United States Data Center Energy Usage Report

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States), Shehabi, Arman, USDOE, Smith, Sarah, Sartor, Dale, Brown, Richard, Herrlin, Magnus, Koomey, Jonathan, Masanet, Eric, Horner, Nathaniel, Azevedo, Inês, Lintner, William·2016
DOI 10.2172/1372902

Cited by (1,000)

Items 601–700 of 1,000

  1. A 12/24 V-to-Sub-1 V Double Step-Down Converter With Dual-Ramp Control for V CF Balancing and Fast Transient Response
    Zhuoqi Guo, Ruidong Wang, Yongchao Zhang, Zhongming Xue, Bingjun Tang, Bing Zhang, Xihao Liu, Yuhao Xiong, Li Geng · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
  2. AI-Driven Resource and Communication-Aware Virtual Machine Placement Using Multi-Objective Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Efficiency in Cloud-Based Smart Manufacturing
    Praveena Nuthakki, Pavan Kumar T, Musaed A. Alhussein, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Muhammad Shahid Anwar, Leenendra Chowdary Gunnam · 2024 · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)
  3. The World is Not Enough: Growing Waste in HPC-enabled Academic Practice
    Carolynne Lord, Adrian Friday, Adrian Jackson, Caroline Bird, Chris Preist, Simon C. Lambert, Gabin Kayumbi, Kelly Widdicks · 2025 · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
  4. Intelligent Data Centers: Leveraging AI and Automation for Process Optimization and Operational Efficiency
    2025 · International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
  5. The feasibility and prospects of coal mine water as a cooling medium for data centers
    Zaining Li, Chunhui Zhang, Peidong Su, Guifeng Zhao, ZePeng Wang, Y. R. Li, Y. R. Li, Mengna Wang, Ping Qiao, Junqiang Guo et al. · 2025 · Journal of environmental chemical engineering
  6. IBM z14: Improved datacenter characteristics, energy efficiency, and packaging innovation
    W. P. Kostenko, Dustin W. Demetriou, John Torok · 2018 · IBM Journal of Research and Development
  7. The SAGITTA Approach for Optimizing Solar Energy Consumption in Distributed Clouds with Stochastic Modeling
    Benjamin Camus, Fanny Dufossé, Anne‐Cécile Orgerie · 2018 · Communications in computer and information science
  8. Power consumption in modelling and simulation
    Richard M. Fujimoto · 2019 · Journal of Simulation
  9. A robust modeling framework for energy analysis of data centers
    Nuoa Lei · 2020 · International Conference on ICT for Sustainability (ICT4S)
  10. Compress Blocks or Not: Tradeoffs for Energy Consumption of a Big Data Processing System
    Jie Song, Shengqiang Hu, Yubin Bao, Ge Yu · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing
  11. Optimal Design of LEMoNet for Environmental Monitoring of Data Centers
    Mehdi Jafarizadeh, Rong Zheng · 2021 · IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking
  12. Capacity Scaling Augmented With Unreliable Machine Learning Predictions
    Daan Rutten, Debankur Mukherjee · 2022 · ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
  13. Optimal Power Scheduling of Data Centers with Deferrable Computation Requests
    Bin Zou, Hongcai Zhang, Ge Chen, Yonghua Song · 2021 · IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)
  14. Towards a Sustainable Environment with a Green IoT: An Overview
    Mahmoud A. M. Albreem, Abdul Manan Sheikh, Ayman A. El‐Saleh · 2022 · International Conference on Computer Technologies (ICCTech)
  15. Power and Performance Issues and Management Approaches in Cloud Computing
    Rahat Yezdani, S. M. K. Quadri · 2022 · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)
  16. 1.2 kW, 12 V Regulated Sigma Converter for 48 V Data Centers with 1 kW/in 3 Power Density
    Mario Ursino, Roberto Rizzolatti, Gerald Deboy, Stefano Saggini, Kevin Zufferli · 2023 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  17. Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Fast Decision Making for Medical Sensors in Healthcare Systems: An Overview and Novel Proposal
    Ziyad Almudayni, Ben Soh, Alice Li · 2023 · Sensors
  18. On data-induced CO 2 emissions of vehicle automation: An overlooked emission source
    Rosalie van Oosterhout, Peter Striekwold, Meng Wang · 2023 · Sustainable Horizons
  19. Analyzing the power consumption behavior of a large scale data center
    Kashif Nizam Khan, Sanja Šćepanović, Tapio Niemi, Jukka K. Nurminen, Sebastian von Alfthan, Olli-Pekka Lehto · 2018 · SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems
  20. Development and Application of Metrics for Evaluation of Cumulative Energy Efficiency for IT Devices in Data Centers
    Fernando Peñaherrera, Katharina Szczepaniak · 2018 · Springer eBooks
  21. Monte Carlo Based Server Consolidation for Energy Efficient Cloud Data Centers
    Bryan Harris, Nihat Altiparmak · 2019 · IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science
  22. Security Vulnerabilities of Server-Centric Wireless Datacenters
    Sayed Ashraf Mamun, Amlan Ganguly, Panos P. Markopoulos, Andres Kwasinski, Minseok Kwon · 2020 · IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security
  23. Big Steps Towards Query Eco-Processing - Thinking Smart
    Simon Pierre Dembele, Ladjel Bellatreche, CARLOS R. ORDÓÑEZ, Nabil Gmati, Mathieu Roche A, Tri Nguyen-Huu, Laurent Debreu · 2021 · Revue Africaine de la Recherche en Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées
  24. Evaluation of Transportation Systems and Novel UV-Oriented Solution for Integration, Resilience, Inclusiveness and Sustainability
    Lixin Xu, Lin Li, Kunniang Liu, Jiarui Zhang, Yuanning Chang, Yunpeng Fang, Hao Yuan, Zhiyuan Yang, Jingyuan Chen, Yiyao Wang et al. · 2020 · International Conference on Universal Village (UV)
  25. Effect of subcooling, flow rate and surface characteristics on flow boiling performance of high performance liquid cooled immersion server model
    Sriram Chandrasekaran, Joshua L. Gess, Sushil Hiroo Bhavnani · 2017 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  26. Zero Energy Synchronization of Distributed Simulations
    Aradhya Biswas, Richard Fujimoto · 2018 · ACM/IEEE/SCS Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS)
  27. A Holistic Resource Management for Graphics Processing Units in Cloud Computing
    Abdulaziz Seraj Alnori, Karim Djemame · 2018 · Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science
  28. On Accelerating Data Analytics: An Introduction to the Approximate Computing Technique
    Georgios Zervakis · 2018 · Power systems
  29. Energy-efficient crypto acceleration with HW/SW co-design for HTTPS
    Chunhua Xiao, Lei Zhang, Weichen Liu, Neil W. Bergmann, Yuhua Xie · 2019 · Future Generation Computer Systems
  30. Characterization of Liquid Cooled Cold Plates for a Multi Chip Module (MCM) and their Impact on Data Center Chiller Operation
    Bharath Ramakrishnan, Mohammad I. Tradat, Yaser Hadad, Kanad Ghose, Bahgat G Sammakia · 2019 · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)
  31. Energy Audit of Data Centers and Server Rooms on an Academic Campus: Impact of Energy Conservation Measures
    Thirumalesha Adarsh Gudluru, Ameya Upadhyay, Soruchukwu Okam, Fabio Battaglia, F Singer, Michael M. Ohadi · 2020 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  32. Sustainable and decarbonized data-center facilities: A socio-techno-economic discussion
    Amin Ziagham Ahwazi, Chiara Bordin, Sambeet Mishra, Alexander Horsch, Phuong Hoai Ha · 2021 · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia)
  33. Energy Efficient Processing Allocation in Opportunistic Cloud-Fog-Vehicular Edge Cloud Architectures
    Amal A. Alahmadi, Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani · 2020 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  34. TerraWatt: Sustaining Sustainable Computing of Containers in Containers
    Jennifer Switzer, Rob McGuinness, Pat Pannuto, George Porter, Aaron Schulman, Barath Raghavan · 2021 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  35. Data Center Metering and Resource Guide
    USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), None None, USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) · 2017
  36. Designing Energy Efficiency for Traditional Data Center
    Tathagata Bhattacharya, Jianzhou Mao, Sutanu Bhattacharya, Ting Cao, Xiaopu Peng, Mostafa Rahgouy, Xiao Qin · 2022 · Research Square
  37. The Carbon Cost of Conversation, Sustainability in the Age of Language Models
    Sayed Mahbub Hasan Amiri, Prasun Goswami, Md Mainul Islam, Mohammad Shakhawat Hossen, Sayed Mahbub Hasan Amiri, Naznin Akter · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  38. Data centers consume massive amounts of water – companies rarely tell the public exactly how much
    Peyton McCauley, Melissa K. Scanlan · 2025
  39. A First Look at Node-Level Curtailment of Renewable Energy and its Implications
    Diptyaroop Maji, David Irwin, Prashant J. Shenoy, Ramesh K. Sitaraman · 2025 · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy)
  40. PowerSensor3: A Fast and Accurate Open Source Power Measurement Tool
    Steven van der Vlugt, L. C. Oostrum, Gijs Schoonderbeek, Ben van Werkhoven, Bram Veenboer, Krijn Doekemeijer, John W. Romein · 2025 · IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS)
  41. ThirstyFLOPS: Water Footprint Modeling and Analysis Toward Sustainable HPC Systems
    Yankai Jiang, Raghavendra Kanakagiri, Rohan Basu Roy, Devesh Tiwari · 2025 · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC)
  42. Oedipus: LLM-enchanced Reasoning CAPTCHA Solver
    Gelei Deng, Haoran Ou, Yi Liu, Jie Zhang, Tianwei Zhang, Yang Liu · 2025 · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
  43. Water Footprint of Datacenter Applications: Methodological Implications of Manufacturing, Operational, and Decommissioning Phases
    Amit Samanta, Yankai Jiang, Ryan Stutsman, Rohan Basu Roy · 2025 · ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC)
  44. HeROfake: Heterogeneous Resources Orchestration in a Serverless Cloud – An Application to Deepfake Detection
    Vincent Lannurien, Laurent d’Orazio, Olivier Barais, Esther Bernard, Olivier Weppe, Laurent Beaulieu, Amine Kacete, Stéphane Paquelet, Jalil Boukhobza · 2023 · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid)
  45. A Comprehensive Review on Partial Power Processing-based Voltage Regulator Modules for 48-V Bus-based Data Centers
    Yinxiao Zhu, Yongheng Yang, Frede Blaabjerg · 2023 · European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
  46. Can Storage Devices be Power Adaptive?
    Dedong Xie, Theano Stavrinos, Kan Zhu, Simon Peter, Baris Kasikci, Thomas E. Anderson · 2024 · ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage)
  47. Calculating User-Centric Carbon Footprints for HPC
    Christian Wassermann, Mario Bielert, Gert Vanberg, Daniel Hackenberg, Christian Terboven, Matthias Müller · 2024 · IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing Workshops (CLUSTER Workshops)
  48. Progressive Bounded Error Piecewise Linear Approximation with Resolution Reduction for Time Series Data Compression
    Jeng-Wei Lin, Shih-Wei Liao, Yu-Hung Tsai, Ching-Che Huang · 2024 · Sensors
  49. Energy Efficiency Measurement Method and Thermal Environment in Data Centers—A Literature Review
    Zaki Ghifari Muhamad Setyo, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Naja Aqilah, Norhayati Abdullah · 2025 · Energies
  50. Carbon Topography Representation: Improving Impacts of Data Center Lifecycle
    Olivier Weppe, David Bekri, Thibaut Marty, Loïc Guibert, Louise Aubet, Jean-Christophe Prévotet, Maxime Pelcat, Sébastien Rumley · 2025 · ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review
  51. Harnessing the geographical flexibility of distributed computing clouds for cooperative self-consumption
    Benjamin Camus, Anne Blavette, Fanny Dufossé, Anne‐Cécile Orgerie · 2018 · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe
  52. Impact of Fans Location on the Cooling Efficiency of IT Servers
    Sadegh Khalili, Mohammad I. Tradat, Bahgat G Sammakia, Husam A. Alissa, Cheng Chen · 2019 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  53. Scalable energy-efficient parallel sorting on a fine-grained many-core processor array
    Aaron Stillmaker, Brent Bohnenstiehl, Lucas Stillmaker, Bevan M. Baas · 2019 · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
  54. Energy Efficient Distributed Processing for IoT
    Barzan A. Yosuf, Mohamed O. I. Musa, Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani · 2020 · IEEE Access
  55. ZVS Analysis of a GaN-Based Series-Parallel Dual Transformer LLC Resonant Converter
    Nathan N. Strain, Jingjing Sun, Xingxuan Huang, Daniel J. Costinett, Leon M. Tolbert · 2019 · IEEE Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications
  56. Power-aware throughput control for containerized relational operation
    Zichen Xu, Gele Bai, Ao Cui, Shasha Wang · 2021 · CCF Transactions on High Performance Computing
  57. Design and development of a fractional-turn transformer for high power density LLC resonant converters
    Yu‐Chen Liu, Chen Chen, Kai-De Chen, Yong-Long Syu, Wen-Hao Xue, Yunyan Chen, Katherine A. Kim, Huang‐Jen Chiu · 2021 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
  58. Cooling the Data Center: Design of a Mechanical Controls Owner Project Requirements (OPR) Template
    Stefan A. Robila, David Grant, Chris DePrater, Vali Sorell, Terry L. Rodgers, David Martinez, Shlomo Novotny · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER)
  59. SEMTE: scalable and extended modular traffic engineering in software-defined data center networks
    Mohammad Reza Majma, Emad Soltani Nejad · 2021 · Photonic Network Communications
  60. Progress in measuring, modeling, and manipulating thermal boundary conductance
    Pamela M. Norris, Leighann Sarah Larkin, Nam Q. Le, Carlos A. Polanco, Justin L. Smoyer, Jingjie Zhang · 2021 · Advances in heat transfer
  61. Digital Cities
    Tooran Alizadeh, Kurt Iveson · 2020 · Springer eBooks
  62. Digital technologies and clean energy
    Chanchal Kumar Mitra · 2023 · Elsevier eBooks
  63. Green and Network-Aware Smart IoT Logistics Applications
    Hatem A. Alharbi · 2023
  64. Data Center Energy Optimization Under Different Dynamic Pricing Schemes
    Beltus Wiysobunri Nkwawir, Hamza Salih Erden, A. Can Duman · 2023 · International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST)
  65. Sustainable Development Goals, Circularity and the Data Centre Industry: a Review of Real-world Challenges in a Rapidly Expanding Sector
    Dominika Izabela Ptach, Deborah Andrews, Simon Patrick Philbin · 2023 · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks
  66. A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Performance-aware Reduction in Power Consumption of Data Center Compute Nodes
    Akhilesh Raj, Swann Perarnau, Aniruddha S. Gokhale · 2023 · IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering
  67. Digital Logic Based on Superconducting Gate-Controlled Transistors
    Federico Vittorio Lupo, Daniel Margineda, Claudio Puglia, Giorgio De Simoni, Roberto Macaluso, Francesco Giazotto, Oleg A. Mukhanov, M. Arzeo · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
  68. Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions of IT Hardware
    Kamil Hudaszek, Iwona Chomiak-Orsa, Saeed Abdullah M. AL-Dobai · 2024 · IFIP advances in information and communication technology
  69. GREEN DATA CENTERS: MERGING IT INNOVATION WITH ENERGY-EFFICIENT COOLING AND RENEWABLE POWER
    Dhruv Deveshkumar Shah, Hitesh Vora · 2025 · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
  70. Recent Trend in Power Electronics for ICT Systems
    Hiroshi Nakao, Yu Yonezawa, Yoshiyasu Nakashima · 2018 · International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC)
  71. Energy Efficiency Analysis of Coherent Links for Datacenters
    Takako Hirokawa, Sergio Pinna, Jonathan Klamkin, James F. Buckwalter, Clint L. Schow · 2019 · IEEE Optical Interconnects Conference
  72. Delivering Green Digital Geographies? More-Than-Real Corporate Sustainability and Digital Technologies
    Jessica Emma McLean · 2019 · Springer eBooks
  73. Energy-Efficient Flow Routing and Scheduling in Hybrid Data Center Networks
    Mingmeng Luo, Jiandong Li, Jianpeng Ma, Hongyan Li, Min Sheng · 2019 · Globecom
  74. Faktorar som påverkar kvaliteten på digital undervisning
    Marcin Fojcik, Martyna Katarzyna Fojcik, Lars Kyte · 2021 · Nordic Journal of STEM Education
  75. Sunburn—using excess energy of small-scale production for distributed computing
    Jukka K. Nurminen, Tapio Niemi, Johan Strandman, Konsta Ruokosuo · 2017 · Energy Efficiency
  76. GRASP: A green energy aware SDN platform
    Garegin Grigoryan, Keivan Bahmani, Grayson Schermerhorn, Yaoqing Liu · 2018 · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)
  77. Biofuel Energy, Ancestral Time and the Destruction of Borneo: An Ethical Perspective
    Michael S. Northcott · 2019 · Cambridge University Press eBooks
  78. Use of Direct Airside Economizers in Thermal Management of Data Centers: Opportunities and Challenges
    Huseyin Bostanci, S. Nasrazadani · 2019 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  79. A Deep Neural Network based Approach to Energy Efficiency Analysis for Cloud Data Center
    Hibat-Allah Ounifi, Abdelouahed Gherbi, Nadjia Kara, Wubin Li · 2019 · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)
  80. What is the resource footprint of a computer science department? Place, people, and Pedagogy
    Shahzad I. Mian, D. Twisleton, Denis Timm · 2020 · Data & Policy
  81. Power Attack and Detection Technology in Data Centers: A Survey
    Shenglei Chen, Dongyang Ou, Congfeng Jiang, Shen Jing, Yan Li, Shuangshuang Guo · 2020 · International Conference on Communications, Computing, Cybersecurity, and Informatics (CCCI)
  82. Multicell Power Supplies for Improved Energy Efficiency in the Information and Communications Technology Infrastructures
    Michael Chrysostomou, Nicholas G. Christofides, Stelios Ioannou, Alexis Polycarpou · 2021 · Energies
  83. A Merged H-Bridge Based Switched Tank Converter for Front-End Voltage Regulator Modules
    Jiawei Liang, Haoyu Wang, Hengzhao Yang · 2021 · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
  84. Scheduling Policies for Stability and Optimal Server Running Cost in Cloud Computing Platforms
    K Haritha, Chandramani Singh · 2022 · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
  85. Power consumption in parallel and distributed simulations
    Richard M. Fujimoto · 2017 · Winter Simulation Conference
  86. Numerical Investigation of Novel Underfloor Air-Directors Effect on Data Center Performance
    Mohammad I. Tradat, Sadegh Khalili, Malek Khatabi, Bahgat G Sammakia, Mark J. Seymour, Russell Tipton, Husam A. Alissa · 2019 · I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems
  87. JuxtaPiton: Enabling Heterogeneous-ISA Research with RISC-V and SPARC FPGA Soft-cores
    Katie Lim, Jonathan Balkind, David Wentzlaff · 2018 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  88. A Plug-Loads Game Changer: Computer Gaming Energy Efficiency without Performance Compromise
    Evan Mills, Norman J. Bourassa, Leo Rainer, Jimmy Mai, Ian Vaino, Claire Curtin, Arman Shehabi, Louis‐Benoit Desroches, Nathaniel Mills · 2019 · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  89. Energy and Thermal-aware Resource Management of Cloud Data Centres: A Taxonomy and Future Directions
    Shashikant Ilager, Rajkumar Buyya · 2021 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  90. Climate- and Technology-Specific PUE and WUE Predictions for U.S. Data Centers using a Physics-Based Approach
    Nuoa Lei, Eric R. Masanet · 2021 · Research Square
  91. Information Batteries: Storing Opportunity Power with Speculative Execution
    Jennifer Switzer, Barath Raghavan · 2021 · arXiv (Cornell University)
  92. Environmental Challenges of Digital Transformation in Developing Countries
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  93. Vertical Stacked LEGO-PoL CPU Voltage Regulator
    Minjie Chen · 2021
  94. Toward efficient compute-intensive job allocation for green data centers : a deep reinforcement learning approach
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  95. Visualizing System and Technology Trade-offs in the Water–Energy Nexus
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  96. Streaming the Future of Sustainability
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  97. The Resource-Draining Origins of Our AI Assistants: Potential Policy Solutions to the Unregulated Growth of Georgia’s Data Center Industry
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  98. Reliability of Immersion Coolant and PCB Materials Evaluated Through Accelerated Thermal Testing
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  99. Enabling Generative AI: Innovations and Challenges in Semiconductor Design Technologies
    Kou-Hung Lawrence Loh · 2025 · IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits)
  100. Cloud Power Meter: Bridging the Gap in Power Measurement for Heterogeneous Cloud
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