The DOI matches its Crossref record; 260 of the 260 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phasic Dopamine Release in Appetitive Behaviors and Drug Addiction
Open accessAbstract
Although dopamine is implicated in the development of addiction, it is unclear how specific dopamine release patterns are involved with drug seeking. Addictive drugs increase tonic dopamine levels on the order of minutes, as well as phasic dopamine release events that occur on a subsecond time scale. Phasic dopamine release is associated with the initiation of goal-directed behaviors, and has been shown to promote drug seeking. Prior experience with addictive drugs modulates the synaptic and intrinsic properties of dopamine neurons, affects the pattern of dopamine neuron firing and release, and alters dopamine-dependent behaviors related to drug addiction. In this review, we synthesize the known drug-dependent changes to the dopamine system along with the established functions of phasic dopamine release in order to provide a framework for conceptualizing the role of phasic dopamine release in drug addiction. Because drug addiction is commonly thought to involve changes in brain circuits important for natural reinforcement, we first present the role of phasic dopamine release in appetitive and goal-directed behaviors in the context of contemporary theories regarding the function of dopamine. Next, we discuss the known drug-induced changes to dopamine neurons and phasic release in both in vitro and in vivo preparations. Finally, we offer a simple model that chronic drug experience increases the contrast, or 'signal to noise', of phasic dopamine release to basal dopamine levels in response to drug-related stimuli, which could result in aberrant associations between cues and reinforcers that contribute to the development of addiction.
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“The cholinergic system exerts a profound effect on DAergic activity as ACh released in the VTA promotes the switch between tonic and phasic activity in DAergic neurons that signals reward and salience [38, 39].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“Overall, it appears that the rewarding and conditioning effects of drugs are predominantly driven by phasic DA cell firing, which result in large and transient DA increases, in contrast to the downstream changes in executive function that occur in addiction that are linked with changes in tonic DA cell firing, which result in lower and more stable DA levels (Grace 2000;Wanat et al 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Wanat et al 2009
In the citing paper
“in contrast to the downstream changes in executive function that occur in addiction that are linked with changes in tonic DA cell firing, which result in lower and more stable DA levels (Grace 2000;Wanat et al 2009).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Wanat et al 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wanat, M., Willuhn, I., Clark, J., & Phillips, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wanat, Matthew
- Venue
- Current Drug Abuse Reviewse
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2009-05-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 195-213
- ISSN
- 1874-4737 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2877500
- OpenAlex
- W2433064467
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 260
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Drug Abuse Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (T32AA009455, T32AA007455)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH079292)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32DA024540, R21DA021793)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- phasic dopamine release, drug addiction, drug-seeking behavior, appetitive behavior, goal-directed behavior, dopaminergic neurons, signal-to-noise ratio, natural reinforcement, chronic drug exposure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Central Nervous System Depressants, Cues, Dopamine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Recurrence, Reinforcement, Psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Substance-Related Disorders
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