United States Data Center Energy Usage Report

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States), Shehabi, Arman, USDOE, Smith, Sarah, Sartor, Dale, Brown, Richard, Herrlin, Magnus, Koomey, Jonathan +4 more·2016
DOI 10.2172/1372902

Cited by (1,000)

Items 301–400 of 1,000

  1. Power and Resource-Aware VM Placement in Cloud Environment
    Neha Garg, Damanpreet Singh, Major Singh Goraya · 2018 · IEEE International Advance Computing Conference
  2. PEMC: Power Efficiency Measurement Calculator to Compute Power Efficiency and CO₂ Emissions in Cloud Data Centers
    Asadullah Shaikh, Mueen Uddin, Mohamed A. Elmagzoub, Abdullah Alghamdi · 2020 · IEEE Access
  3. Impacts of Increasing Temperature and Relative Humidity in Air-Cooled Tropical Data Centers
    Duc Van Le, Jing Zhou, Rongrong Wang, Rui Tan, Fei Duan · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  4. Ultra‐high‐flux passive cooling enabled by a sweating‐inspired hygroscopic membrane
    Zengguang Sui, Fuxiang Li, Yunren Sui, Haosheng Lin, Wei Wu · 2025 · Carbon Energy
  5. Process Feasibility Analysis of Waste Biomass Valorization to Biochar and Bio-Oil via Slow and Fast Pyrolysis
    Geetanjali Yadav, Patrick Lamers · 2025 · Energy & Fuels
  6. Server Operation and Virtualization to Save Energy and Cost in Future Sustainable Computing
    Jun‐Ho Huh · 2018 · Sustainability
  7. Dual Optimization of Revenue and Expense in Geo-Distributed Data Centers Using Smart Grid
    Saifullah Khalid, Ishfaq Ahmad D · 2022 · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
  8. Environmental footprints of the data center service sector in Sweden
    Kim Jerléus, Muhammad Asim Ibrahim, Anna L.M. Augustsson · 2024 · Heliyon
  9. A comprehensive quantitative lifecycle cost and environmental impact analysis model for computing infrastructure
    Kezhuo Ma, Yu Hang Zhou · 2024 · MethodsX
  10. EcoLife: Carbon-Aware Serverless Function Scheduling for Sustainable Computing
    Yankai Jiang, Rohan Basu Roy, Baolin Li, Devesh Tiwari · 2024 · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC)
  11. WaterWise: Co-optimizing Carbon- and Water-Footprint Toward Environmentally Sustainable Cloud Computing
    Yankai Jiang, Rohan Basu Roy, Raghavendra Kanakagiri, Devesh Tiwari · 2025 · ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming
  12. Power Efficient Clustering Scheme for 5G Mobile Edge Computing Environment
    Jae-Won Ahn, Joohyung Lee, Sangdon Park, Hong-Shik Park · 2018 · Mobile Networks and Applications
  13. A 99.7% Efficient 300 W Hard Disk Drive Storage Server with Multiport Ac-Coupled Differential Power Processing (MAC-DPP) Architecture
    Ping Wang, Yenan Chen, Parker Kushima, Youssef Elasser, Ming Liu, Minjie Chen · 2019 · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
  14. A flexible approach for virtual machine selection in cloud data centers with AHP
    Javad Ahmadi, Abolfazl Toroghi Haghighat, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Reza Ravanmehr · 2021 · Software Practice and Experience
  15. Energy and Water Dynamics in Data Center Cooling: Insights from a Modeling Study in Hot-Arid Climates
    Leila Karimi, Reema Shinh, Colin Laisure-Pool, Michael Green, Leeann Yacuel, Jamie Ashby, Kerri L. Hickenbottom · 2025 · Applied Thermal Engineering
  16. Data center maintenance: applications and future research directions
    Mostafa Fadaeefath Abadi, Fariborz Haghighat, Fuzhan Nasiri · 2020 · Facilities
  17. FollowMe@LS: Electricity price and source aware resource management in geographically distributed heterogeneous datacenters
    Hashim Ali, Muhammad Zakarya, Izaz Ur Rahman, Ayaz Ali Khan, Rajkumar Buyya · 2021 · Journal of Systems and Software
  18. Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Streaming Media: Beyond the Myth of Efficiency
    Stephen Makonin, Laura U. Marks, Radek Przedpełski, Alejandro Rodriquez-Silva, Ramy ElMallah · 2022 · Workshop on Computing within Limits (LIMITS)
  19. Capping carbon emission from green data centers
    Tathagata Bhattacharya, Mostafa Rahgouy, Xiaopu Peng, Taha Takreeti, Ting Cao, Jianzhou Mao, Amit Das, Xiao Qin, Apurba Sinha · 2022 · International journal of energy and environmental engineering
  20. A data-driven subspace predictive control method for air-cooled data center thermal modelling and optimization
    Zhe Li, Haoda Wang, Qiu Fang, Yaonan Wang · 2023 · Journal of the Franklin Institute
  21. Towards Chip-Package-System Co-optimization of Thermally-limited System-On-Chips (SOCs)
    Subrat Mishra, Sankatali Venkateswarlu, Bjorn Vermeersch, Moritz Brunion, Melina Lofrano, Dawit Burusie Abdi, Herman Oprins, Dwaipayan Biswas, Odysseas Zografos, Gaspard Hiblot et al. · 2023 · IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium proceedings
  22. CdS Nanoribbon‐Based Resistive Switches with Ultrawidely Tunable Power by Surface Charge Transfer Doping
    Zhibin Shao, Jiansheng Jie, Tianhao Jiang, Xiaofeng Wu, Ke Li, Feifei Xia, Xiujuan Zhang, Xiaohong Zhang · 2018 · Advanced Functional Materials
  23. OPTIMAL CONTROL POLICIES FOR AN M/M/1 QUEUE WITH A REMOVABLE SERVER AND DYNAMIC SERVICE RATES
    Pamela Badian-Pessot, Mark E. Lewis, Douglas G. Down · 2019 · Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences
  24. Vertical Stacked 48V-1V LEGO-PoL CPU Voltage Regulator with 1A/mm2 Current Density
    Youssef Elasser, Jae-Il Baek, Kaladhar Radhakrishnan, Houle Gan, Jonathan Douglas, Harish K. Krishnamurthy, Xin Li, Shuai Jiang, Charles R. Sullivan, Minjie Chen · 2022 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  25. Energy cost optimization of globally distributed Internet Data Centers by copula-based multidimensional correlation modeling
    Mohammad Ali Lasemi, Shahin Alizadeh, Mohsen Assili, Zhenyu Yang, Payam Teimourzadeh Baboli, Ahmad Arabkoohsar, Amin Raeiszadeh, Michael W Brand, Sebastian Lehnhoff · 2022 · Energy Reports
  26. A Novel Approach for Job Scheduling Optimizations Under Power Cap for ARM and Intel HPC Systems
    Dineshkumar Rajagopal, Daniele Tafani, Yiannis Georgiou, David Glesser, Michael Ott · 2017 · IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing, Data, and Analytics
  27. Adaptive Energy-Control for In-Memory Database Systems
    Thomas Kissinger, Dirk Habich, Wolfgang Lehner · 2018 · ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD)
  28. Risk‐based stochastic day‐ahead operation for data centre virtual power plants
    Haifeng Zhang, Ting Xu, Hongyu Wu, Bo Liu, M. Nazif Faqiry · 2019 · IET Renewable Power Generation
  29. Dynamic modeling and verification of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell-battery hybrid system to power servers in data centers
    Sanggyu Kang, Li Zhao, Jack Brouwer · 2019 · Renewable Energy
  30. The effect of server energy proportionality on data center power oversubscription
    Sulav Malla, Kenneth J. Christensen · 2019 · Future Generation Computer Systems
  31. Zero Voltage Switching Switched-Tank Modular Converter for Data Center Application
    Mengxuan Wei, Yanchao Li, Ze Ni, Chengkun Liu, Dong Cao · 2019 · IEEE Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications
  32. High-Fidelity Reconstruction of 3D Temperature Fields Using Attention-Augmented CNN Autoencoders With Optimized Latent Space
    Md Fokrul Islam Khan, Zakir Hossain, Arif Hossen, Md Nuho Ul Alam, Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum, Md. Zia Uddin · 2024 · IEEE Access
  33. Energy-aware very fast decision tree
    Eva García-Martín, Niklas Lavesson, Håkan Grahn, Emiliano Casalicchio, Veselka Boeva · 2021 · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
  34. Network energy use not directly proportional to data volume: The power model approach for more reliable network energy consumption calculations
    David Mytton, Dag Lundén, Jens Malmodin · 2024 · Journal of Industrial Ecology
  35. Hybrid deep learning and evolutionary algorithms for accurate cloud workload prediction
    Tassawar Ali, Hikmat Ullah Khan, Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj, Mohammed Abdulrahman Alreshoodi · 2024 · Computing
  36. Thermal Control Strategies for Reliable and Energy-Efficient Data Centers
    Rehan Khalid, Aaron P. Wemhoff · 2019 · Journal of Electronic Packaging
  37. Towards Green Query Processing - Auditing Power Before Deploying
    Simon Pierre Dembele, Ladjel Bellatreche, CARLOS R. ORDÓÑEZ · 2020 · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)
  38. Evaluation of Smart Environmental Protection Systems and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness and Sustainability
    Hao Yuan, Zetong Yin, Chenjun Zhao, Zhiyuan Yang, Shengyue Gao, Sinuo Zhao, XU Li-xin, Tian Tan, Yajun Fang · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  39. A Meta-Integrative Qualitative Study on the Hidden Threats of Smart Buildings/Cities and Their Associated Impacts on Humans and the Environment
    Reshna Raveendran, Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul · 2021 · Buildings
  40. An Agent-based Model for Resource Provisioning and Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing Using DRL
    Toutou Oudaa, Hamza Gharsellaoui, Samir Ben Ahmed · 2021 · Procedia Computer Science
  41. Cloud data center participation in smart demand response programs for energy cost minimisation
    Seyed Mohammad Sheikholeslami, Amir Masoud Rabiei, Mahmoud Mohammad‐Taheri, Jamshid Abouei · 2022 · IET Smart Grid
  42. Phase Balancing in Power Distribution Network with Data Center
    Wang Wei, Nanpeng Yu · 2017 · ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
  43. Reducing the web's carbon footprint: Does improved electrical efficiency reduce webserver electricity use?
    Ronald B. Mitchell, Richard York · 2020 · Energy Research & Social Science
  44. The Power of ARM64 in Public Clouds
    Qingye Jiang, Young Choon Lee, Albert Y. Zomaya · 2020 · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid)
  45. The use of decision support tools to accelerate the development of circular economic business models for hard disk drives and rare-earth magnets
    Kali Frost, Hongyue Jin, William Olson, Mark Schaffer, Gary Spencer, Carol A. Handwerker · 2020 · MRS Energy & Sustainability
  46. GLOBAL DATA CENTER ENERGY DEMAND AND STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE ENERGY
    Nuoa Lei, Eric R. Masanet · 2021 · Wiley eBooks
  47. The Cloud Next Door: Investigating the Environmental and Socioeconomic Strain of Datacenters on Local Communities
    Wacuka M Ngata, Noman Bashir, Michelle Westerlaken, Laurent Lioté, Yasra Chandio, Elsa Olivetti · 2025 · ACM SIGCAS/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS)
  48. Carbon Footprint Analysis: Need for Green Cloud Computing
    Ketki K. Kinkar, Prasad Bhosale, Aishwarya Kasar, Vitthal Sadashiv Gutte · 2022 · International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS)
  49. Know Your Enemy To Save Cloud Energy: Energy-Performance Characterization of Machine Learning Serving
    Junyeol Yu, Jong-Seok Kim, Euiseong Seo · 2023 · IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)
  50. Analysis and Implementation of a Transformerless Interleaved ZVS High-Step-Down DC-DC Converter
    Yijie Wang, Zhenshuai Rong, Zhan Wen Sun, Yueshi Guan, Shouheng Han, Dianguo Xu · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  51. A Transformer-Based Thermal Surrogate Model for Cooling Control in Data Centers
    Hanchen Zhou, Ni Mu, Qing‐Shan Jia · 2024 · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
  52. Shaping the future of the IVF laboratory: standardization for more predictable outcomes
    Mina Alikani, Alison Campbell · 2025 · Reproductive BioMedicine Online
  53. Hoeffding Trees with Nmin Adaptation
    Eva García-Martín, Niklas Lavesson, Håkan Grahn, Emiliano Casalicchio, Veselka Boeva · 2018 · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)
  54. Design automation methodology and tools for superconductive electronics
    Massoud Pedram, Yanzhi Wang · 2018
  55. Estimating the Environmental Impact of Data Centers
    João Ferreira, Gustavo Rau De Almeida Callou, Albert Josua, Paulo Maciel · 2018 · IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA)
  56. Data Center Participation in Demand Response Programs with Quality-of-Service Guarantees
    Yijia Zhang, Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis, Ayse Kivilcim Coskun · 2019 · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy)
  57. Effects of Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Excess Sodium Metal Anode Engineered Rechargeable Sodium Batteries
    Sunwoo Park, Hyoung‐Joon Jin, Young Soo Yun · 2020 · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
  58. Thermal-aware adaptive VM allocation considering server locations in heterogeneous data centers
    Young Geun Kim, Seon Young Kim, Seung Hun Choi, Sung Woo Chung · 2021 · Journal of Systems Architecture
  59. Direct Power Converter -DPx- for High Gain and High Current Applications
    Jose Antonio Cobos, Alejandro Castro, Oscar Garcia-Lorenz, Juan Cruz-Cozar, Álvaro Cobos · 2022 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  60. Joint load balancing and energy saving algorithm for virtual network embedding in infrastructure providers
    Chan Kyu Pyoung, Seung Jun Baek · 2018 · Computer Communications
  61. Lithium-Ion-Capacitor-Based Distributed UPS Architecture for Reactive Power Mitigation and Phase Balancing in Datacenters
    Shuze Zhao, Nameer Khan, Sundar Nagarajan, Olivier Trescases · 2018 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  62. Datacenter Thermal Monitoring Without Blind Spots: FBG-Based Quasi-Distributed Sensing
    Raphael A. G. dos Santos, Arnaldo Gomes Leal Junior, Moisés R. N. Ribeiro, Eduardo A. Beninca, Carlos Marques, Luís Pereira, Paulo Fernando da Costa Antunes, João Henrique Corrêa, María José Pontes, Anselmo Frizera et al. · 2021 · IEEE Sensors Journal
  63. The ecology of artificial intelligence: energy, water, materials, and land limits of digital systems
    Hlabisa, Sibongiseni · 2025 · Carbon Neutral Systems
  64. A Highly Parallel FPGA Implementation of Sparse Neural Network Training
    Sourya Dey, Diandian Chen, Zongyang Li, Souvik Kundu, Kuan-Wen Huang, K.M. Chugg, Peter A. Beerel · 2018 · International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig)
  65. Spatial load migration in a power system: Concept, potential and prospects
    Hongru Wang, Qi Wang, Yi Ping Tang, Yujian Ye · 2022 · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
  66. A cyber‐physical management system for medium‐scale solar‐powered data centers
    Marios D. Dikaiakos, Nikolas G. Chatzigeorgiou, Athanasios Tryfonos, Andreas S. Andreou, Nicholas Loulloudes, George Pallis, George E. Georgiou · 2023 · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience
  67. A Federated Byzantine Agreement Model to Operate Offline Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
    Javad S. Fattahi · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
  68. A Formal Model for Multi-objective Optimisation of Network Function Virtualisation Placement
    Joseph Billingsley, Ke Li, Wang Miao, Geyong Min, Nektarios Georgalas · 2019 · Lecture notes in computer science
  69. Energy Efficient Virtual Machine Services Placement in Cloud-Fog Architecture
    Hatem A. Alharbi, Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani · 2019 · International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks
  70. Elastic Power Utilization in Sustainable Micro Cloud Data Centers
    Tuhin Subhra Chakraborty, Adel N. Toosi, Carlo Kopp · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  71. Sweet Streams Are Made of This: The System Engineer’s View on Energy Efficiency in Video Communications [Feature]
    Christian Herglotz, Matthias Kränzler, Robert Schober, André Kaup · 2023 · IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine
  72. Experimental Characterization of Cold Plates used in Cooling Multi Chip Server Modules (MCM)
    Bharath Ramakrishnan, Yaser Hadad, Sami A. Alkharabsheh, Paul R. Chiarot, Kanad Ghose, Bahgat G Sammakia, Vadim Gektin, Chao Wang · 2018 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  73. The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Fragility
    Fernando Domínguez Rubio, Glenn Wharton · 2020 · Public Culture
  74. Greening Duplication-Based Dependent-Tasks Scheduling on Heterogeneous Large-Scale Computing Platforms
    Tarek Hagras, Asmaa Atef, Yousef B. Mahdy · 2021 · Journal of Grid Computing
  75. Evaluation of Smart Energy Management Systems and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness and Sustainability
    Zhiyuan Yang, Lin Li, Hao Yuan, Yuhao Dong, Kunniang Liu, Lan Lan, Wenjie Lin, Kaijun Jin, Cheng Zhu, Chengpeng Chai et al. · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  76. Host Load Prediction with Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory in Cloud Computing
    Hengheng Shen, Xuehai Hong · 2020 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  77. Artificial Intelligence and Environmental Impact: Moving Beyond Humanizing Vocabulary and Anthropocentrism
    Ümit Karakaş, Vural Özdemir · 2024 · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology
  78. An adaptive digital framework for energy management of complex multi-device systems
    Tarek Ismail Zohdi · 2022 · Computational Mechanics
  79. Toward Model-Assisted Safe Reinforcement Learning for Data Center Cooling Control: A Lyapunov-based Approach
    Zhiwei Cao, Ruihang Wang, Xin Zhou, Yonggang Wen · 2023 · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy)
  80. Smart-Kube: Energy-Aware and Fair Kubernetes Job Scheduler Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
    Saeid Ghafouri, Sina Abdipoor, Joseph C. Doyle · 2023 · IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud)
  81. Analysis of Parasitic Stored Energy Loss and PCB Layout Optimization for 48V-to-1V Series-Capacitor Buck
    Xinmiao Xu, Qiang Li · 2024 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  82. Optimizing Renewable Energy Utilization in Cloud Data Centers Through Dynamic Overbooking: An MDP-Based Approach
    Tuhin Chakraborty, Carlo Kopp, Adel N. Toosi · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
  83. Small-Signal Modeling and Loop Analysis of Ultrafast Series Capacitor Trans-Inductor Voltage Regulator With Constant On-Time Control
    Chenxi Li, Liang Wang, Guangce Zheng, Minfan Fu, Haoyu Wang · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  84. Energy-intensive indoor cultivation drives the cannabis industry’s expanding carbon footprint
    Evan Mills · 2025 · One Earth
  85. Power Efficient Distributed Simulation
    Richard M. Fujimoto, Michael P Hunter, Aradhya Biswas, Mark Jackson, SaBra Neal · 2017 · ACM/IEEE/SCS Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS)
  86. Distributed Power Saving for Large-Scale Software-Defined Data Center Networks
    Kun Xie, Xiaohong Huang, Shuai Hao, Maode Ma · 2018 · IEEE Access
  87. FPGA for Aggregate Processing: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
    Zubeyr F. Eryilmaz, Aarati Kakaraparthy, Jignesh M. Patel, Rathijit Sen, Kwanghyun Park · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)
  88. Experimental investigation of a novel micro-channel flat loop heat pipe (MC-FLHP) for data center cooling and heat recovery
    Jinwei Xiang, Liang Chuan Luo, Xupeng Wang, Samson Shittu, Zhangyuan Wang, Xudong Zhao, Chuangbin Weng · 2021 · International Journal of Green Energy
  89. A systematic literature review about integrating dependability attributes, performability and sustainability in the implantation of cooling subsystems in data center
    Lubnnia Morais Florêncio Souza, Kádna Camboim, Fernanda Alencar · 2022 · The Journal of Supercomputing
  90. Optimal sampling designs for multidimensional streaming time series with application to power grid sensor data
    Rui Xie, Shuyang Bai, Ping Ma · 2023 · The Annals of Applied Statistics
  91. Self-Consumption Optimization of Renewable Energy Production in Distributed Clouds
    Benjamin Camus, Anne Blavette, Fanny Dufossé, Anne‐Cécile Orgerie · 2018 · IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER)
  92. Impact of Server Thermal Design on the Cooling Efficiency: Chassis Design
    Sadegh Khalili, Husam A. Alissa, Kourosh Nemati, Mark J. Seymour, Robert Curtis, David Moss, Bahgat G Sammakia · 2019 · Journal of Electronic Packaging
  93. On energy efficient flow provisioning in air-cooled data servers
    Riccardo Lucchese, Andreas Johansson · 2019 · Control Engineering Practice
  94. CPU–RAM-based energy-efficient resource allocation in clouds
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  95. Cloud Infrastructure Estimation and Auto-Scaling Using Recurrent Cartesian Genetic Programming-Based ANN
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  96. New Data Center Performance Index: Perfect Design Data Center—PDD
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  97. The Environmental Potential of Hyper-Scale Data Centers: Using Locational Marginal CO2 Emissions to Guide Geographical Load Shifting
    Julia Lindberg, Line Roald, Bernard C. Lesieutre · 2021 · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)
  98. Energy Efficient Data Centers Powered by On-site Renewable Energy and UPS Devices
    Xiaopu Peng, Xiao Qin · 2020 · International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference
  99. MIRAGE: A consolidation aware migration avoidance genetic job scheduling algorithm for virtualized data centers
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  100. Effects of Gaseous and Particulate Contaminants on Information Technology Equipment Reliability—A Review
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