Phd Forum
  98. Energy Efficiency Metrics of University Data Centers
    Leonel Hernandez, Genett Isabel Jiménez-Delgado, Piedad Marchena · 2018 · Knowledge Engineering and Data Science
  99. G-Networks and the Performance of ICT with Renewable Energy
    Yunxiao Zhang · 2020 · SN Computer Science
  100. Energy-Efficient Stable and Balanced Task Scheduling in Data Centers
    Mohammadhassan Safavi, Björn Landfeldt · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing